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Diese Arbeit war Teil eines vom Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung geförderten interdisziplinären Forschungsnetzwerks (#1HealthPREVENT) und stellte eine einmalige peri-operative antibiotische (Penicillin/Gentamicin (P/G)) Prophylaxe (PAP) im Zuge eines operativen Eingriffs nach diagnostizierter Kolik beim Pferd der bislang üblichen fünf-Tage-Antibiose gegenüber, mit dem Ziel den Einfluss der PAP auf die Häufigkeit von (engl.) Extended Spectrum β-Lactamase produzierenden Escherichia coli (ESBL-EC) und die Veränderungen im enteralen Mikrobiom der Pferde zu untersuchen und zur Verbesserung des sorgfältigen Einsatzes von Antibiotika in der Veterinärmedizin beizutragen. Die per Los jeweils einer der zwei Gruppen („single shot“ Gruppe (SSG); „5 days“ Gruppe (5DG)) zugeordneten Pferde wurden dafür jeweils an drei verschiedenen Zeitpunkten (Klinikaufnahme (t0), Tag 3 (t1) und Tag 10 (t2) postoperativ) beprobt (Kotproben und Nüsternabstriche). Zusätzlich zur Gruppe der hospitalisierten Pferde wurde auch eine nicht-hospitalisierte Kontrollgruppe ohne klinische Auffälligkeiten einbezogen. Alle Proben wurden hinsichtlich positiver ESBL-EC untersucht und die identifizierten Isolate phänotypisch (durchgeführt vom Institut für Mikrobiologie und Tierseuchen, Freie Universität Berlin) und genotypisch charakterisiert. Unabhängig vom P/G PAP-Schema stieg für die Pferde die Wahrscheinlichkeit von t0 zu t1 sowie von t0 zu t2 an, positiv für ESBL-EC zu sein. Die Ganzgenom-Sequenzierung der Isolate ergab außerdem eine enge räumliche und zeitliche Beziehung zwischen Isolaten mit gemeinsamen Sequenztypen, was auf eine lokale Ausbreitung hindeutete. Die 16S rRNA-Gen Sequenzierung der Kotproben (durchgeführt vom Institut für Klinische Molekularbiologie der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel) zur Untersuchung der Veränderungen im enteralen Mikrobiom zeigte nach der bioinformatischen Aufbereitung (durchgeführt von Silver Anthony Wolf, Robert Koch-Institut) und Fach-übergreifenden Analyse eine Beeinträchtigung in der Zusammensetzung der fäkalen Mikrobiota (Alpha-Diversität) für Pferde mit akuter Kolik im Vergleich zur Kontrollgruppe, welche jedoch nicht signifikant war. Die mikrobielle Gesamtkomposition der untersuchten Proben (Beta-Diversität) wies vor allem für die 5DG an t1 erhebliche Einschränkungen auf, was höchstwahrscheinlich auf die fortlaufende Verabreichung von Antibiotika zurückzuführen war. In beiden Studiengruppen wurde zudem an t1 eine erhöhte Abundanz von Enterobacteriaceae, insbesondere Escherichia, festgestellt. Insgesamt wiesen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit einen starken Einfluss des Krankenhausaufenthaltes an sich auf, vor allem auf die ESBL-EC-Isolationsraten, wodurch möglicherweise Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen PAP-Behandlungen überdeckt wurden. Trotzdem stellen die in dieser Studie gesammelten Ergebnisse und gewonnenen Erkenntnisse einen ersten wichtigen Schritt in der Etablierung von Antibiotic Stewardship-Programmen in Pferdekliniken dar und könnten somit einen langfristigen Einfluss auf die lokale Verbreitung von ESBL-EC haben.
Highly Virulent and Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Sequence Type 58 from a Sausage in Germany
(2022)
Studies have previously described the occurrence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Escherichia coli in human and veterinary medical settings, livestock, and, to a lesser extent, in the environment and food. While they mostly analyzed foodborne E. coli regarding phenotypic and sometimes genotypic antibiotic resistance and basic phylogenetic classification, we have limited understanding of the in vitro and in vivo virulence characteristics and global phylogenetic contexts of these bacteria. Here, we investigated in-depth an E. coli strain (PBIO3502) isolated from a pork sausage in Germany in 2021. Whole-genome sequence analysis revealed sequence type (ST)58, which has an internationally emerging high-risk clonal lineage. In addition to its MDR phenotype that mostly matched the genotype, PBIO3502 demonstrated pronounced virulence features, including in vitro biofilm formation, siderophore secretion, serum resilience, and in vivo mortality in Galleria mellonella larvae. Along with the genomic analysis indicating close phylogenetic relatedness of our strain with publicly available, clinically relevant representatives of the same ST, these results suggest the zoonotic and pathogenic character of PBIO3502 with the potential to cause infection in humans and animals. Additionally, our study highlights the necessity of the One Health approach while integrating human, animal, and environmental health, as well as the role of meat products and food chains in the putative transmission of MDR pathogens.
Multidrug-resistant (MDR) Enterobacterales, including extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, not only emerge in healthcare settings but also in other habitats, such as livestock and wildlife. The spread of these pathogens, which often combine resistance with high-level virulence, is a growing problem, as infections have become increasingly difficult to treat. Here, we investigated the occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae in fecal samples from two black-headed gull colonies breeding on two nature conservation islands in Western Pomerania, Germany. In addition to cloacal samples from adult birds (n = 211) and their nestlings (n = 99) during the 2021 breeding season, collective fecal samples (n = 29) were obtained. All samples were screened for ESBL producers, which were then subjected to whole-genome sequencing. We found a total of 12 ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae consisting of 11 E. coli and 1 K. pneumoniae, and including the international high-risk E. coli sequence types (ST)131, ST38, and ST58. Eight of the investigated strains had a MDR genotype and carried a large repertoire of virulence-associated genes, including the pap operon, which is important for urinary tract infections. In addition, we identified many genes associated with adherence, biofilm formation, iron uptake, and toxin production. Finally, our analysis revealed the close phylogenetic relationship of ST38 strains with genomes originating from human sources, underlining their zoonotic and pathogenic character. This study highlights the importance of the One Health approach, and thus the interdependence between human and animal health and their surrounding environment.
Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma ovis–Emerging Pathogens in the German Sheep Population
(2021)
Knowledge on the occurrence of pathogenic tick-borne bacteria Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Anaplasma ovis is scarce in sheep from Germany. In 2020, owners from five flocks reported ill thrift lambs and ewes with tick infestation. Out of 67 affected sheep, 55 animals were clinically examined and hematological values, blood chemistry and fecal examinations were performed to investigate the underlying disease causes. Serological tests (cELISA, IFAT) and qPCR were applied to all affected sheep to rule out A. phagocytophilum and A. ovis as a differential diagnosis. Ticks were collected from selected pastures and tested by qPCR. Most animals (n = 43) suffered from selenium deficiency and endoparasites were detected in each flock. Anaplasma spp. antibodies were determined in 59% of examined sheep. Seventeen animals tested positive for A. phagocytophilum by qPCR from all flocks and A. phagocytophilum was also detected in eight pools of Ixodes ricinus. Anaplasma phagocytophilum isolates from sheep and ticks were genotyped using three genes (16S rRNA, msp4 and groEL). Anaplasma ovis DNA was identified in six animals from one flock. Clinical, hematological and biochemical changes were not significantly associated with Anaplasma spp. infection. The 16S rRNA analysis revealed known variants of A. phagocytophilum, whereas the msp4 and groEL showed new genotypes. Further investigations are necessary to evaluate the dissemination and health impact of both pathogens in the German sheep population particularly in case of comorbidities.
Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are common opportunistic pathogens, but also ubiquitous human and animal commensals. Infection-associated CoNS from healthcare environments are typically characterized by pronounced antimicrobial resistance (AMR) including both methicillin- and multidrug-resistant isolates. Less is known about AMR patterns of CoNS colonizing the general population. Here we report on AMR in commensal CoNS recovered from 117 non-hospitalized volunteers in a region of Germany with a high livestock density. Among the 69 individuals colonized with CoNS, 29 had reported contacts to either companion or farm animals. CoNS were selectively cultivated from nasal swabs, followed by species definition by 16S rDNA sequencing and routine antibiotic susceptibility testing. Isolates displaying phenotypic AMR were further tested by PCR for presence of selected AMR genes. A total of 127 CoNS were isolated and Staphylococcus epidermidis (75%) was the most common CoNS species identified. Nine isolates (7%) were methicillin-resistant (MR) and carried the mecA gene, with seven individuals (10%) being colonized with at least one MR-CoNS isolate. While resistance against gentamicin, phenicols and spectinomycin was rare, high resistance rates were found against tetracycline (39%), erythromycin (33%) and fusidic acid (24%). In the majority of isolates, phenotypic resistance could be associated with corresponding AMR gene detection. Multidrug-resistance (MDR) was observed in 23% (29/127) of the isolates, with 33% (23/69) of the individuals being colonized with MDR-CoNS. The combined data suggest that MR- and MDR-CoNS are present in the community, with previous animal contact not significantly influencing the risk of becoming colonized with such isolates.