Open Access

Background: Microvascular decompression (MVD) success rates exceed 90% in hemifacial spasm (HFS). However, postoperative recovery patterns and durations are variable. Objective: We aim to study factors that might influence the postoperative patterns and duration needed until final recovery. Method: Only patients following de-novo MVD with a minimum follow-up of 6 months were included. Overall trend of recovery was modeled. Patients were grouped according to recognizable clinical recovery patterns. Uni- and multivariable analyses were used to identify the factors affecting allocation to the identified patterns and time needed to final recovery. Results: 323(92.6%) patients had >90% symptom improvement and 269(77.1%) patients had complete resolution at the last follow–up. The overall trend of recovery showed steep remission within the first 6 months, followed by relapse peaking around 8 months with a second remission ~16 months. Five main recovery patterns were identified. Patterns analysis showed that evident proximal indentation of the facial nerve at REZ, males and facial palsy are associated with earlier recovery at multivariable and univariable levels. AICA, AICA/VA compressions and shorter disease durations are related to immediate resolution of the symptoms only on the univariable level. Time analysis showed that proximal indentation (vs. distal indentation), males and facial palsy witnessed significantly earlier recoveries. Conclusion: Our main finding is that in contrast to peripheral indentation, proximal indentation of the facial nerve at REZ is associated with earlier recovery. Postoperative facial palsy and AICA compressions are associated with earlier recoveries. We recommend a minimum of 1 year before evaluating the final outcome of MVD for HFS.

Background: This randomized controlled trial investigated if uni- and bihemispheric transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the motor cortex can enhance the effects of visuo-motor grip force tracking task training and transfer to clinical assessments of upper extremity motor function. Methods: In a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial, 40 chronic stroke patients underwent 5 days of visuo-motor grip force tracking task training of the paretic hand with either unilateral or bilateral (N = 15/group) or placebo tDCS (N = 10). Immediate and long-term (3 months) effects on training outcome and motor recovery (Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer, UE-FM, Wolf Motor Function Test, and WMFT) were investigated. Results: Trained task performance significantly improved independently of tDCS in a curvilinear fashion. In the anodal stimulation group UE-FM scores were higher than in the sham group at day 5 (adjusted mean difference: 2.6, 95%CI: 0.6–4.5, p = 0.010) and at 3 months follow up (adjusted mean difference: 2.8, 95%CI: 0.8–4.7, p = 0.006). Neither training alone, nor the combination of training and tDCS improved WMFT performance. Conclusions: Visuo-motor grip force tracking task training can facilitate recovery of upper extremity function. Only minimal add-on effects of anodal but not dual tDCS were observed. Clinical Trial Registration: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/results?recrs=&cond=&term=NCT01969097&cntry=&state=&city=&dist=, identifier: NCT01969097, retrospectively registered on 25/10/2013.

Simple Summary Despite treatment advances, glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) remains an often-fatal disease, motivating novel therapeutic avenues. Gas plasma is a technology that has been recently employed in preclinical oncology research and acts primarily via reactive oxygen-species-induced cell death. In addition, the modulation of immune processes and inflammation have been ascribed to gas plasma exposure. This is the first study that extends those observations from in vitro investigations to a set of 16 patient-derived GBM tumor biopsies analyzed after gas plasma treatment ex vivo. Besides cell culture results showing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction, an immunomodulatory potential was identified for gas plasma exposure in vitro and cultured GBM tissues. The proapoptotic action shown in this study might be an important step forward to the first clinical observational studies on the future discovery of gas plasma technology’s potential in neurosurgery and neuro-oncology. Abstract Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary malignant adult brain tumor. Therapeutic options for glioblastoma are maximal surgical resection, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Therapy resistance and tumor recurrence demand, however, new strategies. Several experimental studies have suggested gas plasma technology, a partially ionized gas that generates a potent mixture of reactive oxygen species (ROS), as a future complement to the existing treatment arsenal. However, aspects such as immunomodulation, inflammatory consequences, and feasibility studies using GBM tissue have not been addressed so far. In vitro, gas plasma generated ROS that oxidized cells and led to a treatment time-dependent metabolic activity decline and G2 cell cycle arrest. In addition, peripheral blood-derived monocytes were co-cultured with glioblastoma cells, and immunomodulatory surface expression markers and cytokine release were screened. Gas plasma treatment of either cell type, for instance, decreased the expression of the M2-macrophage marker CD163 and the tolerogenic molecule SIGLEC1 (CD169). In patient-derived GBM tissue samples exposed to the plasma jet kINPen ex vivo, apoptosis was significantly increased. Quantitative chemokine/cytokine release screening revealed gas plasma exposure to significantly decrease 5 out of 11 tested chemokines and cytokines, namely IL-6, TGF-β, sTREM-2, b-NGF, and TNF-α involved in GBM apoptosis and immunomodulation. In summary, the immuno-modulatory and proapoptotic action shown in this study might be an important step forward to first clinical observational studies on the future discovery of gas plasma technology’s potential in neurosurgery and neuro-oncology especially in putative adjuvant or combinatory GBM treatment settings.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and most aggressive malignant tumor of the central nervous system in adults. The median survival time of patients suffering from GBM is only 14-15 months. Despite a great progress in the technique of resection, radiation therapy, and chemotherapeutic drugs, survival time has not been significantly prolonged. Interestingly, the progression of GBM has been associated with intratumoral immune dysfunction states, and the GBM tissue represents a complex formation of tumor cells itself and diverse non-malignant cells such as endothelial cells, microglia or immunocompetent cells from peripheral blood. In that regard, accumulating evidence supports that Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) acts as a key signal in the cancer extracellular milieu. S1P has been intensively discussed to be an important pro-tumoral molecule, since it is involved in proliferation, migration and invasion of both healthy and malignant cells. An increase in S1P has been associated with proliferation and invasion of GBM and other cancers that display a propensity for brain metastasis. S1P binds to five different cell surface G protein-coupled receptors called S1P receptor 1-5 (S1PR1-5), it has been shown in previous studies that particularly the S1PR1 and 2 are involved in regulating proliferation, metastasis, invasion, vascular angiogenesis and maturation of GBM cells and thus play an important role in tumorigenesis. Therefore, we used S1PR1 (ACT-209905, W146) and S1PR2 modulators/antagonists (Compound 16, JTE013) to investigate the role of these S1P receptor subtypes in the growth of human (prGBM, LN18) and murine (GL261) GBM cells to gain insight into the molecular processes of the pro-tumorigenic S1P signaling cascade in GBM cells. Further, we analyzed the influence of the human monocytic cell line THP-1 on GBM cell growth by co-culture experiments together with simultaneous application of S1PR1/S1PR2 modulators/antagonists to determine the role played by S1PR1 and S1PR2 signaling pathways in the interaction between tumor and immune cells. We found that all tested S1PR1/2 modulators (ACT-209905, W146, Compound 16, JTE013) significantly reduced the viability (Resazurine assay) and vitality (Crystal violet assay) as well as the migration and invasion of prGBM, LN18 and GL261 cells in a concentration dependent manner. The growth inhibitory effect of S1PR1 blocking by ACT-209905 was accompanied by the induction of apoptosis in GBM cells seen by increased caspase 3 activity. When S1PR1 antagonist (ACT-209905, W146) was co-administered with S1PR2 antagonist (Compound 16, JTE013) the inhibitory effect was much stronger compared to the single administration. Further, single and dual application of S1PR1 modulator and S1PR2 antagonist caused a stronger inhibition of GBM cell viability and vitality compared to 100 μM Temozolomide (TMZ) as the standard chemotherapeutic for GBM. These results suggest that both S1PR1 and S1PR2 are involved in the growth of GBM cells and that a simultaneous inhibition of both receptors has synergistic effects. In addition, the influence of THP-1 cells as a model for human monocytes/macrophages on GBM cell growth was analyzed since it has been shown that S1P signaling polarizes macrophages to the pro-tumoral M2 phenotype and S1PR1 has been linked to macrophage activation. Co-culture of GBM cells with THP-1 cells or THP-1 conditioned medium significantly enhanced the viability and vitality as well as the migration and invasion of GBM cells in a cell number dependent manner suggesting that THP-1 cells might secrete to date unknown pro-tumoral molecules which stimulate the pro-invasive growth of GBM cells. Our FACS analyses showed that THP-1 cells express not only the CD11b macrophage marker but also CD163 and CD206 as marker for the pro-tumorigenic M2 phenotype. Interestingly, the concomitant application of the S1PR1 modulator ACT-209905 had a significant inhibitory effect on the THP-1 induced increase of GBM cell growth and migration, which argues for a role of S1PR1 in the pro-tumoral characteristic of THP-1 on GBM cells. Immunoblot analyses further showed that blocking of the S1PR1 pathway leads to a reduced activation of several kinases including p38, AKT1 and ERK1/2 whereas THP-1 cells and THP-1 conditioned medium caused an activation of these kinases. To clarify the role of p38, AKT1 and ERK1/2 in the inhibitory effects of S1PR1 antagonists on GBM proliferation and migration in detail further studies are needed. Beside an impact on growth promoting kinases, S1PR1 blocking by ACT-209905 diminished surface expression (Median Fluorescence Intensity measured by FACS) of the pro-migratory molecules CD54 (ICAM-1) and CD166 (ALCAM), and reduced the percentage of CD62P (P-Selectin) positive GBM cells. In contrast, co-culture with THP-1 cells increased ICAM-1 and P-Selectin content of GBM cells which was reversed by ACT-209905 arguing for a role of ICAM-1 and P-Selectin in the migration of GBM cells. In conclusion, our study suggests a role of S1PR1 and S1PR2 signaling pathways in the growth and progression of GBM, improves our understanding of the complex mechanisms of S1P signaling in GBM cells, and gives at least a partial explanation for the pro-tumorigenic effects that macrophages might have on GBM cells combined with potential underlying mechanisms. Thus, this study argues for a further preclinical and clinical evaluation of a pharmacological modulation of S1PR1 and S1PR2 as a new or adjunctive therapeutic principle in GBM.

Objective: To develop an instrument for the observation of therapeutic communication interactions during rehabilitation sessions and test its inter-rater reliability. Methods: The new instrument THER-I-ACT (THERapy–related Inter-ACTion) has been designed to assess both the frequency and timing of therapeutic interactions in the thematic fields information provision, feedback, other motivational interaction, and bonding. For this inter-rater reliability study, a sample of stroke survivors received arm rehabilitation as either arm ability training, arm basis training, or mirror therapy, or neglect training as individually indicated. Therapy sessions were video-recorded (one for each participant) and therapeutic interactions rated by two independent raters using THER-I-ACT. Results: With regard to the instrument's comprehensiveness to document therapeutic interactions with pre-defined categories the data from 29 sessions suggested almost complete coverage. Inter-rater reliability was very high both for individual categories of therapeutic interaction (frequency and time used for interaction) (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC 0.91–1.00) and summary scores for the thematic fields of interaction (again for frequency and time used for interaction) (ICC 0.98–1.00). The inter-rater reliability for rating engagement and being focussed for both the therapist and patient was substantial (ICC 0.71 and 0.86). Conclusions: The observational study documented that by use of the newly designed THER-I-ACT various types of therapy-related communication interactions performed by therapists can be assessed with a very high inter-rater reliability. In addition, the thematic fields and categories of therapeutic interaction as defined by the instrument comprehensively covered the type of interaction that occurred in the therapeutic sessions observed.

Zusammenfassung Kaltes atmosphärisches Plasma (CAP) ist eine mögliche neue Therapieoption für das hochaggressive Glioblastoma multiforme. Bisher konnte die Wirksamkeit der Behandlung von Glioblastomzellen mit CAP sowohl in vitro, als auch in vivo bestätigt und reaktive Sauerstoffspezies (ROS) als ein wichtiger Mediator der CAP-Wirkung identifiziert werden. Sowohl die zytotoxische Wirkung von CAP auf Glioblastomzellen, als auch eine positive Korrelation der Behandlungsdauer mit der Stärke der CAP-Wirkung konnten wir bestätigen. Mit dem Ziel einer molekularen Charakterisierung der zugrundeliegenden Vorgänge innerhalb der Zellen untersuchten wir die Veränderung des Expressions- und Aktivierungsmusters relevanter Proteine zentraler Wachstums- und Apoptosewege, sowie der microRNA-1 in den humanen Glioblastomzelllinien U87-MG und LN-18 unter Behandlung mit CAP. Die Kinase ERK1/2, der Zellzyklusregulator p21 und das Hitzeschockprotein Hsp90 sind zentrale Effektoren der Tumorprogression. Obgleich die CAP-Behandlung leichte Änderungen der Expressionsraten dieser Proteine zeigte, kann ohne weitere Untersuchungen nicht von der Beteiligung dieser Faktoren ausgegangen werden. Ein Einfluss auf die Zellproliferation ist jedoch denkbar. Im Falle der proliferativen Kinase AKT1 konnte eine Induktion in beiden untersuchten Glioblastomzellinien nachgewiesen werden. Diese könnte möglicherweise eine zytoprotektive Antwort auf den CAP-vermittelten Redox-Stress darstellen und wäre demnach als eine Resistenz gegenüber der CAP-Behandlung anzusehen. Im Gegensatz dazu stellt die Induktion der tumorsuppressiven MikroRNA miR-1, im Einklang mit in der Literatur beschriebener Inhibition des Zellwachstums bei Induktion, einen Wirkmechanismus des CAP dar. Insgesamt kommt es in den Glioblastomzellen nach der Behandlung mit CAP zu einer Veränderung verschiedener Signalkaskaden. Insbesondere die vermutlich protektive Wirkung der Kinase AKT1, sowie die wirkungs-verstärkenden Effekte von miR-1 könnten eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Wirkung von CAP auf Glioblastomzellen darstellen. Weiterführende Untersuchungen insbesondere dieser Mediatoren und deren Interaktionen könnten zu einem tieferen Verständnis der Wirkungsweise von CAP auf die Zelle beitragen und die Entwicklung dieser neuen und innovativen Behandlungsmethode vorantreiben.

The glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) not only presents the most common tumor of the central nervous system in adults, it is also the most aggressive brain tumor. Although patients suffering from GBM standardly receive a combination of multiple treatments including surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, its prognosis is still poor with a median survival time of only 12-15 months. Therefore, new and effective treatment methods are urgently needed. A signaling molecule which is both involved in proliferation, migration and invasion of a broad range of healthy and malignant cells is the lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). Previous studies have confirmed that sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptor 1 (S1PR1) is involved in the regulation of proliferation, invasion, metastasis, vascular maturation and angiogenesis of GBM cells, and is closely related to the occurrence and development of tumors. Thus, ACT-209905 (provided by Actelion Pharmaceuticals) as a selective S1PR1 modulator was applied to gain insights into the molecular processes activated by S1PR1 in GBM cells using two human (LN18, U87MG) and one murine (GL261) GBM cell line. In our in vitro cell viability analyses, we found that ACT-209905 significantly reduced viability of LN18 cells in a concentration dependent manner. A combined administration of ACT-209905 with S1PR2 inhibitors (Compound 16, Compound 16ME – both provided by ONO Pharmaceuticals, and JTE-013 – commercially available) showed a stronger effect than the single administration demonstrating that both S1PR1 and S1PR2 are involved in growth of GBM cells and may interact with each other. Our results also demonstrated that ACT-209905 can induce apoptosis in GBM cells since caspase 3 activity was induced by the S1PR1 modulator which might therefore play an important role in inhibiting the proliferation of GBM cells. Further, we found a significant inhibitory effect of ACT-209905 on the migration and invasion of LN18 and U87MG GBM cells arguing for a participation of S1PR1 signaling in migration and invasion of GBM cells, too. Stimulation of S1P receptors results in the activation of several kinases such as AKT1 and ERK1/2, correspondingly our immunoblot analyses showed a strong activation of both kinases by S1P which was reduced by ACT-209905 in LN18 cells but not in GL261 cells suggesting that different pathways are activated by S1P in these GBM cell lines. Further studies have to be performed to clarify the role of AKT1 and ERK1/2 in the inhibitory effects of ACT-209905 on GBM proliferation, migration and invasion. Currently, GBM stem cells are discussed as a reason for resistance against the radiochemotherapy and the recurrence of the tumor. Our immunoblot analyses showed that Nestin and CD133, two marker proteins for GBM stem cells, were higher expressed in GBM cells treated with ACT-209905 compared to control or S1P treated LN18 cells. Further investigations in the future might contribute to the elucidation of an involvement of the S1P receptors in the stem cell behavior of GBM cells. Paradoxically to the up-regulation of CD133 and Nestin by ACT-209905, treatment of LN18 stem-like neurospheres with ACT-209905 showed a significant cytotoxic effect of the compound which was even more pronounced in the stem-like neurosphere cells compared to the adherent parental LN18 cells. Overall, the studies of this work improve our understanding of the complex mechanisms of S1P signaling in GBM cells and might drive the development of its pharmacological modulation as a new therapeutic principle in GBM. Furthermore, an extended knowledge about the molecular effects of ACT-209905 on GBM cells will broaden the understanding for possible future applications and clinical indications.

Sowohl die mikrochirurgische als auch die endoskopische Entfernung sind sichere und etablierte Therapieverfahren zur Behandlung von Kolloidzysten im 3. Ventrikel. Seit Jahrzehnten herrschte eine Debatte darüber, welche Technik die Beste und Effektivste ist. Viele Studien haben gezeigt, dass die Raten einer vollständigen endoskopischen Zystenentfernung geringer sind als bei den mikrochirurgischen Fallserien. Daraus resultiert ein erhöhtes Risiko für ein Zystenrezidiv. Leider gibt es bisher nur wenige Langzeitstudien zur Rezidivrate. Aus diesem Grund entschieden wir uns für eine erneute Auswertung unserer frühesten 20 Fälle. Die Zielsetzung dieser Studie war eine Evaluation der Langzeitergebnisse nach endoskopischer Operation hinsichtlich der Rate an vollständiger Zystenresektion, der Zystenrezidive und des Therapieerfolges. Im Zeitraum von August 1993 und Dezember 2008 wurden in unserer neurochirurgischen Klinik 20 Patienten mit symptomatischen Kolloidzysten endoskopisch behandelt. Von September 2009 bis November 2011 erfolgte die Nachuntersuchung, an der insgesamt 18 Patienten teilnahmen. Von 17 Patienten könnte eine aktuelle MRT akquiriert werden. Eine endoskopische Kolloidzystenresektion wurde bei insgesamt 19 Patienten durchgeführt. Bei einem Patienten wurde nur eine endoskopische Plexuskoagulation und Erweiterung des ipsilateralen Foramen Monroi durchgeführt. Eine komplette Zystenentfernung gelang bei 16 Patienten. In 3 Fällen musste ein kleiner Zystenmembranrest belassen werden. Während einer Operation musste auf eine mikrochirurgische Technik umgestellt werden. Geringfügige vorübergehende Komplikationen traten bei 6 Patienten auf. Die durchschnittliche Follow-up-Dauer der Patientenkohorte betrug 188 Monate. Die präoperativ beklagte Beschwerde-symptomatik konnte bei 16 Patienten komplett behoben und bei 2 Patienten gebessert werden. In dem Fall wo die Zyste belassen wurde, zeigte sich bildgebend keine Größenzunahme. In 2 von 3 Fällen mit Zystenresten kam es zu einem Rezidiv. Keines der Zystenrezidive verursachte im Follow-up-Zeitraum Symptome oder musste operativ behandelt werden. Unsere Studie konnten zeigen, dass die endoskopische Kolloidzystenresektion eine sichere und effektive Behandlungsmethode mit exzellenten Langzeitergebnissen ist. Weiterhin stellten wir fest, dass wenn auch nur kleinste Reste der Zystenmembran zurückbleiben, ein signifikantes Risiko für ein Zystenrezidiv besteht. Als Therapie erster Wahl empfehlen wir deshalb eine primär komplette endoskopische Kolloidzystenentfernung. Es gibt weiterhin keinen wissenschaftlichen Beweis dafür, welches operative Behandlungsverfahren das Beste ist.

Laminaschrauben stellen eine alternative Fixierungsmöglichkeit im Bereich der Brustwirbelsäule dar. Sie sind die einzige Fixierungsmöglichkeit, welche in der Literatur eine adäquate Stabilität wie die Pedikelschrauben aufweist und damit für eine suffiziente Stabilisierung infrage kommt. Es konnten Laminaschrauben mit einem Durchmesser von 0,4cm bei mehr als 90% der untersuchten Wirbelkörper verwendet werden. Bei den Pedikelschrauben waren jedoch nur 80% der Wirbelkörper für den o.g. Durchmesser zugänglich. Insbesondere die Pedikel der weiblichen Probanden zeigten in 27% der Fälle eine Hypoplasie von unter 0,4cm. Da die Laminabreite ihr Minimum in der unteren Brustwirbelsäule und die Pedikelbreite ihr Minimum im Bereich der mittleren Brustwirbelsäule hat, können durch die Kombination beider Verfahren weniger als 3% der untersuchten Wirbel nicht instrumentiert werden. Es konnte zudem gezeigt werden, dass in den dreidimensional rekonstruierten CT-Bildern eine ausreichende Messgenauigkeit vorliegt, um anhand dieser eine Entscheidung bezüglich der Verwendung der einen oder der anderen Stabilisierungstechnik zu treffen. Laminaschrauben können jedoch nicht in allen Fällen verwendet werden, daher sollte vor der Verwendung dieser in jedem Fall eine CT-Bilddiagnostik durchgeführt werden. Aufgrund fehlender Langzeitergebnisse sollte vor dem Einsatz von Laminaschrauben die Anwendbarkeit der etablierten Methoden der Instrumentierung kritisch geprüft werden.

Das Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) ist der häufigste und zugleich aggressivste primär maligne Hirntumor des Erwachsenen. Trotz des multimodalen Therapieregimes (neurochirurgische Resektion und adjuvante Radiochemotherapie) beträgt die mediane Überlebenszeit der Patienten weniger als 15 Monate nach Diagnosestellung. Das aggressive biologische Verhalten dieses Tumors, insbesondere seine Therapieresistenz und hohe Rezidivneigung, werden zumindest partiell einer Subpopulation innerhalb der GBM-Zellen, den sog. GBM-Stammzellen, zugeschrieben. Es ist bislang nicht gelungen, GBM-Stammzellen präzise zu charakterisieren. Die Entdeckung von exklusiven und verlässlichen Markerproteinen könnte es ermöglichen, diese Zellen und damit die Ursprünge des Glioblastoms zielgerichtet zu bekämpfen. Gegenstand dieser Arbeit war deshalb die Untersuchung der Expression potenzieller Stammzell- und Differenzierungsmarker in humanem Glioblastomgewebe verglichen mit nicht-malignem Hirngewebe. Eine statistisch signifikant erhöhte Expression konnte für die Stammzellmarker Nestin, CD44 und MEF sowohl auf mRNA- als auch Proteinebene nachgewiesen werden, während CD95 vermindert exprimiert wurde. Dagegen ergaben sich für CD133 und ABCG2 keine Expressionsunterschiede. Unter den analysierten astrozytären Differenzierungsmarkern zeigte Sparc im Gegensatz zu GFAP signifikant erhöhte mRNA- und Proteinexpressionswerte. Eine Assoziation mit dem Überleben der Patienten und damit eine prognostische Relevanz konnte nur für CD95 und GFAP nachgewiesen werden, sodass sich insbesondere CD95 aufgrund seiner Tumorzell-relevanten Funktionen als neues Zielmolekül für eine targeted therapy eignen könnte. Des Weiteren erfolgte die Durchführung von in vitro-Experimenten zur Untersuchung des Einflusses einer pharmakologischen Pim1-Inhibition (mittels LY294002, Quercetagetin und TCS) auf die mRNA- und Proteinexpression von ausgewählten Stammzell- und Differenzierungsmarkern in den beiden humanen GBM-Zelllinien LN18 und U87MG. Dabei zeigte sich, dass die Expression von Nestin, MEF und CD133 signifikant herunterreguliert wird. Im Gegensatz dazu wurde der potentielle Stammzellmarker CD44 signifikant hochreguliert. Interessanterweise fand sich in beiden Zelllinien nach Applikation von TCS ein signifikanter Expressionsanstieg von GFAP auf Proteinebene. Diese Beobachtungen deuten darauf hin, dass der Stammzellphänotyp durch eine Pim1-Inhibition verändert werden kann, was diese Kinase zu einem vielversprechenden Zielmolekül einer targeted therapy macht.