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- tap water (1)
- tape stripping model (1)
- three-chamber model (1)
- thyroid (1)
- titanium alloys (1)
- toothpaste (1)
- total bacterial count (1)
- transdermaler Ultraschall (1)
- treatment control (1)
- turbulente Verdünnungsströmung (1)
- turbulenzarme Verdrängungsströmung (1)
- ultrasonic probe (1)
- undergloves (1)
- vaccine (1)
- viral load (1)
- water contact angle (1)
- water safety plan (1)
- waterborne infections (1)
- wettability (1)
- wetting (1)
- wiederaufbereitbare Wasserfilter steril Trinkwasser Trinkwasserpathogenen (1)
- wound antisepsis (1)
- wound healing (1)
- wound irrigation (1)
- wound rinsing (1)
- wound test-model (1)
- Übertragungswahrscheinlichkeit MRSA (1)
- Übung (1)
Institute
- Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin (151) (remove)
Publisher
- MDPI (14)
- S. Karger AG (10)
- BioMed Central (BMC) (3)
- Frontiers Media S.A. (1)
- IOP Publishing (1)
- Wiley (1)
The loss of skin integrity is inevitable in life. Wound healing is a necessary sequence of events to reconstitute the body’s integrity against potentially harmful environmental agents and restore homeostasis. Attempts to improve cutaneous wound healing are therefore as old as humanity itself. Furthermore, nowadays, targeting defective wound healing is of utmost importance in an aging society with underlying diseases such as diabetes and vascular insufficiencies being on the rise. Because chronic wounds’ etiology and specific traits differ, there is widespread polypragmasia in targeting non-healing conditions. Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) are an overarching theme accompanying wound healing and its biological stages. ROS are signaling agents generated by phagocytes to inactivate pathogens. Although ROS/RNS’s central role in the biology of wound healing has long been appreciated, it was only until the recent decade that these agents were explicitly used to target defective wound healing using gas plasma technology. Gas plasma is a physical state of matter and is a partially ionized gas operated at body temperature which generates a plethora of ROS/RNS simultaneously in a spatiotemporally controlled manner. Animal models of wound healing have been vital in driving the development of these wound healing-promoting technologies, and this review summarizes the current knowledge and identifies open ends derived from in vivo wound models under gas plasma therapy. While gas plasma-assisted wound healing in humans has become well established in Europe, veterinary medicine is an emerging field with great potential to improve the lives of suffering animals.
Unlike the native surface of the implant material (Ti6Al4V), oxidation with H2O2 leads to increased binding of the effective antimicrobial agent poly(hexamethylene) biguanide [PHMB]. However, treating with NaOH instead results in an even higher PHMB mass coverage. After oxidation with H2O2, strong differences in the PHMB adsorption capability between polished and corundum-blasted surfaces appear, indicating a roughness dependence. After NaOH treatment, no such effect was observed. The wetting properties of specimens treated with either H2O2 or NaOH prior to PHMB exposure clearly varied. To unravel the nature of this interaction, widespread in silico and in vitro experiments were performed. Methods: By X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, water contact angle measurements and MD simulations, we characterized the interplay between the polycationic antimicrobial agent and the implant surface. A theoretical model for PHMB micelles is tested for its wetting properties and compared to carbon contaminated TiO2. In addition, quantitation of anionic functional group equivalents, the binding properties of PHMB with blocked amino end-group, and the ability to bind chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) were investigated. Ultimately, the capability of osteoblasts to build calcium apatite, and the activity of alkaline phosphatase on PHMB coated specimens, were determined. Results: Simulated water contact angles on carbon contaminated TiO2 surfaces and PHMB micelle models reveal little influence of PHMB on the wetting properties and point out the major influence of remaining and recovering contamination from ambient air. Testing PHMB adsorption beyond the critical micelle concentration and subsequent staining reveals an island-like pattern with H2O2 as compared to an evenly modified surface with NaOH. Both CHG and PHMB, with blocked amino end groups, were adsorbed on the treated surfaces, thus negating the significant influence of PHMB’s terminal groups. The ability of osteoblasts to produce calcium apatite and alkaline phosphatase is not negatively impaired for PHMB mass coverages up to 8 μg/specimen. Conclusion: Differences in PHMB adsorption are triggered by the number of anionic groups and carbon contaminants, both of which depend on the specimen pre-treatment. With more PHMB covering, the implant surface is protected against the capture of new contamination from the ambient air, thus building a robust antimicrobial and biocompatible surface coating.
Es handelt sich um eine Anwendungsbeobachtung zur Ermittlung der Anzahl erforderlicher Händedesinfektionen im Stationsalltag anhand der von der WHO definierten Indikationen für die Händedesinfektion.
Bisher liegen Werte zur Häufigkeit der HD nur in der Intensivpflege vor, nicht
aber in sogenannten „Nichtrisikobereichen“, sodass die Bewertung von
Verbrauchsdaten nicht möglich ist.
Erstmalig wurden mit einer Beobachtungsstudie für zwei stationäre
Nichtrisikobereiche Richtwerte zur Anzahl erforderlicher HD und zusätzlich die
Compliance ermittelt.
Es wurden 2424 Indikationen zur HD dokumentiert. Eine Pflegekraft kommt im
Durchschnitt auf 70 (MKG) bzw. 161 (Nephrologie) Indikationen zur HD pro
Arbeitsschicht.
Beim ärztlichen Personal wurden durchschnittlich 16 (Nephrologie) bzw. 17
(MKG) Indikationen pro Arbeitsschicht beobachtet.
Im Mittel ist die Compliance der HD mit 61% auf der MKG-chirurgischen Station
und mit 65% auf der nephrologischen Station > 60%. Mit einem Wert von 66,7%
weist das ärztliche Personal der Nephrologie die höchste Compliance auf,
gefolgt vom ärztlichen Personal der MKG-Chirurgie mit einer Compliance von
66,1%, dem Pflegepersonal der Nephrologie mit 64,7% und der MKG-chirurgischen
Station mit 59,9%.
Nach Auswertung der Apothekenverbrauchswerte konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Compliance durch den Hawthorne-Effekt beeinflusst wurde.
Trotz im Klinikum ausreichend vorhandener Anzahl von Desinfektionsspendern
und Piktogrammen zur richtigen Durchführung der HD sowie geschultem
Personal ist die Compliance mit durchschnittlich 60% auf beiden Stationen
ähnlich hoch wie die Compliance auf Intensivstationen mit durchschnittlich 59%
(Scheithauer et al. 2009). Es wird offensichtlich, dass die Compliance auch in
Nichtrisikobereichen weiter verbessert werden muss.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit sollte die Reaktion primärer dermaler Fibroblasten, die für die Versuche aus SKH1-Mäusen isoliert wurden, auf eine Kaltplasma-Behandlung mittels des Argon-betriebenen Plasmajets „kINPen MED“ hinsichtlich ihrer Reaktion auf oxidativen Stress, ihrer interzellulären Kommunikation über Gap Junctions (GJ) und der Organisation ihres Aktin-Zytoskeletts untersucht werden. Die Plasmabehandlung erfolgte dabei stets indirekt, also durch die Behandlung von Zellkulturmedium, in dem die Zellen anschließend inkubiert wurden. Es ergab sich für die angewendeten Versuchsmodalitäten keine signifikante Induktion von Apoptose durch die indirekte Plasmabehandlung von 20 s bis 180 s, wohingegen die metabolische Aktivität der Zellen bei längeren Behandlungszeiten bis 72 h nach der Plasmabehandlung signifikant reduziert wurde. Dies zeigt die von der Behandlungszeit abhängige Beanspruchung der Fibroblasten durch die Plasmabehandlung und gleichzeitig ihre Kompensationsfähigkeit, die die Zellen auch bei 180 s Behandlungszeit vor dem vermehrten Auftreten von Apoptose schützen konnte.
Nach einer Plasmabehandlung konnte die Aktivierung des Nrf2-Signalwegs nachgewiesen werden, der als zellulärer Schutzmechanismus gegen oxidativen Stress fungiert. So wurde sowohl in den Fibroblasten als auch im Primärgewebe eine Translozierung des Nrf2 in den Zellkern gezeigt. Hierbei wurde auch die Aktivierung des Redox-Sensors Keap1 nachgewiesen, der unter physiologischen Bedingungen Nrf2 bindet und dessen Abbau im Proteasom vermittelt.
Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt der Arbeit lag in der Untersuchung der Zell-Zell-Kommunikation, die vor allem über funktionale GJ-Kanäle erfolgt. Dabei wurde in einem SLDT Assay die Zunahme funktionaler GJ-Kanäle in plasmabehandelten Fibroblasten festgestellt. Außerdem ergab sich eine Tendenz zum Anstieg der Gen- und Proteinexpression von Connexin 43, was unter physiologischen Bedingungen in dermalen Fibroblasten während der Frühphase der Wundheilung beschrieben wurde.
Die Plasmabehandlungen induzierten außerdem strukturelle Veränderungen am Aktin-Zytoskelett in den dermalen Fibroblasten. Solche dynamischen Veränderungen des Zytoskeletts sind während der Wundheilung ebenfalls von entscheidender Bedeutung, da sie die interzelluläre Adhäsion und damit die Migration von Fibroblasten ermöglichen.
Die hier beobachteten Veränderungen zeigten sich vor allem bei kürzeren Behandlungs- und Inkubationszeiten, während gleichzeitig keine signifikante Zunahme apoptotischer Zellen festgestellt wurde. Dies legt nahe, dass durch kurze Plasmabehandlungszeiten in primären Fibroblasten ein Hormesis-Effekt induziert wird, also dass die zeitlich begrenzte Aktivierung zellulärer Schutzmechanismen als Reaktion auf den Stress einer Plasmabehandlung (Radikalbildung, UV-Strahlung) günstige, die Wundheilung fördernde Effekte bewirkt.
Zielsetzung: Cutibacterium (C.) acnes ist Teil des anaeroben Haut-Mikrobioms. Besonders in der Schulterchirurgie kommt es postoperativ häufig zu Infektionen mit C. acnes auf Grund der schwierigen Erreichbarkeit des Erregers durch das Hautantiseptikum in den Haarfollikeln der Haut.
Basierend auf der Hypothese, dass eine verlängerte Einwirkzeit des Hautantiseptikums in talgdrüsenreichen Arealen wie der Schulter das Eindringen in die Haarfollikel begünstigt und dadurch die antiseptische Wirksamkeit verbessert wird, sollte die Effektivität der derzeit üblichen Einwirkzeit von 2,5 min mit der Einwirkzeit von 30 min verglichen werden. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften von PVP-Iod und Chlorhexidindigluconat (CHG) sollten zwei handelsübliche alkoholische Hautantiseptika mit Gehalt an PVP-Iod bzw. CHG miteinander verglichen werden.
Methode: Im cross-over-Design wurde auf der Schulter von 16 gesunden, freiwilligen Probanden die Einwirkzeit von 2,5 min mit einer Einwirkzeit von 30 min jeweils mit einem PVP-I-haltigen Hautantiseptikum und einem CHG-haltigen Hautantiseptikum verglichen werden. Die Probenentnahmen erfolgten vor, direkt nach und 3h nach erfolgter Hautantiseptik. Analysiert wurde sowohl die aerobe als auch die anaerobe Hautflora.
Ergebnisse: Die aerobe residente Hautflora wurde durch beide Antiseptika bereits bei der kurzen Einwirkzeit effektiv eradiziert.
Die anaerobe residente Flora wurde hinsichtlich der Sofortwerte durch das PVP-I-haltige Antiseptikum sowohl bei der Einwirkungszeit von 2,5 min als auch von 30 min effektiver reduziert als durch das CHG-haltige Antiseptikum. Die nach 3 h erhobenen Werte zeigten dagegen nur die Tendenz der höheren Wirksamkeit bei der verlängerten Einwirkzeit des PVP-I-haltigen Antiseptikums. Die verlängerte Einwirkzeit hatte bei beiden Antiseptika keinen negativen Einfluss auf die intakte Haut, d.h. keiner der Probanden klagte über Hautirritationen oder Beschwerden.
Schlussfolgerung: Die alkoholische Zubereitung mit PVP-Iod ist dem CHG basierten Alkohol an Wirksamkeit gegen die anaerobe Flora im Sofortwert überlegen. Die klinische Relevanz dieser Studie sollte in einer randomisierten klinischen Studie mit dem Endpunkt SSI verifiziert werden.
Abstract
Antimicrobial coating of implant material with poly(hexamethylene biguanide) hydrochloride (PHMB) may be an eligible method for preventing implant‐associated infections. In the present study, an antibacterial effective amount of PHMB is adsorbed on the surface of titanium alloy after simple chemical pretreatment. Either oxidation with 5% H2O2 for 24 hr or processing for 2 hr in 5 M NaOH provides the base for the subsequent formation of a relatively stable self‐assembled PHMB layer. Compared with an untreated control group, adsorbed PHMB produces no adverse effects on SaOs‐2 cells within 48 hr cell culture, but promotes the initial attachment and spreading of the osteoblasts within 15 min. Specimens were inoculated with slime‐producing bacteria to simulate a perioperative infection. Adsorbed PHMB reacts bactericidally against Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa after surface contact. Adhered SaOs‐2 cells differentiate and produce alkaline phosphatase and deposit calcium within 4 days in a mineralization medium on PHMB‐coated Ti6Al4V surfaces, which have been precontaminated with S. epidermidis. The presented procedures provide a simple method for generating biocompatibly and antimicrobially effective implant surfaces that may be clinically important.
Because of its antimicrobial properties, nonthermal plasma could serve as an alternative to chemical antisepsis in wound treatment. Therefore, this study investigated the inactivation of biofilm-embedded Pseudomonas aeruginosa SG81 by a surface barrier-discharged (SBD) plasma for 30, 60, 150 and 300 s. In order to optimize the efficacy of the plasma, different carrier gases (argon, argon admixed with 1% oxygen, and argon with increased humidity up to approx. 80%) were tested and compared against 0.1% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) exposure for 600 s. The antimicrobial efficacy was determined by calculating the difference between the numbers of colony-forming units (CFU) of treated and untreated biofilms. Living bacteria were distinguished from dead by fluorescent staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Both SBD plasmas and CHG showed significant antimicrobial effects compared to the untreated control. However, plasma treatment led to a higher antimicrobial reduction (argon plasma 4.9 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup>, argon with admixed oxygen 3 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup>, and with increased gas humidity 2.7 log<sub>10</sub> CFU/cm<sup>2</sup> after 300 s) compared to CHG. In conclusion, SBD plasma is suitable as an alternative to CHG for inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa embedded in biofilm. Further development of SBD plasma sources and research on the role of carrier gases and humidity may allow their clinical application for wound management in the future.
Colonization and infection of wounds represent a major reason for the impairment of tissue repair. Recently, it has been reported that tissue-tolerable plasma (TTP) is highly efficient in the reduction of the bacterial load of the skin. In the present study, the antiseptic efficacy of TTP was compared to that of octenidine hydrochloride with 2-phenoxyethanol. Both antiseptic methods proved to be highly efficient. Cutaneous treatment of the skin with octenidine hydrochloride and 2-phenoxyethanol leads to a 99% elimination of the bacteria, and 74% elimination is achieved by TTP treatment. Technical challenges with an early prototype TTP device could be held responsible for the slightly reduced antiseptic properties of TTP, compared to a standard antiseptic solution, since the manual treatment of the skin surface with a small beam of the TTP device might have led to an incomplete coverage of the treated area.
Aim: The efficacy of antimicrobial compounds included in wound dressings has been determined using the quantitative suspension test according to EN 13727 before. However, as suspension tests are not an accurate reflection of the conditions under which wound antiseptics are used, it was investigated if a disc carrier test would yield results simulating practical conditions on wound surfaces. A silver-leaching foam wound dressing was used for evaluation of the disc carrier test method. Method: The disc carriers consisted of circular stainless-steel discs measuring 2 cm in diameter and 1.5 mm in thickness, complying with the requirements of EN 10088-2. Carriers were contaminated with Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus or Pseudomonas aeruginosa, respectively, together with an artificial wound secretion and left to dry at room temperature for 30 min. The wound dressings being tested were placed on the discs for the length of the exposure time, and after neutralization by thioglycolate in phosphate-buffered saline the number of surviving test organisms was then counted. The logarithmic reduction factor was calculated from the difference between the initial inoculum and the number of recovered test organisms. Results: The disc carrier test allowed determination of an antimicrobial efficacy in a realistic setting. It also imposed more stringent requirements on efficacy over time than the quantitative suspension test. The silver foam wound dressing showed a time-dependent antimicrobial efficacy. After 24-hour application time, the reduction factors against S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and the methicillin-resistant S. aureus were 1.9 ± 0.15, 2.1 ± 0.14 and 3.1 ± 0.18, respectively. Conclusion: The disc carrier test was a useful method for testing the antimicrobial efficacy of a foam silver dressing. The antimicrobial dressing exhibited an antimicrobial effect after 3 h and achieved a reduction >2 log against the tested bacterial strains in the presence of a simulated wound secretion after 24 h.
The effect of water-filtered infrared-A radiation (wIRA) on normal skin flora was investigated by generating experimental wounds on the forearms of volunteers utilizing the suction blister technique. Over 7 days, recolonization was monitored parallel to wound healing. Four groups of treatment were compared: no therapy (A), dexpanthenol cream once daily (B), 20 min wIRA irradiation at 30 cm distance (C), and wIRA irradiation for 30 min once daily together with dexpanthenol cream once daily (D). All treatments strongly inhibited the recolonization of the wounds. Whereas dexpanthenol completely suppressed recolonization over the test period, recolonization after wIRA without (C) and in combination with dexpanthenol (D) was suppressed, but started on day 5 with considerably higher amounts after the combination treatment (D). Whereas the consequence without treatment (A) was an increasing amount of physiological skin flora including coagulase-negative staphylococci, all treatments (B–D) led to a reduction in physiological skin flora, including coagulase-negative staphylococci. In healthy volunteers, wIRA alone and in combination with dexpanthenol strongly inhibited bacterial recolonization with physiological skin flora after artificial wound setting using a suction-blister wound model. This could support the beneficial effects of wIRA in the promotion of wound healing.
The exact qualitative and quantitative analysis of wound healing processes is a decisive prerequisite for optimizing wound care and for therapy control. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements are considered to be the standard procedure for assessing the progress of epidermal wound healing. The damage to the stratum corneum correlates with an increased loss of water through the skin barrier. This method is highly susceptible to failure by environmental factors, in particular by temperature and moisture. This study was aimed at comparing TEWL measurements and in vivo laser scanning microscopy (LSM) for the characterization of the epidermal wound healing process. LSM is a high-resolution in vivo method permitting to analyze the kinetics and dynamics of wound healing at a cellular level. While the TEWL values for the individual volunteers showed a wide scattering, LSM permitted the wound healing process to be clearly characterized at the cellular level. However, a comparison between the two methods was very difficult, because the results provided by LSM were images and not numerical. Therefore, a scoring system was set up which evaluates the stages of wound healing. Thus, the healing process could be numerically described. This method is independent of any environmental factors. Providing morphologically qualitative and numerically quantitative analyses of the wound healing process and being far less vulnerable to failure, LSM is advantageous over TEWL.
Wound healing disorders frequently occur due to biofilm formation on wound surfaces requiring conscientious wound hygiene. Often, the application of conventional liquid antiseptics is not sufficient and sustainable as (1) the borders and the surrounding of chronic wounds frequently consist of sclerotic skin, impeding an effectual penetration of these products, and (2) the hair follicles representing the reservoir for bacterial recolonization of skin surfaces are not affected. Recently, it has been reported that tissue-tolerable plasma (TTP), which is used at a temperature range between 35 and 45°C, likewise has disinfecting properties. In the present study, the effectivity of TTP and a standard liquid antiseptic was compared in vitro on porcine skin. The results revealed that TTP was able to reduce the bacterial load by 94%, although the application of the liquid antiseptic remained superior as it reduced the bacteria by almost 99%. For in vivo application, however, TTP offers several advantages. On the one hand, TTP enables the treatment of sclerotic skin as well, and on the other hand, a sustainable disinfection can be realized as, obviously, also the follicular reservoir is affected by TTP.
Currently, there are no generally accepted definitions for wounds at risk of infection. In clinical practice, too many chronic wounds are regarded as being at risk of infection, and therefore many topical antimicrobials – in terms of frequency and duration of use – are applied to wounds. Based on expert discussion and current knowledge, a clinical assessment score was developed. The objective of this wounds at risk (W.A.R.) score is to allow decision-making on the indication for the use of antiseptics on the basis of polihexanide. The proposed clinical classification of W.A.R. shall facilitate the decision for wound antisepsis and allow an appropriate general treatment regimen with the focus on the prevention of wound infection. The W.A.R. score is based on a clinically oriented risk assessment using concrete patient circumstances. The indication for the use of antiseptics results from the addition of differently weighted risk causes, for which points are assigned. Antimicrobial treatment is justified in the case of 3 or more points.
The objective of the present investigation was to examine the residual antimicrobial activity after a topical exposure of reconstructed human epidermis (RHE) to equimolar solutions of either chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG, 0.144% w/v) or octenidine dihydrochloride (OCT, 0.1% w/v) for 15 min. RHE-associated antiseptic agents were more effective on Staphylococcus aureus than on Pseudomonas aeruginosa. S. aureus was not detected after 24 h of contact, which demonstrated a microbicidal efficacy of greater than 5-log<sub>10</sub> reduction. In contrast, P. aeruginosa was reduced by approximately 2 log<sub>10</sub> at the same incubation time, which parallels the growth of the initial inoculum. This result could be interpreted either as a microbiostatic effect or as an adherence of P. aeruginosa to a low positively charged surface. Small amounts of CHG and OCT can penetrate the stratum corneum. Using these antiseptic agents, the viability of keratinocytes was reduced to 65-75% of that of the untreated RHE control following 24 h incubation in the presence of test microorganisms. With consideration of antimicrobial activity and cytotoxic effect, OCT corresponds better to a biocompatible antiseptic agent than CHG.
Background: In clinical practice, treatment of genital tract infections is based on administration of either antibiotics or antiseptics. While antibiotics may be applied systemically or topically, antiseptics may be applied only topically. In case of bacterial vaginosis (BV), antibiotic therapy may often be limited and side effects due to systemic administration may develop. Polihexanide (PHMB) is a promising option for the topical treatment of genital tract infections, in particular BV and vaginitis. Method: A systematic search for publications on the use of PHMB for the treatment of genital infections in two electronic databases was performed. Titles, abstracts and citations were imported into a reference database. Duplicates were removed and two reviewers assessed each identified publication separately. Results: Among a total of 204 references, 3 prospective randomized trials were identified. Two trials treated BV infections with PHMB in comparison to clindamycin as antibiotic standard therapy with no significant differences either in safety or in efficacy. The third controlled trial investigated the clinical efficacy of PHMB compared to placebo in the treatment of human papilloma virus. Patients treated with PHMB daily for up to 16-weeks showed significantly higher (52%) clearance of genital warts as compared to patients treated with placebo (4%). Conclusion: PHMB may be a clinically effective alternative for the treatment of BV and human papilloma virus. Although PHMB-based antiseptics are available since the late 90s, controlled trials to investigate its clinical potential for antiseptic treatment are scant. Clinical use of antiseptics for the treatment of infectious diseases should be explored and supported further.
Im Routinebetrieb des PTS waren keine potentiell pathogenen Erreger an durch das PTS geschickten und mit physiologischer Kochsalzlösung getränkten, zur Reinigung vorgesehenen Schwämmchen nachweisbar.
In Übereinstimmung dazu war die Empfangsstation bei 9 von 20 Probennahmen ebenfalls nur mit KNS und aeroben Sporenbildnern kontaminiert.
In der aus dem PTS in die Empfangsstation strömenden Luft war die Anzahl luftgetragener Erreger geringer als in der Umgebungsluft außerhalb des Ausströmbereiches des PTS.
Die Untersuchungsergebnisse bestätigen, dass bei monatlicher Dekontamination des PTS keine Übertragung potentieller Pathogene stattfindet.
Dagegen waren die Eingaberacks (12 Probennahmen) ausnahmslos kontaminiert, davon zweimal mit Schimmelpilzen und einmal mit Enterococcus faecium. Deshalb sollte die vom Hersteller nur monatlich empfohlene maschinelle Reinigung wöchentlich durchgeführt werden.
Da die experimentell vorgenommene bakterielle Beladung der Probenröhrchen weit höher war als sie in praxi selbst bei schlechter Händehygiene vorkommen kann, um den worst case zu simulieren, ist bei hygienischer Wartung der Anlage gemäß Herstellerempfehlung eine Weiterverbreitung von Krankheitserregern über das PTS auszuschließen.
Damit konnte die der Studie zugrunde gelegte Frage ausgeschlossen werden, ob das PTS an der Verbreitung von VRE beteiligt war.
Vielmehr stellte sich heraus, dass Mängel in der Schlussdesinfektion der Patientenzimmer nach der Entlassung von mit VRE kolonisierten Patienten die Ursache des Ausbruchs war (Kramer 2014).