Open Access

Individual responses to behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders vary considerably, which requires a better understanding of underlying processes. In this study, we examined the violation and change of threat beliefs during exposure. From 8,484 standardized exposure records of 605 patients with different anxiety disorders, learning indicators were derived: expectancy violation as mismatch between threat expectancy before exposure and threat occurrence, expectancy change as difference between original and adjusted expectancy after exposure, and prediction-error learning rate as extent to which expectancy violation transferred into change. Throughout sessions, high threat expectancy but low occurrence and adjusted expectancy indicated successful violation and change of threat beliefs by exposure. Expectancy violation, change, and learning rate substantially varied between patients. Not expectancy violation itself, but higher learning rate and expectancy change predicted better treatment outcome. Successful exposure thus requires expectancy violation to induce actual expectancy change, supporting learning from prediction error as transdiagnostic mechanism underlying successful exposure therapy.

Ziel von Statistikkursen an Universitäten ist es, den Studierenden statistische Kompetenz als Grundlage des wissenschaftlichen Arbeitens zu vermitteln. Trotzdem verlassen Studierende diese Kurse teilweise mit statistischen Fehlkonzepten und können das Gelernte in Studium und Praxis nicht anwenden. Zudem bereiten den Studierenden hohe Statistikangst und ein geringes Interesse an Statistik als Teil ihres Studienfachs Probleme. In der vorliegenden Arbeit geht es um die Frage, wie Statistikkurse zu Studienbeginn gestaltet sein sollten, um die statistische Kompetenz der Studierenden besser zu fördern. Dabei wird davon ausgegangen, dass für statistische Kompetenz neben kognitiven Voraussetzungen in Form von gut vernetztem und in Schemata gespeichertem Wissen in Statistik und anderen Bereichen, auch motivationale Voraussetzungen notwendig sind. Als zentrale motivationale Voraussetzung werden dabei Kompetenzüberzeugungen in Statistik aufgefasst. Solche Kompetenzüberzeugungen zeigen nicht nur kurz- und langfristige Zusammenhänge zur Leistung, sondern stehen auch mit anderen motivationalen Konstrukten wie Angst oder Interesse in Verbindung. In der folgenden Arbeit wurden zwei Untersuchungen durchgeführt, welche auf die Bedeutung dieser Kompetenzüberzeugungen bei der Entwicklung und Förderung der statistischen Kompetenz in Statistikkursen fokussierten. Die erste Untersuchung befasste sich damit, ob Kompetenzüberzeugungen zu Beginn eines Statistikkurses mit Lernverhalten und Leistung zum Ende des Kurses zusammenhängen. Dabei interessierte vor allem, ob a) eine besonders hohe oder eine besonders realistische Überzeugung von der eigenen statistischen Kompetenz zu Kursbeginn von Vorteil ist und b) ob eine Überzeugung von der Veränderbarkeit der statistischen Kompetenz die Einflüsse der anfänglichen Überzeugungen moderieren kann. In der Untersuchung wurden n = 88 Psychologiestudierende in mehreren Statistikkursen zu Beginn und zum Ende eines Semesters befragt. Es zeigte sich, dass eine hohe Kompetenzüberzeugung mit besseren Leistungen einhergeht – während die Kompetenzüberzeugung für bessere Leistungen nicht unbedingt auch realistisch sein muss. Zudem ist eine Überzeugung von der Veränderbarkeit von Kompetenz von Vorteil: sie kann negative Effekte einer geringen Kompetenzüberzeugung zu Beginn des Semesters auf die Leistung kompensieren, führt aber auch bei einer unrealistisch hohen Kompetenzüberzeugung zu besseren Leistungen. In der zweiten Untersuchung wurde analysiert, ob ein nach dem Lehrformat des „Inverted Classroom“ (IC) unterrichteter Statistikeinführungskurs die Kompetenzüberzeugungen und damit verbundene Konstrukte von Statistikangst und Interesse sowie die Leistung von Studierenden fördern kann. Letzteres sollte darauf zurückzuführen sein, dass im Gegensatz zu „traditionellen Vorlesungen“ (TL) im IC Möglichkeiten zur individuellen Anpassung des Kurses an die Voraussetzungen von Studierenden zur Verfügung stehen und die Studierenden so beim Lernen weniger überfordert und motivierter sind. In der Untersuchung wurden n = 27 Studierende ein Semester lang in einem Statistikkurs im IC und n = 43 Studierende in einem Kurs als TL unterrichtet. Eine zusätzliche Kontrollgruppe (KG) von n = 24 Studierenden erhielt keinen Kurs. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass Studierende im IC zwar bessere und auch homogener Leistungen erreichen als im TL, dies kann jedoch nicht auf die Überforderung oder Motivation beim Lernen zurückgeführt werden. Auch die Kompetenzüberzeugungen und das Interesse waren im IC deutlich höher. Sowohl im IC als auch in der TL wurde die Statistikangst im Semesterverlauf geringer, während sich in der KG keine Veränderung zeigt. Zu Beginn der Statistikausbildung sollten infolgedessen Kompetenzüberzeugungen – insbesondere auch die Überzeugung von der Veränderbarkeit statistische Kompetenz – gefördert werden. Dazu sind individualisierte Lehrformate wie der IC geeignet, welche die Entwicklung statistischer Kompetenz und statistischer Kompetenzüberzeugungen ermöglichen. Solche individualisierten Lehrformate können nicht nur in Statistikkursen zu Beginn, sondern auch in Statistikkursen im weiteren Studienverlauf eingesetzt werden.

Die zunehmende Digitalisierung und Technologisierung sorgt branchenübergreifend für eine Verlagerung der subjektiv erlebten Beanspruchung von physischer hin zu mentaler Beanspruchung. Um Arbeitsabläufe hinsichtlich auftretender Schwankungen mentaler Beanspruchung optimierbar zu machen, muss diese in Echtzeit am Arbeitsplatz erfassbar sein. Die Verwendung physiologischer Messinstrumente wie Elektrokardiogramm, Eye Tracking und Hautleitfähigkeit bieten dabei eine Möglichkeit der objektiven Quantifizierung der auftretenden Schwankungen. Im Rahmen verschiedener Feld- und Laborstudien konnte gezeigt werden, dass, in Abhängigkeit der Analyseeinheit (gesamter Prozess oder einzelne beanspruchungsinduzierende Events), unterschiedliche physiologische Parameter in der Lage sind Veränderungen der mentalen Beanspruchung nachzuweisen. Insgesamt erwiesen sich dabei die Herzfrequenz sowie die Ausdehnung der Pupille als sensitivste Indikatoren. Für eine live Erfassung im Arbeitsprozess bedarf es zukünftig, neben der Weiterentwicklung von tragbarer Messmethodik (Wearables), eine Entwicklung neuer Algorithmen zur Kombination verschiedener Parameter zu einem allgemeinen Indikator für mentale Beanspruchung, sowie der Bearbeitung einiger theoretischer Probleme, wie unter anderem der Definition von Grenzwerten der mentalen Beanspruchung. Um abseits bestehender Probleme Veränderungen der Beanspruchung am konkreten Arbeitsplatz einschätzbar zu machen, wurde eine alternative Auswertungsstrategie basierend auf kurzfristigen Peaks und längerfristigen Plateaus vorgeschlagen.

Introduction: To maintain a sufficient donor pool, deferred first-time donors (FTD) should be motivated to return for blood donation. This pilot study investigates how deferral affects momentary mood, satisfaction with the donation process, and subsequent return behavior to examine their potential for motivating (deferred) FTD. Methods: All of the subjects (n = 96) completed a first questionnaire (A1) before pre-donation assessment. Deferred FTD (n = 22) were asked to complete a second questionnaire (A2) immediately after deferral, while non-deferred FTD (n = 74) filled in the second questionnaire (A3) after blood donation. The impact of deferral, momentary mood, and satisfaction with the donation process on return behavior within 12 months was tested by calculating two path analyses, controlling for sex and age. Results: Mood (p < 0.001) and satisfaction with social aspects of the donation process (p = 0.01) were decreased after deferral. Deferred FTD were less likely than non-deferred FTD to return to the blood donation center within 12 months (60.8 vs. 36.4%; p = 0.043). However, path analyses revealed that deferral effects on mood and satisfaction were not connected to return behavior. Instead, age had a significant influence on return behavior (p < 0.05) such that, overall, non-returning FTD were older than returning FTD, regardless of their deferral status. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that mood and satisfaction with the donation process are directly affected by deferral but not clearly responsible for low return rates. It seems promising to embed these variables in established health behavior models in further studies to increase the return rates of deferred FTD.

Abstract Lately, the use of patient‐reported outcome measures (PROM) to adapt and improve ongoing psychotherapeutic treatments has become more widespread. Their main purpose is to support data‐informed, collaborative treatment decisions which include the patient's point of view on their progress. In case of nonresponse or deterioration, these systems are able to warn clinicians and guide the process “back on track” in treatment. In this case illustration, the Greifswald Psychotherapy Navigator System (GPNS) detected the deterioration of 19‐year‐old Sarah during the first eight sessions of cognitive‐behavioral therapy for social anxiety and depression. Here, the GPNS helped the therapist gain insight as to how Sarah's social anxiety affected their treatment and adjust her strategy accordingly. Using the symptom curves and progress scales of the GPNS, the therapist was able to then address her patient's struggles in detail during their sessions and with her supervisor. After adapting her therapeutic approach, the patient's deterioration could be averted while simultaneously strengthening their communication in the process. Clinical implications and the benefits of using PROM systems for evidence‐based personalization of psychotherapy are presented.

Abstract. Most feedback we receive or give is correct (deterministic feedback), though a small fraction can be wrong for various reasons. Children need to cope with receiving some portion of wrong feedback (stochastic feedback). It is still unknown if better social functioning and communication skills or outstanding intelligence (IQ) or chronological age support children in the coping process. We tested a sample of 7-‍, 9-‍, and 11-year-old children (N = 60) who deduced a sequence of four left and right button presses from a red and green stochastic feedback signal that was wrong in 15 % of the trials. Children performed worse with stochastic than with deterministic feedback but improved in the repeated trials, especially after receiving positive feedback about whether true or false. Controlling for IQ improved and confirmed these effects, while social and communicative competence explained little or no variance.

Background Longitudinal observational studies play on an important role for evidence-based research on health services and psychiatric rehabilitation. However, information is missing about the reasons, why patients participate in such studies, and how they evaluate their participation experience. Methods Subsequently to their final assessment in a 2-year follow-up study on supported housing for persons with severe mental illness, n = 182 patients answered a short questionnaire on their study participation experience (prior experiences, participation reasons, burden due to study assessments, intention to participate in studies again). Basic respondent characteristics as well as symptom severity (SCL-K9) were also included in the descriptive and analytical statistics. Results To help other people and curiosity were cited as the main initial reasons for study participation (>85%). Further motives were significantly associated with demographic and/or clinical variables. For instance, “relieve from boredom” was more frequently reported by men and patients with substance use disorders (compared to mood disorders), and participants ‘motive” to talk about illness” was associated with higher symptom severity at study entry. Furthermore, only a small proportion of respondents indicated significant burdens by study participation and about 87% would also participate in future studies. Conclusions The respondents gave an overall positive evaluation regarding their participation experience in an observational study on psychiatric rehabilitation. The results additionally suggest that health and social care professionals should be responsive to the expectations and needs of patients with mental illness regarding participation in research.

Objective Children Born of War (CBOW) are an international and timeless phenomenon that exists in every country involved in war or armed conflict. Nevertheless, little is known on a systematic level about those children, who are typically fathered by a foreign or enemy soldier and born to a local mother. In particular, the identity issues that CBOW often report have remained largely uninvestigated. In the current qualitative study we began filling this gap in the scientific literature by asking how CBOW construct their identity in self-descriptions. Method We utilized thematic content analysis of N = 122 German CBOWs' answers to an open-ended questionnaire item asking how they see themselves and their identity in the context of being a CBOW. Results We identified five key themes in CBOW' identity accounts. Loneliness and lack of belonging appeared as a paramount aspect of their self-descriptions next to narratives about belonging and positive relationship. On a less interpersonal basis, we found fighting and surviving and searching for truth and completion overarching aspects of their identities. There were also few accounts growing up unaffected by the fact of being born a CBOW. Although all themes portray different perspectives, they all (but the last one) clearly indicate the impeded circumstances under which CBOW had to grow up. Conclusions Integrating our findings with existing interdisciplinary literature regarding identity, we discuss implications for future research and clinical and political practice.

Quality of Life (QoL) is a core patient-reported outcome in healthcare research. However, a conceptual, operational, and psychometric elaboration of QoL in the context of telemedical care (TM) was needed, as standardised instruments to assess QoL do not comprehensively represent essential aspects of intended outcomes of TM. Therefore, the overall aim of this thesis was to conceptualise QoL in the context of TM and to develop an instrument that can adequately assess QoL in TM.

This review assessed population-based estimate rates of cancer patients with minor and young adult children (≤ 25 years), children and young adults having a parent with cancer as well as the psychosocial situation and well-being of children and young adults affected by parental cancer. Eighteen publications on population-based studies were included. Studies varied in the age ranges of both cancer patients and children. The prevalence rates of cancer patients having children ranged from 14 to 24.7% depending on the sample structure (e.g., age, gender). Studies reported that between 1.6 and 8.4% of children resp. young adult children have a parent with a history of cancer. Seven publications reported on the psychosocial situation or well-being in children and young adults affected by parental cancer. Estimate rates of psychosocial problems, psychiatric diagnoses or distress ranged between 2.5 and 34% of children depending on the method of measurement and outcome. The differences in the sample structure between the studies impeded the comparison of prevalence rates. However, the findings help to determine the need for specific support services and health care planning. The results emphazise the importance to routinely include issues on the parental role of patients and questions on the well-being and coping of children into psychooncological care. If necessary, support should be provided to families living with a cancer diagnosis.