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Introducing a Specific Term to Present Caries Experience in Populations with Low Caries Prevalence: Specific Affected Caries Index (SaC) (2019)

Schmoeckel, Julian ; Santamaría, Ruth M. ; Basner, Roger ; Schüler, Elisabeth ; Splieth, Christian H.

Up to now, indices like the mean dmft/DMFT and the SiC (Significant Caries Index) have been used to depict caries experience in populations with high prevalence. With the caries decline, particularly for populations with low caries levels, these indices reach their statistical limits. This paper aims to introduce a specific term, the Specific affected Caries Index (SaC) for the risk groups in populations with low caries prevalence and to illustrate its use based on the consecutive German National Oral Health Survey (GNOHS) in children. In groups with a caries prevalence less than one-third of the population, many caries-free children (DMFT = 0) are included in the SiC (risk group), which calls for a new way of illustration. Mean caries experience (DMFT), caries prevalence, the SiC and SaC were portrayed for 12-year-olds in the GNOHS from 1994/95 to 2016. The SaC describes the mean caries experience (DMFT) in the group presenting caries experience (DMFT > 0). In 12-year-old 6th graders in Germany, the mean caries experience decreased from 2.4 (1994/95) to 0.4 DMFT (2016), with a recent prevalence of 21.2% (DMFT > 0, 2016). In 2016, the mean number of affected teeth in children with DMFT > 0 (SaC) was 2.1, while the SiC including 12% DMFT-free children in the risk group was 1.3. The SiC fails to reflect the caries severity in children in a population with low caries prevalence. Therefore, the newly introduced term Specific affected Caries Index (SaC) may be used to describe accurately caries experience in caries risk children in populations presenting low caries prevalence.

Evaluating Modeling and Validation Strategies for Tooth Loss (2019)

Krois, Joachim ; Graetz, Christian ; Holtfreter, Birte ; Jost-Brinkmann, Paul-Georg ; Kocher, Thomas ; Schwendicke, Falk

Prediction models learn patterns from available data (training) and are then validated on new data (testing). Prediction modeling is increasingly common in dental research. We aimed to evaluate how different model development and validation steps affect the predictive performance of tooth loss prediction models of patients with periodontitis. Two independent cohorts (627 patients, 11,651 teeth) were followed over a mean ± SD 18.2 ± 5.6 y (Kiel cohort) and 6.6 ± 2.9 y (Greifswald cohort). Tooth loss and 10 patient- and tooth-level predictors were recorded. The impact of different model development and validation steps was evaluated: 1) model complexity (logistic regression, recursive partitioning, random forest, extreme gradient boosting), 2) sample size (full data set or 10%, 25%, or 75% of cases dropped at random), 3) prediction periods (maximum 10, 15, or 20 y or uncensored), and 4) validation schemes (internal or external by centers/time). Tooth loss was generally a rare event (880 teeth were lost). All models showed limited sensitivity but high specificity. Patients’ age and tooth loss at baseline as well as probing pocket depths showed high variable importance. More complex models (random forest, extreme gradient boosting) had no consistent advantages over simpler ones (logistic regression, recursive partitioning). Internal validation (in sample) overestimated the predictive power (area under the curve up to 0.90), while external validation (out of sample) found lower areas under the curve (range 0.62 to 0.82). Reducing the sample size decreased the predictive power, particularly for more complex models. Censoring the prediction period had only limited impact. When the model was trained in one period and tested in another, model outcomes were similar to the base case, indicating temporal validation as a valid option. No model showed higher accuracy than the no-information rate. In conclusion, none of the developed models would be useful in a clinical setting, despite high accuracy. During modeling, rigorous development and external validation should be applied and reported accordingly.

Einfluss von Slicing Software und Konstruktionsprinzip auf die Druckqualität beim FFF-3D-Druck (2022)

Reker, Lukas

Mit der vorgelegten Arbeit galt es zu klären, inwiefern sich die Konstruktionsart des FFF-3D-Druckers (Fused Filament Fabrication) auf die Exaktheit und Oberflächenbeschaffenheit 3D-gedruckter Zahnbögen auswirkt und ob sich sowohl der kartesische-FFF-3D-Drucker als auch der Delta-FFF-3D-Drucker hinsichtlich der Präzision zur Herstellung von Zahnbögen im Rahmen einer Aligner-Therapie einsetzen lässt. Darüber hinaus war der Einfluss der Slicing-Software auf die Präzision und Oberflächenbeschaffenheit der gedruckten Zahnbögen Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen. Als Nebenaspekt wurden die Herstellungszeiten der Druckverfahren verglichen sowie die Auswirkungen steigender Druckgeschwindigkeiten auf die Zahnbögen analysiert. Zur Ermittlung des präzisesten Druckverfahrens wurden die Intraoralscans von zehn zufällig ausgewählten Patienten der Universität Greifswald mit beschriebenem kartesischen-FFF-3D-Drucker und Delta-FFF-3D-Drucker der Firma Tevo 3D Electronic Technology Company Ltd., Zhanjiang China hergestellt. Zum Vergleich der verschiedenen Slicing-Software erfolgte die Vorbereitung dieser Dateien auf den 3D-Druck mit drei der bekanntesten Slicing-Software. Neben der kostenpflichtigen Software Simplify3D (Simplify3D, LLC. Cincinnati, USA) wurden die Open Source Slicing-Software Cura (Ultimaker B.V. Udrecht, Niederlande) und Slic3r (entwickelt von Alessandro Ranellucci) genutzt. 132 gedruckte Zahnbögen wurden im Verlauf der Analyse zum einen nach kieferorthopädischen Gesichtspunkten manuell mittels digitaler Schieblehre (SKANTEK GmbH, Erlangen) vermessen. Zum anderen erfolgte zur Ermittlung der mikroskopischen Präzision der 3D-Druckverfahren die Messung von Höckerspitzenabständen ausgewählter Zähne mithilfe des Digitalmikroskops VHX 6000 von Keyence (Keyence Deutschland GmbH, Neu-Isenburg). Nach erneuter Digitalisierung der gedruckten Zahnbögen durch den optischen Oberflächenscanner Zirkonzahn AR600 ARTI (Zirkonzahn, Püstertal, Tirol, It) fand zusätzlich eine digitale Überlagerung von Intraoralscan und gedrucktem Zahnbogen mittels der Software CloudCompare (v. 2.10.2) statt. Hierdurch sollten Abweichungen der Druckverfahren ermittelt werden, welche sich ggf. durch die beschriebenen Messverfahren nicht ermitteln ließen. Zur Beurteilung der Oberflächenbeschaffenheit wurden die Zahnbögen zusätzlich mit dem oben genannten Digitalmikroskop unter 30-facher Vergrößerung untersucht. Nach Durchführung der Untersuchungen lässt sich festhalten, dass sich sowohl der kartesische-FFF- und der Delta-FFF-3D-Drucker als auch die Slicing-Software hinsichtlich ihrer Präzision 3D-gedruckter Zahnbögen unterscheiden. Zudem besteht sowohl ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen der 3D-Drucker Konstruktionsart als auch der Slicing-Software und der Herstellungszeit pro Zahnbogen. Der Delta-FFF-3D-Drucker wies in Bezug auf die Zahnbogenvermessung entlang der Z-Achse die signifikant größten Abweichungen auf. Ebenso wichen die Höckerspitzenabstände der Delta-Zahnbögen am deutlichsten von den CAD-Dateien der Intraoralscans ab. Das insgesamt beste Ergebnis erzielten insbesondere aufgrund der im Vergleich signifikant geringer ausfallenden Abweichungen der Höckerspitzenabstände die mit kartesischem-FFF-3D-Drucker und der Slicing-Software Slic3r gedruckten Zahnbögen. Hinsichtlich der digitalen Überlagerung von Intraoralscan und erneut digitalisierten Zahnbögen ließen sich für die Cura- und Slic3r-Zahnbögen die höchste Übereinstimmung feststellen. Die visuelle Inspektion der Zahnbogenoberfläche bei 30-facher Vergrößerung bekräftigte dieses Ergebnis. Die Oberfläche zeigte sowohl bei den Slic3r-Zahnbögen als auch bei den Cura-Zahnbögen das optisch sauberste Ergebnis. Obgleich der Tatsache, dass der Delta-FFF-3D-Drucker die Zahnbögen in signifikant kürzerer Zeit herstellt, ist aufgrund der größer ausfallenden Abweichungen der Einsatz für die Zahnbogenherstellung im Rahmen einer Aligner-Therapie nach dieser Studie nicht empfehlenswert. Hinsichtlich der Slicing-Software konnten keine signifikanten Unterschiede in Bezug auf die Präzision der Zahnbögen ermittelt werden. Zu erwähnen ist jedoch, dass die mit der Slicing-Software Slic3r auf den 3D-Druck vorbereiteten Zahnbögen die geringsten Abweichungen aufwiesen. Die Verwendung von kostenloser Open-Source Slicing-Software scheint für den klinischen Gebrauch durchaus angemessen. Bezogen auf die Druckzeiten konnte der Delta-FFF-3D-Drucker im Vergleich zu allen Vergleichspartnern die Zahnbögen in kürzester Zeit herstellen. Ebenso wurden die mit der Slicing-Software Simplify3D gedruckten Zahnbögen im Vergleich zu den mit Cura- und Slic3r gedruckten Zahnbögen in signifikant kürzerer Zeit hergestellt. Ein signifikanter Einfluss sowohl der 3D-Drucker Hardware als auch Software auf die Herstellungszeit konnte somit bestätigt werden. Eine Steigerung der Druckgeschwindigkeit bis 6000mm/min erscheint nach dieser Studie als zumutbar. Aufgrund der Tatsache, dass die Zahnbögen in ihrer Präzision und Oberflächenbeschaffenheit mit steigender Druckgeschwindigkeit an Qualität verlieren, ist von einer weiteren Geschwindigkeitserhöhung abzuraten.

RCT on the Effectiveness of the Intraligamentary Anesthesia and Inferior Alveolar Nerve Block on Pain during Dental Treatment (2021)

Youssef, Bahaa

Objective: To compare the effectiveness and complications of intraligamentary anesthesia (ILA) with conventional inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) during injection and dental treatment of mandibular posterior teeth. Materials and Methods: In this randomized, prospective clinical trial, 72 patients (39 males, 33 females) patients scheduled for dental treatment of mandibular posterior teeth, were randomly allocated to ILA group (n=35) received ILA injection or IANB group (n=37) received the conventional IANB. Our primary outcome was to assess pain and stress (discomfort) during the injection and dental treatment, using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) from 0 to 10 (0 = no pain, 10= the worst pain imaginable). Whereas; recording 24 hours postoperative complications were our Secondary outcomes. Results: Patients in ILA group reported significantly less pain during injection when compared with IANB group (p=0.03). While pain during dental treatment was similar in both groups (p=0.2). Patients in both groups also reported similar low values of discomfort during treatment (p= 0.7). Although no signs of nerve contact or any other postoperative complications were observed, five patients in IANB group (none in ILA group) reported temporary irritations Conclusion: This study showed equivalent effectiveness of both intraligamentary anesthesia and conventional inferior alveolar nerve block, for pain control during routine dental treatment of mandibular posterior teeth. Nevertheless, ILA showed significantly less pain during injection. No major postoperative complications in both groups were observed. Clinical Relevance: ILA could be considered as an effective alternative for routine dental treatment.

How to Intervene in the Caries Process: Early Childhood Caries – A Systematic Review (2020)

Schmoeckel, Julian ; Gorseta, Kristina ; Splieth, Christian H. ; Juric, Hrvoje

For an Organisation for Caries Research/European Federation of Conservative Dentistry consensus, this systematic review is aimed to assess the question of how to manage the caries process in the case of early childhood caries (ECC). Medline via PubMed was searched systematically regarding management of ECC. First priority was existing systematic reviews or randomized clinical trials otherwise cohort studies dealing with management of ECC, primarily with carious anterior teeth. After data extraction, the potential risk of bias was estimated depending on the study types, and the level of evidence was evaluated. Regarding management of ECC, results are presented for silver diamine fluoride (SDF, n = 5), nonoperative caries management (NOCM, n = 10), and restorative approaches (RA, n = 8) separately, as different kinds of studies with different levels of evidence were found for the different aspects in the management of ECC. The 5 systematic reviews on SDF showed a high potential for arrest of ECC on a high level of evidence. In NOCM, a low level of evidence for a moderate effect of fluoride varnish in arresting or remineralizing, especially non-cavitated lesions, was assessed. For RA in carious anterior upper primary teeth, a low level of evidence was found for higher failure rates of glass ionomer cement and composite fillings than composite strip crowns even if placed under general anaesthesia and especially compared to other crowns (stainless steel and zirconia). In conclusions, ECC may be managed successfully with nonoperative (SDF, regular fluoride application) and moderately well with operative approaches, but the decision is affected by many other variables such as pulpal involvement, the child’s cooperation, or a general anaesthesia setting.

Is Continuous Eruption Related to Periodontal Changes? A 16-Year Follow-up (2021)

Wiedemann, C. ; Pink, C. ; Daboul, A. ; Samietz, S. ; Völzke, H. ; Schulz-Kornas, E. ; Krey, K.F. ; Holtfreter, B. ; Kocher, T.

The aims of this study were to 1) determine if continuous eruption occurs in the maxillary teeth, 2) assess the magnitude of the continuous eruption, and 3) evaluate the effects of continuous eruption on the different periodontal parameters by using data from the population-based cohort of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). The jaw casts of 140 participants from the baseline (SHIP-0) and 16-y follow-up (SHIP-3) were digitized as 3-dimensional models. Robust reference points were set to match the tooth eruption stage at SHIP-0 and SHIP-3. Reference points were set on the occlusal surface of the contralateral premolar and molar teeth, the palatal fossa of an incisor, and the rugae of the hard palate. Reference points were combined to represent 3 virtual occlusal planes. Continuous eruption was measured as the mean height difference between the 3 planes and rugae fix points at SHIP-0 and SHIP-3. Probing depth, clinical attachment levels, gingiva above the cementoenamel junction (gingival height), and number of missing teeth were clinically assessed in the maxilla. Changes in periodontal variables were regressed onto changes in continuous eruption after adjustment for age, sex, number of filled teeth, and education or tooth wear. Continuous tooth eruption >1 mm over the 16 y was found in 4 of 140 adults and averaged to 0.33 mm, equaling 0.021 mm/y. In the total sample, an increase in continuous eruption was significantly associated with decreases in mean gingival height (B = −0.34; 95% CI, −0.65 to −0.03). In a subsample of participants without tooth loss, continuous eruption was negatively associated with PD. This study confirmed that continuous eruption is clearly detectable and may contribute to lower gingival heights in the maxilla.

National oral health survey on refugees in Germany 2016/2017: caries and subsequent complications (2020)

Al-Ani, Ali Thaer Ali

Objectives To assess oral health, caries prevalence, and subsequent complications among recently arrived refugees in Germany and to ompare these findings with the German resident population. Methods This multicenter cross-sectional study recruited 544 refugees aged 3–75+ years; they were examined at ten registration institutions in four federal states in Germany by two calibrated dentists. The refugees were screened for caries (dmft/DMFT) and its complications pufa/PUFA); this data was compared to the resident population via the presentative national oral health surveys). Results The deciduous dentition of the 3-year-old refugees had a mean dmft value of 2.62 ± 3.6 compared with 0.48 dmft in the German resident population, and caries increased to 5.22 ± 3.4 for 6–7-year-olds (Germany: 1.73 dmft). Few refugee children had naturally healthy teeth (7% in 6–7-year-olds, Germany: 56%). In the permanent dentition, the gap in caries prevalence between refugees and the German population decreased with age (35–44-year-olds: 10.55 ± 7.1 DMFT; Germany: 11.2), but refugees exhibited more caries defects (35–44-year-olds DT = 3.13 ± 3.0; Germany: 0.5). German residents had more restorations (35–44-year-olds FT = 4.21 ± 4.6). Regarding complications, the 6–7-year-olds exhibited the highest pufa index (0.86 ± 1.4) which decreased in adolescence (13–17-year-olds, 0.18 ± 0.6) and increased in adults (45–64-year-olds, 0.45 ± 0.8). Conclusion The refugees had high caries experience, often untreated caries teeth and more complications compared with the German resident population, especially in children. Closing this gap by extending preventive systems to the refugees would decrease future treatment needs. Clinical relevance European countries should be prepared for the higher dental treatment needs in recent refugees, especially in children.

Dentale und kraniofaziale Morphologie - Ein Inter-Spezies Vergleich (2021)

Zeltwanger, Anke

Die vorliegende Studie basiert auf der Untersuchung von 89 verschiedenen Säugetierschädeln und 14 menschlichen Schädeln aus dem Institut für Anatomie und Zellbiologie der Universität Greifswald. Die Arbeit vergleicht die Morphologie der knöchernen Schädel der Säugetiere mit denen des Menschen. Dabei wird von kieferorthopädischen Messpunkten, wie sie beim Menschen bereits seit längerer Zeit angewendet werden, ausgegangen. Sämtliche Messpunkte, die in der Kieferorthopädie herangezogen werden, finden sich auch an den Säugetierschädeln, sodass von einem gemeinsamen Schädelbauplan ausgegangen werden kann. Systematische Untersuchungen an einer größeren Gruppe von Säugetieren mit kieferorthopädischem Ansatz wurden, soweit ersichtlich, bisher noch nicht durchgeführt. Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es damit auch, eine dementsprechende Datengrundlage zu schaffen. Die dreidimensionale Vermessung erfolgte mit dem MicroScribe 3DX Digitalisierer (Immersion Corp., San Jose, CA) sowie einem digitalen Messschieber. Die Schädel wurden entsprechend der in der Literatur angewandten Taxonomie in Gruppen eingeteilt. Aus der Ordnung der Primaten wurden die Hominoidea, Platyrrhini, Cercopithecoidea und Lemuriformes untersucht, bei den Carnivora die Feliformia, Canidae, Ursidae und Pinnipedia. Bei den Cetartiodactyla wurden Ruminantia und Suidae vermessen, bei den Mesaxonia die Equidae. In einem ersten Teil der Arbeit kommt die klassische Morphometrie zu Anwendung. Dabei werden klassische KFO- Messpunkte wie Nasion, Menton, Gonion, Pogonion, Zygion, Spina nasialis antetior, etc. verwendet, ebenso klassische Indizes wie Bolton-Analyse, Pont- Index und Izard- Index. In einem zweiten Teil kommt die geometrische Morphometrie zur Anwendung. Diese in der Biologie und Anthropologie bereits häufiger angewandte Methode wird jetzt auch vermehrt in der Kieferorthopädie angewandt. Durch die sogenannte Procrustes Transformation können dabei die vermessenen Schädel in Form und Gestalt unabhängig von der Größe verglichen werden. Bei sämtlichen Messungen werden die Unterschiede bzw. Gemeinsamkeiten zwischen Mensch und den einzelnen Säugetierarten herausgearbeitet und tabellarisch und graphisch dargestellt. So können die beim Menschen nachgewiesenen kieferorthopädischen Indizes auch teilweise bei den Säugetieren gefunden werden. Sowohl beim Izard- Index als auch bei der Bolton- Analyse und der Tonn- Relation können Gemeinsamkeiten festgestellt werden. Größere Abweichungen gibt es dagegen beim Pont- Index, dem Gaumenhöhen- Index und dem Gaumen- Index. Auch der Jugomandibularindex zeigt wenig Übereinstimmung mit dem Menschen. Dass die Primaten und hier insbesondere die Hominoidea und Cercopithecoidea dem Menschen schädelbezüglich am ähnlichsten sind, war zu erwarten und kann durch die hier vorliegenden Ergebnisse auch bestätigt werden. Allerdings weichen die Primaten bei der Gaumenform stärker vom Menschen ab, während bei der Gesichts- und Kieferform eine weniger zu erwartende Übereinstimmung mit Feliformia und Canidae festgestellt werden kann. Das evolutionsbedingt stärkste Unterscheidungsmerkmal zu den Säugetieren ist der beim Menschen im Vergleich zur Schädellänge relativ kurze Gesichtsschädel. Die in der Literatur beschriebene Taxonomie der Säugetiere, die durch eine Vielzahl verschiedener Untersuchungen hervorgegangen ist, kann hier sowohl mit Hilfe der klassischen Morphometrie als auch insbesondere durch die geometrische Morphometrie bestätigt werden. Bei der letzteren wird nach der Procrustes Transformation durch Clusterbildung sowohl nach deutlich voneinander abweichenden, als auch nach in sich homogenen Gruppen differenziert. Durch die in dieser Studie differenziert herausgearbeiteten anatomische Strukturen in verschiedenen Schädelbereichen würde sich zusätzlich die Möglichkeit ergeben, bei kieferorthopädischen Tierversuchen in kraniofazialen Schädelregionen das anatomisch geeignete Tiermodell zu bestimmen, d.h. nicht eine einzelne Tierart ist für alle Versuche geeignet, sondern je nach Fragestellung müssen in unterschiedlichen Schädelbereichen verschiedene Tierarten herangezogen werden.

Terminology of Dental Caries and Dental Caries Management: Consensus Report of a Workshop Organized by ORCA and Cariology Research Group of IADR (2019)

Machiulskiene, Vita ; Campus, Guglielmo ; Carvalho, Joana Christina ; Dige, Irene ; Ekstrand, Kim Rud ; Jablonski-Momeni, Anahita ; Maltz, Marisa ; Manton, David J. ; Martignon, Stefania ; Martinez-Mier, E. Angeles ; Pitts, Nigel B. ; Schulte, Andreas G. ; Splieth, Christian H. ; Tenuta, Livia Maria Andaló ; Ferreira Zandona, Andrea ; Nyvad, Bente

A 2-day workshop of ORCA and the IADR Cariology Research Group was organized to discuss and reach consensus on definitions of the most commonly used terms in cariology. The aims were to identify and to select the most commonly used terms of dental caries and dental caries management and to define them based on current concepts. Terms related to definition, diagnosis, risk assessment, and monitoring of dental caries were included. The Delphi process was used to establish terms to be considered using the nominal group method favored by consensus. Of 222 terms originally suggested by six cariologists from different countries, a total of 59 terms were reviewed after removing duplicates and unnecessary words. Sixteen experts in cariology took part in the process of reaching consensus about the definitions of the selected caries terms. Decisions were made following thorough “round table” discussions of each term and confirmed by secret electronic voting. Full agreement (100%) was reached on 17 terms, while the definitions of 6 terms were below the agreed 80% threshold of consensus. The suggested terminology is recommended for use in research, in public health, as well as in clinical practice.

Terminology of Dental Caries and Dental Caries Management: Consensus Report of a Workshop Organized by ORCA and Cariology Research Group of IADR (2019)

Machiulskiene, Vita ; Campus, Guglielmo ; Carvalho, Joana Christina ; Dige, Irene ; Ekstrand, Kim Rud ; Jablonski-Momeni, Anahita ; Maltz, Marisa ; Manton, David J. ; Martignon, Stefania ; Martinez-Mier, E. Angeles ; Pitts, Nigel B. ; Schulte, Andreas G. ; Splieth, Christian H. ; Tenuta, Livia Maria Andaló ; Ferreira Zandona, Andrea ; Nyvad, Bente

A 2-day workshop of ORCA and the IADR Cariology Research Group was organized to discuss and reach consensus on definitions of the most commonly used terms in cariology. The aims were to identify and to select the most commonly used terms of dental caries and dental caries management and to define them based on current concepts. Terms related to definition, diagnosis, risk assessment, and monitoring of dental caries were included. The Delphi process was used to establish terms to be considered using the nominal group method favored by consensus. Of 222 terms originally suggested by six cariologists from different countries, a total of 59 terms were reviewed after removing duplicates and unnecessary words. Sixteen experts in cariology took part in the process of reaching consensus about the definitions of the selected caries terms. Decisions were made following thorough “round table” discussions of each term and confirmed by secret electronic voting. Full agreement (100%) was reached on 17 terms, while the definitions of 6 terms were below the agreed 80% threshold of consensus. The suggested terminology is recommended for use in research, in public health, as well as in clinical practice.

Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) amongst German dental students (2020)

Elhennawy, Karim ; Anang, Mostafa ; Splieth, Christian ; Bekes, Katrin ; Manton, David John ; Hedar, Zen ; Krois, Joachim ; Jost‐Brinkmann, Paul‐Georg ; Schwendicke, Falk

Abstract Background Knowledge of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) has relevance for paediatric dentists. Aim To assess final‐year German dental students’ knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs regarding MIH. Materials and methods A previously validated questionnaire was posted to the 31 German dental schools. Demographic covariates as well as knowledge regarding diagnosis and prevalence, and attitudes and beliefs around aetiology and management were collected. Results Twenty‐two (71%) dental schools responded and a total of 877 students participated. Most (97%) were familiar with MIH and 88% were aware of the diagnostic criteria for MIH; however, only 42% knew how to implement them. One‐third were able to identify MIH and 16% reported diagnostic confidence when doing so; 90% assumed the MIH prevalence to be <10%. Two‐thirds of the respondents implicated genetic components as the main aetiological factor of MIH. Resin composite (60%) and preformed metal crowns (46%) were the dental materials most often suggested for restorative management. Almost all (98%) respondents were interested in receiving more clinical training. Conclusion German students were familiar with MIH; however, they reported low levels of knowledge and confidence regarding its prevalence and diagnosis. Standardized nationwide, up‐to‐date curricula should be implemented to educate future dentists in Germany.

40-Year Longitudinal Caries Development in German Adolescents in the Light of New Caries Measures (2019)

Splieth, Christian H. ; Santamaria, Ruth M. ; Basner, Roger ; Schüler, Elisabeth ; Schmoeckel, Julian

This study assessed the 40-year longitudinal caries development in German adolescents in the light of the sixth National Oral Health Survey in Children (NOHSC, 2016) employing initial DMFT (IDMFT), Significant Caries Index (SiC) and Specific Affected Caries Index (SaC). On the basis of the current NOHSC (randomized cluster selection using school list or regional community school surveys, 55,956 12-year-old sixth-graders examined by 482 calibrated community/study dentists) DMFT, SiC, a novel IDMFT including initial lesions (IT) and the recently introduced SaC were calculated and also recalculated for national and international surveys from the last 4 decades. In 2016, 78.8% of children were caries-free (DMFT = 0), 65.5% including IT lesions. The mean DMFT was 0.44 (single components: DT = 0.14, MT = 0.02, FT = 0.29, IT = 0.52) showing a clear association with the school type as marker for the socio-economic status. The mean number of affected teeth in children with DMFT >0 was 2.07 (SaC) in comparison to almost 9 teeth in the 1970s. The current care index on the tooth level was 66.3%, leaving only 7.7% of children with restorative treatment needs. Longitudinally, a continuous caries decline of more than 80%, including the risk groups (SiC/SaC), to an internationally extremely low level was observed. In conclusion, the National Oral Health Surveys reveal a continuous caries decline to a very low caries level in 12-year-old 6th-graders in Germany even if IT lesions are included (IDMFT). In spite of proportional reductions in the risk groups (SiC/SaC), the polarized caries distribution according to socio-economic parameters reveals the need for targeted preventive programmes.

Caries Trends in the Primary Dentition of 6- to 7-Year-old Schoolchildren in Germany from 1994 to 2016: Results from the German National Oral Health Surveys in Children (2019)

Santamaria, Ruth M. ; Schmoeckel, Julian ; Basner, Roger ; Schüler, Elisabeth ; Splieth, Christian H.

Long-term nationally representative caries data in the primary dentition are rare, but nonetheless central to assess needs in caries prevention and treatment. This study evaluated the prevalence and trends of caries levels in the primary dentition of 6- to 7-year-olds in Germany as a whole and its federal states individually. In 2016, employing a randomized cluster selection, 6- to 7-year-old first graders were included in the National German Oral Health Survey performed regularly since 1994/95. Children were examined by 482 calibrated dentists in all 17 German regions using the WHO criteria for the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) including the assessment of initial carious lesions (it). In total, 151,555 6- to 7-year-olds were examined. Caries prevalence in the primary dentition dropped from 65% in 1994 to 44% in 2016, while the mean caries experience dropped from 2.89 to 1.73 dmft (dt = 0.74, mt = 0.19, ft = 0.80). When initial lesions were included, the mean caries experience increased to idmft = 2.12 (it = 0.38). In 2016, 49.7% of the examined 6- to 7-year-olds were caries-free including initial lesions. The Care Index at the tooth level was 57.5%, and the Significant Caries Index was 4.84 dmft. Depending on the German region, the mean dmft varied considerably, ranging from 1.37 to 2.31. In conclusion, despite the overall caries decline in 6- to 7-year-olds in Germany, only minor caries reductions were observed over the last decade, with a still existing high proportion of untreated dental decay. This calls for more effective preventive and restorative efforts with focus on the primary dentition in Germany.

Publikationen im Fachbereich Kinderzahnheilkunde im Jahre 2016: Interindividuelle Variation bei der Auswahl der besten kinderzahnmedizinischen Fachbeiträge (2021)

Otto, Rebecca

Hintergrund Die stetig steigende Anzahl von akademischen Veröffentlichungen macht es zunehmend schwierig, Publikationen zu identifizieren, welche die neuesten wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse repräsentieren und es ermöglichen, auf dem neuesten Stand der Forschung und evidenzbasierter Behandlungsempfehlungen zu bleiben. Ziel Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Suchstrategien und Auswahlpräferenzen zu untersuchen, die verschiedene akademisch tätigen Zahnärzte bei der Auswahl der fünf bedeutendsten Publikationen aus dem Jahres 2016 im Fachgebiet der Kinderzahnheilkunde verwendeten. Design Die fünf an der Studie teilnehmenden Zahnärzte wurden gebeten, ohne untereinander darüber zu kommunizieren, die Datenbanken PubMed, Google Scholar und Livivo zu durchsuchen. Zudem sollten sie dabei ihre individuelle Suchstrategie dokumentieren. Die Aus-wahlkriterien wurden anschließend gemäß einer 10-Punkte-Checkliste evaluiert. Der Evidenzlevel der identifizierten Publikationen wurde anschließend gemäß ihrer Publikationsart bewertet. Ergebnisse Alle Studienteilnehmer wählten unterschiedliche Publikationen ohne Überschneidungen aus. Alle von ihnen ausgewählten Publikationen waren Zeitschriftenartikel. Neunzehn Artikel wurden in der Datenbank PubMed identifiziert, jeweils drei Artikel wurden in Google Scholar und Livivo gefunden. Die Relevanz des Artikels für die klinische Entscheidungsfindung war das wichtigste Kriterium bei der Auswahl durch die Teilnehmer. Fazit Die persönlichen Interessen und Fachgebiete der Kliniker beeinflussten die Auswahl der Zeitschriftenartikel in erheblichem Maße. Dies könnte die interindividuelle Variabilität der diagnostischen und therapeutischen Ansätze erklären, die bei Zahnärzten beobachtet wer-den kann, und trägt wahrscheinlich zu einer Verbreiterung des Wissenspools bei. Dies wird jedoch richtigerweise durch evidenzbasierte Behandlungsempfehlungen komplementiert, was die Qualität der Behandlung überregional sicherstellt.

Introducing a Specific Term to Present Caries Experience in Populations with Low Caries Prevalence: Specific Affected Caries Index (SaC) (2019)

Schmoeckel, Julian ; Santamaría, Ruth M. ; Basner, Roger ; Schüler, Elisabeth ; Splieth, Christian H.

Up to now, indices like the mean dmft/DMFT and the SiC (Significant Caries Index) have been used to depict caries experience in populations with high prevalence. With the caries decline, particularly for populations with low caries levels, these indices reach their statistical limits. This paper aims to introduce a specific term, the Specific affected Caries Index (SaC) for the risk groups in populations with low caries prevalence and to illustrate its use based on the consecutive German National Oral Health Survey (GNOHS) in children. In groups with a caries prevalence less than one-third of the population, many caries-free children (DMFT = 0) are included in the SiC (risk group), which calls for a new way of illustration. Mean caries experience (DMFT), caries prevalence, the SiC and SaC were portrayed for 12-year-olds in the GNOHS from 1994/95 to 2016. The SaC describes the mean caries experience (DMFT) in the group presenting caries experience (DMFT > 0). In 12-year-old 6th graders in Germany, the mean caries experience decreased from 2.4 (1994/95) to 0.4 DMFT (2016), with a recent prevalence of 21.2% (DMFT > 0, 2016). In 2016, the mean number of affected teeth in children with DMFT > 0 (SaC) was 2.1, while the SiC including 12% DMFT-free children in the risk group was 1.3. The SiC fails to reflect the caries severity in children in a population with low caries prevalence. Therefore, the newly introduced term Specific affected Caries Index (SaC) may be used to describe accurately caries experience in caries risk children in populations presenting low caries prevalence.

Predicting Caries by Measuring Its Activity Using Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence in vivo: A 2-Year Caries Increment Analysis (2012)

Meller, C. ; Santamaria, R.M. ; Connert, T. ; Splieth, C.

The aim of this study was to analyse the predictive power of several clinical baseline parameters and the de-/remineralisation properties of in vivo etched sites measured with quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) for subsequent 2-year caries increment. At baseline, in 44 children (8.23 ± 1.5 years) two areas (diameter 2 mm) of the buccal surface of a primary posterior tooth were etched with 36% phosphoric acid gel for 1 and 4 min, respectively. The etched sites were analysed immediately after etching (ΔQ1) and 24 h (ΔQ2) later by QLF. Additionally, caries status (deft/DMFT and initial caries), approximal plaque, bleeding on probing, and the patient’s current use of fluorides were recorded. In the 2-year follow-up, 29 children were re-assessed. After clinical examination, the caries increment was calculated (ΔDMFT) and correlated with the baseline clinical variables and the QLF readings. Results showed a significant positive correlation between ΔQ<sub>1 min</sub> and the ΔDMFT (r = 0.44, p = 0.02). The ΔDMFT was significantly correlated with the baseline deft (r = 0.56, p = 0.002), cavitated active caries lesions (r = 0.52, p = 0.003), and filled teeth (r = 0.53, p = 0.003). In a regression analysis the use of fluoridated salt (SC = –0.10) and fluoride gel (SC = –0.14) were negatively associated with ΔDMFT. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the demineralisation properties of the etched sites and the outcome of the 24-hour measurements with QLF are significantly associated with caries increment. Previous caries experience strongly correlated with caries increment in this group of children.

Caries Epidemiology and Community Dentistry: Chances for Future Improvements in Caries Risk Groups. Outcomes of the ORCA Saturday Afternoon Symposium, Greifswald, 2014. Part 1 (2016)

Splieth, Christian H. ; Christiansen, Jette ; Foster Page, Lyndie A.

This paper reviews the first part of the outcomes of the ORCA Saturday Afternoon Symposium 2014 dealing with ‘caries epidemiology and community dentistry: chances for future improvements in caries risk groups'. After the caries decline in many countries, there are remaining pockets of higher caries levels, mostly in the primary dentition and/or linked to a low socio-economic status (SES). The review into the evidence of caries-preventive measures clearly points to the use of fluorides, especially toothbrushing with fluoridated toothpaste and collective measures such as water fluoridation. In contrast to several unsuccessful high-risk approaches, community and public health programmes seem to be able to ensure a population-wide access and compliance in risk groups. Their simple and evidence-based measures mostly combine regular plaque removal and fluoride applications via toothbrushing, at least for children and adolescents. For the future, the common risk factor approach which addresses associations between oral health, social deprivation, diet, hygiene, smoking, alcohol use and stress should lead to combined efforts with other community health and education specialists. Further engagement with public policy, community leaders and administration is needed in order to strengthen healthy choices and behaviour, e.g. in ‘healthy' schools and kindergartens. It seems advisable that these population programmes also aim at improving upstream factors.

Alternative Caries Management Options for Primary Molars: 2.5-Year Outcomes of a Randomised Clinical Trial (2017)

Santamaría, Ruth M. ; Innes, N.P.T. ; Machiulskiene, Vita ; Schmoeckel, Julian ; Alkilzy, Mohammad ; Splieth, Christian H.

Less invasive caries management techniques for treating cavitated carious primary teeth, which involve the concept of caries control by managing the activity of the biofilm, are becoming common. This study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy (minor/major failures) and survival rates (successful cases without any failures) of 3 carious lesion treatment approaches, the Hall Technique (HT), non-restorative caries treatment (NRCT), and conventional restorations (CR), for the management of occlusoproximal caries lesions (ICDAS 3-5) in primary molars. Results at 2.5 years are presented. A total of 169 children (3- to 8-year-olds) were enrolled in this secondary care-based, 3-arm parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Participants were allocated to: HT (n = 52; sealing caries with stainless-steel crowns without caries removal), NRCT (n = 52; opening up the cavity and applying fluoride varnish), CR (n = 65; control arm, complete caries removal and compomer restoration). Statistical analyses were: non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U test and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. One hundred and forty-two participants (84%; HT = 40/52; NRCT = 44/52; CR = 58/65) had follow-up data of 1-33 months (mean = 26). Overall, 25 (HT = 2, NRCT = 9, CR = 14) of 142 participants (17.6%) presented with at least 1 minor failure (reversible pulpitis, caries progression, or secondary caries; p = 0.013, CI = 0.012-0.018; Mann-Whitney U test). Ten (HT = 1, NRCT = 4, CR = 5) of 142 participants (7.04%) experienced at least 1 major failure (irreversible pulpitis, abscess, unrestorable tooth; p = 0.043, CI = 0.034-0.045). Independent comparisons between 2 samples found that NRCT-CR had no statistically significant difference in failures (p > 0.05), but for CR-HT (p = 0.037, CI = 0.030-0.040) and for NRCT-HT (p = 0.011, CI = 0.010-0.016; Kruskal-Wallis test) significant differences were observed. Cumulative survival rates were HT = 92.5%, NRCT = 70.5%, and CR = 67.2% (p = 0.012). NRCT and CR outcomes were comparable. HT performed better than NRCT and CR for all outcomes. This study was funded by the Paediatric Dentistry Department, Greifswald University, Germany (Trial registration No. NCT01797458).

Comparison The Shear Bond Strength of New and Rebonded Damon Q and Mini-Mono® Brackets - An in Vitro Study (2020)

Almbayed, Mohammad

In fixed orthodontic treatments debonding of brackets during treatment is an unpleasant occurrence for the clinician and the patients and resultes in an increase in treatment costs and duration. For Damon Q brackets recycling would considered as an economic saving option which could be done with using of in office methods such as the sandblasting. A sample of sixty sound bovine first upper central incisers, were collected, cleaned, and mounted in acrylic blocks for shear bond strength testing. The total sample was equally divided into two main groups. Each group had 30 teeth and 30 brackets. The first group had 30 teeth bonded with metal Damon Q brackets, the second group had 30 teeth bonded with metal Mini-Mono® brackets.The study included bonding and rebonding experiments. Therefore the same brackets with their same teeth were used in bonding and in the rebonding experiments. The bonding and the rebonding procedures were done with using 3M Unitek etching, Grengloo adhasive, and Ortho solo bonding. In addition the rebonding procedure was done after cleaning the teeth and recycling their brackets with sandblasting. All specimens were recycled 5000 times for the bonding and rebonding experiments. The first and second debonding forces were done in Newton using a Zwick Roell machine. After that SBS and SRS were computed in MPa. Furthermore all the teeth, after each debonding, were examined under a digital scanning microscope VHX-5000, 50X magnifying, to performe the ARA and ARI. The collected data was statistically analyzed for descriptive statistics as well as significance of differences among the different bracket types, and their ARI scores, in the bonding and rebonding experiments. The results showed that SRS was significantly higher than SBS of both types of the brackets, and Damon Q brackets had higher SBS, and SRS than Mini-Mono® brackets, and there was no correlation between SBS, SRS and their ARI, ARA.

Comparison of Oral Microbe Quantities from Tongue Samples and Subgingival Pockets (2018)

Göhler, Andre ; Samietz, Stefanie ; Schmidt, Carsten Oliver ; Kocher, Thomas ; Steinmetz, Ivo ; Holtfreter, Birte

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