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- BioMed Central (BMC) (3)
- Elsevier (2)
- Nature Publishing Group (2)
- Public Library of Science (PLoS) (2)
- SAGE Publications (2)
Interoceptive sensations, that means, perceptions of the physiological body state, play an important role in the generation and expression of emotion. The focus of the research presented here is on respiratory sensations as specific interoceptive signals. Such respiratory sensations (like the feeling of dyspnea) play an important role in symptom perception in somatic (e.g., asthma) as well as in mental disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders). There are several different ways to manipulate respiratory sensations in an experimental environment, but many of them did not equal sensations in daily life. Here, stimuli (inspiratory resistive loads, caffeine) were used that trigger nearly naturally occurring interoceptive sensations. Taking into account that the elicited interoceptive experience also induces an unpleasant feeling state it is most likely that individuals show defensive physiological responding to such cues and try to avoid them. According to a bidirectional motivational system defensive behaviors are regulated by a defensive motivational system that is activated by threatening cues. From research with exteroceptive stimuli it is known that defensive responding is typically characterized by heightened autonomic arousal, increased respiration, and a potentiated startle eyeblink response. In contrast, only a few studies using interoceptive stimuli have incorporated the measurement of physiological data in their experimental designs. If included, studies show also heightened autonomic responding, whilst a heterogeneous respiratory as well as startle eyeblink responding is observed. Thus, the studies presented here were designed to clarify the factors that mediate defensive responding to interoceptive sensations. Study 1 investigated the influence of anxiety on the subjective, respiratory, and autonomic response to an individually determined inspiratory resistive load, while study 2 focuses on the effect of attentional modulation of the startle eyeblink response to a mild respiratory threat. In study 3 the modulation of subjective, respiratory and autonomic reactions by arousal expectations was examined. Therefore, caffeine, a respiratory stimulant, or a placebo were administered without the participants’ knowledge. The fourth study examined the influence of the process of worrying, a strategy to deal with unpleasant body symptoms, on defensive responding. Depending on the study design subjective, respiratory and autonomic (skin conductance level, heart rate) parameters were assessed as marker for defensive mobilization. In study 2 and 4 the startle eyeblink response was measured as further index of defensive activation. Besides that in study 2 also the P3 component of the event-related potential, as an index for attentional allocation, was recorded. The main findings of the presented dissertation are the following: Study 1 revealed that 1) only high anxiety sensitive individuals reporting also high suffocation fear respond to lower stimulus intensities with stronger defensive responding, and 2) that this group demonstrated a maladaptive compensatory breathing pattern. Additionally, study 2 exhibited that 1) the startle eyeblink response is relatively inhibited during a mild interoceptive threat, and 2) this inhibition corresponds to an attention allocation towards breathing as indicated by a reduced P3 amplitude to the startle noise as well as subjective report. Furthermore, highly anxiety sensitive individuals showed a more pronounced defensive responding if the interoceptive sensations were unexpected (study 3). Recently, study 4 demonstrated that worry led to an increased defensive response mobilization. All studies are discussed in the context of the theoretical background of the defensive response modulation to exteroceptive and interoceptive sensations with respect to mediating factors. Showing exaggerated defensive responding and maladaptive adaptation processes in high anxious individuals the results point towards the important role of interoceptive sensations in the etiology, maintenance and therapy of mental disorders, especially the anxiety disorders.
To a large extent health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is a product of life-course experiences. Therefore, we examined employment, marital, and reproductive life-course typologies as predictors of HRQoL in women and men. To determine life course clusters, sequence and cluster analysis were performed on the annual (waves 1990–2019) employment, marital, and children in household states of the German Socio-Economic Panel data (N = 8,998; age = 53.57, 52.52% female); separately for men and women. Using hierarchical linear regression analyses, and Tukey HSD post-hoc tests, associations between clusters and change in life satisfaction, subjective mental, and physical health were examined. Five life-course clusters were identified in the female and six in the male sample. Life courses differed greatly across gender regarding employment aspects (e.g., men generally work full-time vs. women underwent frequent transitions). The family aspects appeared similar – e.g., ‘starting a family’ or ‘marital separation’ clusters – but still differed in the particulars. Life course typologies were related to distinct patterns of HRQoL. For instance, both for men and women the ‘separated’ clusters, as well as the male ‘entering non-employment’ cluster were associated with a steeper decline in HRQoL. However, change in subjective mental health showed few associations. Distinct types of life courses and differential associations with sociodemographic background and HRQoL emerged for women and men. The analyses reveal a burden on individuals who experienced marital separation, and non-employment and thus present important target groups for health prevention, e.g., for physical health problems.
Background
Self-reported time-use in relation to health-related quality of life (HRQoL) has been widely studied, yet less is known about the directionality of the association and how it compares across genders when controlling for sociodemographic confounders.
Methods
This study focused on the working population of the most recent waves (2013–2018) of the Core-Study of the German Socio-Economic Panel (N = 30,518, 46.70% female, M = 39.24 years). It examined the relationship between three time-use categories (contracted, committed, & leisure time) and HRQoL (self-rated health & life satisfaction) in men and women via multigroup fixed effects cross-lagged panel models. The models controlled for sociodemographic background (age, household income, number of children living in household, employment status, education, & marital status), which was associated with time-use and psychosocial health in previous research.
Results
Contracted time showed consistent positive relationships with HRQoL across genders while associations with the other types of time use differed significantly between men and women and across indicators of HRQoL.
Conclusions
The way we spend our time directly predicts our health perceptions, but in the same vein our health also predicts how we can spend our time. Contracted time in particular was associated with positive HRQoL, across genders, and beyond sociodemographic predictors, highlighting the important role of employment in health, for men and women alike. The impact of commitments beyond contracted time-use—like household chores and childcare—however, continues to affect mainly women, which ultimately reflects in poorer health outcomes.
Body sensations play a crucial role in the etiology and maintenance of diverse anxiety and health problems (e.g., in panic disorder or respiratory diseases) as they may be perceived as threatening and consequently elicit anxious responses. The factors that may affect the perception of bodily sensations as a threat and thus modulate the anxious response to body sensations have so far rarely been studied. Therefore, the present thesis targeted at elucidating the effect of contextual (i.e., the predictability, expectation, and proximity of a threat) and dispositional factors (i.e., tendency to fear arousal sensations or trait fear of suffocation) on the defensive response to body sensations.
In study 1, it was investigated how a personality factor, that is, fear of suffocation, affects the acquisition of fear to body sensations (i.e., mild dyspnea induced by inspiratory resistive loads) and contexts when faced with a predictable and unpredictable respiratory threat (i.e., severe dyspnea). Study 2 aimed at examining the main and interactive effects of the tendency to fear arousal sensations, again a personality trait factor, and current arousal expectations as varied by situational variables on anxious responding to arousal sensations. In this study, expected and unexpected arousal sensations were induced by administering caffeine in coffee or bitter lemon soda, respectively. Moreover, in study 3, it was explored how subjective anxiety, bodily symptoms, and defensive respiratory responses change and might culminate into active defense behavior (i.e., escape/active avoidance) during increasing dyspnea that was evoked by inspiratory resistive loads increasing in intensity. For a detailed analysis of the factors that contribute to the initiation and maintenance of avoidance of or escape from increasing dyspnea, in study 4 changes in subjective, autonomic, somatic reflex and brain responses were analyzed during repeated avoidance of increasing dyspnea.
In study 1, it was demonstrated that only individuals who fear suffocation learned to fear mild dyspnea preceding the onset of severe dyspnea and developed anxiety during a context of unpredictable respiratory threat. Moreover, the data from study 2 indicate that individuals who fear arousal sensations show an increased attention allocation towards unexpected arousal sensations and higher threat appraisal when expecting arousal sensations. Increasing intensity of dyspnea as provoked in study 3 led to increased defensive respiratory responses that were associated with increased symptom reports in individuals with high compared to low fear of suffocation. Moreover, culminating dyspnea elicited repeated avoidance behavior preceded by increases in defensive respiratory mobilization. The analysis of repeated avoidance of increasing dyspnea in study 4 revealed that physiological fear responses might be involved in the initial initiation of this avoidance behavior while no indication of response preparation and physiological arousal was related to persistent avoidance.
Taken together, the present data suggest that the fear of suffocation, as well as the tendency to fear arousal sensations along with the predictability, expectation, or proximity of interoceptive threat, may increase the perceived threat and thus the anxious response to body sensations. Therefore, contextual and dispositional factors may set the stage for the culmination of body sensations into defensive action and might contribute to the development of pathological anxiety and fear of body sensations. The present findings are integrated into the current literature and discussed in relation to the development and maintenance of pathological anxiety and fear of body sensations.
Die vorliegende Arbeit untersuchte persönlichkeitsstrukturelle Änderungen unter spezifischer stationärer Dialektisch-Behavioraler Therapie (DBT). Dabei wurde insbesondere der Frage nachgegangen, welche persönlichkeitsstrukturellen Variablen sich in einem Zeitraum von 24 Monaten ändern können. Zudem wurde nach wichtigen Prädiktoren für diesen Änderungsprozess gesucht. Gemessen wurden Merkmale von Temperament und Charakter nach Cloninger (1993), Impulsivität, Alexithymie und Merkmale der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstruktur nach Kernberg (1967). In einer „complete-Analyse“ wurden die Ergebnisse einer Stichprobe überwiegend weiblicher PatientInnen mit der Diagnose einer Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung nach SKID-II dargestellt, die die DBT-Therapie in drei Modulen a´ 6-8 Wochen Interventionsdauer absolvierten (Three-Step-DBT; N = 14). Weiterhin wurden zum Vergleich die Ergebnisse einer Stichprobe überwiegend weiblicher ProbandInnen mit der Diagnose einer Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstörung nach SKID-II gezeigt, welche Treatment as Usual (TAU; N = 16) erhielten und hinsichtlich der gleichen persönlichkeitsstrukturellen Variablen untersucht wurden. Die Zuordnung zu den verschiedenen Gruppen konnte in einem quasiexperimentellen Design mit den Matching-Variablen Alter, Geschlecht und der Charakterdimension Selbstlenkungsfähigkeit nach Cloninger zu Behandlungsbeginn gestaltet werden. In der insgesamt 17,5 Monate dauernden DBT-Intervention mit 5 Messzeitpunkten und Katamneseerhebung sechs Monate nach Interventionsende zeigten die Skalen Beharrungsvermögen und Selbstlenkungsfähigkeit als Merkmale von Temperament und Charakter, die Skalen motorische und nichtplanende Impulsivität als Merkmale der Impulsivität, die Skala extern orientierter Denkstil als Merkmal von Alexithymie und der Gesamtwert der Alexithymie sowie die Skalen Angst vor Nähe, Entfremdungserleben und Identitätsdiffusion und der Gesamtwert der Borderline-Persönlichkeitsstruktur nach Kernberg (1967) eine signifikante bis hochsignifikante Beeinflussung durch den Messwiederholungsfaktor Interventionsdauer. Alle genannten Skalen wiesen Symptomreduktionen in die erwartete Richtung auf. Höhere Effekte ergaben sich erst im längerfristigen Therapieverlauf. Unter der Bedingung Treatment as Usual (TAU) zeigten in einem Zeitraum von 24 Monaten mit insgesamt drei Messzeitpunkten ausschließlich die Variablen Selbstlenkungsfähigkeit als Charaktermerkmal, nichtplanende Impulsivität als Impulsivitätsmerkmal und Entfremdungserleben und Identitätsdiffusion als Merkmal der Persönlichkeitsstruktur nach Kernberg (1967) eine signifikante bis hochsignifikante Beeinflussung durch den Messwiederholungsfaktor Interventionsdauer in der Varianzanalyse. Dabei ergab sich für die nichtplanende Impulsivität eine signifikante Symptomzunahme über die Zeit unter TAU. Als Prädiktoren für den Therapieerfolg in der spezifischen DBT-Intervention erwiesen sich entgegen der Hypothese das Vorliegen von Suizidversuchen mit stationärer Nachbehandlung in der Vorgeschichte als Prädiktor für die Reduktion von Alexithymie (Gesamt) und erlebte körperliche Gewalt als Prädiktor für die Verbesserung der Selbstlenkungsfähigkeit als Charaktermerkmal. Existenzbedrohende Ereignisse in der Vorgeschichte führten diesbezüglich zu Ressourcenaktivierung unter spezieller DBT-Intervention. Zusammenfassend zeigt die Untersuchung, dass positive Veränderungen persönlichkeitsstruktureller Variablen und damit auch Verbesserungen der Qualität zwischenmenschlicher Beziehungen insbesondere unter spezifischer Three-Step-DBT im längerfristigen Therapieverlauf möglich sind.
Measuring mental workload at the workplace using (psycho-) physiological measurement techniques seems desirable but is difficult to implement. Conventional analysis techniques are designed to cover longer measurement durations, neglecting the demands of modern work places: high worker flexibility and constantly fluctuating mental workload. As an alternative analysis approach, measurement (resp. analysis) duration can be shortened and event-based pattern analysis of various physiological parameters can be performed. The effects of such approaches are demonstrated by experimental examples. Furthermore, an event-timestamp independent framework is presented. Focusing on occasionally occurring peaks and longer lasting plateaus in mental workload trajectories, an automatized analysis of workload during work processes becomes possible.
Practical relevance: With steadily increasing cognitive demands at work the risk of mental fatigue increases too. Mental workload is not directly observable at the workplace and the objective measurement and interpretation is complicated. Improving the overall assessment and analysis strategies for (physiological) mental workload indicators can benefit the quality of risk assessments of workplaces and processes as well as enable the possibility of demand-orientated control of (informational) assistance systems to prevent mental overload and resulting health constraints.
Background
Numerous wearables are used in a research context to record cardiac activity although their validity and usability has not been fully investigated. The objectives of this study is the cross-model comparison of data quality at different realistic use cases (cognitive and physical tasks). The recording quality is expressed by the ability to accurately detect the QRS complex, the amount of noise in the data, and the quality of RR intervals.
Methods
Five ECG devices (eMotion Faros 360°, Hexoskin Hx1, NeXus-10 MKII, Polar RS800 Multi and SOMNOtouch NIBP) were attached and simultaneously tested in 13 participants. Used test conditions included: measurements during rest, treadmill walking/running, and a cognitive 2-back task. Signal quality was assessed by a new local morphological quality parameter morphSQ which is defined as a weighted peak noise-to-signal ratio on percentage scale. The QRS detection performance was evaluated with eplimited on synchronized data by comparison to ground truth annotations. A modification of the Smith-Waterman algorithm has been used to assess the RR interval quality and to classify incorrect beat annotations. Evaluation metrics includes the positive predictive value, false negative rates, and F1 scores for beat detection performance.
Results
All used devices achieved sufficient signal quality in non-movement conditions. Over all experimental phases, insufficient quality expressed by morphSQ values below 10% was only found in 1.22% of the recorded beats using eMotion Faros 360°whereas the rate was 8.67% with Hexoskin Hx1. Nevertheless, QRS detection performed well across all used devices with positive predictive values between 0.985 and 1.000. False negative rates are ranging between 0.003 and 0.017. eMotion Faros 360°achieved the most stable results among the tested devices with only 5 false positive and 19 misplaced beats across all recordings identified by the Smith-Waterman approach.
Conclusion
Data quality was assessed by two new approaches: analyzing the noise-to-signal ratio using morphSQ, and RR interval quality using Smith-Waterman. Both methods deliver comparable results. However the Smith-Waterman approach allows the direct comparison of RR intervals without the need for signal synchronization whereas morphSQ can be computed locally.
Die zunehmende Digitalisierung und Technologisierung sorgt branchenübergreifend für eine Verlagerung der subjektiv erlebten Beanspruchung von physischer hin zu mentaler Beanspruchung. Um Arbeitsabläufe hinsichtlich auftretender Schwankungen mentaler Beanspruchung optimierbar zu machen, muss diese in Echtzeit am Arbeitsplatz erfassbar sein. Die Verwendung physiologischer Messinstrumente wie Elektrokardiogramm, Eye Tracking und Hautleitfähigkeit bieten dabei eine Möglichkeit der objektiven Quantifizierung der auftretenden Schwankungen. Im Rahmen verschiedener Feld- und Laborstudien konnte gezeigt werden, dass, in Abhängigkeit der Analyseeinheit (gesamter Prozess oder einzelne beanspruchungsinduzierende Events), unterschiedliche physiologische Parameter in der Lage sind Veränderungen der mentalen Beanspruchung nachzuweisen. Insgesamt erwiesen sich dabei die Herzfrequenz sowie die Ausdehnung der Pupille als sensitivste Indikatoren. Für eine live Erfassung im Arbeitsprozess bedarf es zukünftig, neben der Weiterentwicklung von tragbarer Messmethodik (Wearables), eine Entwicklung neuer Algorithmen zur Kombination verschiedener Parameter zu einem allgemeinen Indikator für mentale Beanspruchung, sowie der Bearbeitung einiger theoretischer Probleme, wie unter anderem der Definition von Grenzwerten der mentalen Beanspruchung. Um abseits bestehender Probleme Veränderungen der Beanspruchung am konkreten Arbeitsplatz einschätzbar zu machen, wurde eine alternative Auswertungsstrategie basierend auf kurzfristigen Peaks und längerfristigen Plateaus vorgeschlagen.
Trotz nachlassenden Interesses in der wissenschaftlichen Forschung erfreuen sich komplexe Problemlöseszenarien als sozial valider Ersatz für klassische Intelligenztests in der angewandten Eignungsdiagnostik ungebrochener Beliebtheit. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die umfassende Validierung des für den Praxiseinsatz neu entwickelten komplexen Problemlöseszenarios AGRIMAN. In einem theoretischen Teil wird das Forschungsfeld und seine Geschichte am Beispiel des bekanntesten Problemlöseszenarios TAILORSHOP erläutert sowie auf den Zusammenhang von komplexer Problemlöseleistung mit Intelligenz, Wissen und beruflicher Leistung eingegangen. Im empirischen Teil wird die Entwicklung und Validierung von AGRIMAN beschrieben. N=185 Probanden aus drei Stichproben bearbeiteten im Rahmen von neun Assessment Centern das neu entwickelte Szenario. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen das Arbeitsmodell, dass Verarbeitungskapazität vermittelt über das erworbene systemspezifische Wissen die Problemlöseleistung beeinflusst. Außerdem ergaben sich mittelhohe Zusammenhänge zwischen Problemlöseleistung und über Assessment Center operationalisierter Berufsleistung.
Background: There is an urgent need for effective follow-up treatments after acute electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in depressed patients. Preliminary evidence suggests psychotherapeutic interventions to be a feasible and efficacious follow-up treatment. However, there is a need for research on the long-term usefulness of such psychotherapeutic offers in a naturalistic setting that is more representative of routine clinical practice. Therefore, the aim of the current pilot study was to investigate the effects of a half-open continuous group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy elements as a follow-up treatment for all ECT patients, regardless of response status after ECT, on reducing depressive symptoms and promoting psychosocial functioning.
Method: Group CBT was designed to support patients during the often-difficult transition from inpatient to outpatient treatment. In a non-controlled pilot trial, patients were offered 15weekly sessions of manualized group CBT (called EffECTiv 2.0). The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale was assessed as primary outcome; the Beck Depression Inventory, WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire–BREF, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were assessed as secondary outcomes. Measurements took place before individual group start, after individual group end, and 6months after individual group end.
Results: During group CBT, Post-ECT symptom reduction was not only maintained but there was a tendency toward a further decrease in depression severity. This reduction could be sustained 6months after end of the group, regardless of response status after ECT treatment. Aspects of quality of life and emotion regulation strategies improved during group CBT, and these improvements were maintained 6months after the end of the group.
Conclusion: Even though the interpretability of the results is limited by the small sample and the non-controlled design, they indicate that manualized group CBT with cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy elements might pose a recommendable follow-up treatment option after acute ECT for depressed patients, regardless of response status after ECT. This approach might not only help to further reduce depressive symptoms and prevent relapse, but also promote long-term psychosocial functioning by improving emotion regulation strategies and psychological quality of life and thus could be considered as a valuable addition to clinical routine after future validation.
Background
Longitudinal observational studies play on an important role for evidence-based research on health services and psychiatric rehabilitation. However, information is missing about the reasons, why patients participate in such studies, and how they evaluate their participation experience.
Methods
Subsequently to their final assessment in a 2-year follow-up study on supported housing for persons with severe mental illness, n = 182 patients answered a short questionnaire on their study participation experience (prior experiences, participation reasons, burden due to study assessments, intention to participate in studies again). Basic respondent characteristics as well as symptom severity (SCL-K9) were also included in the descriptive and analytical statistics.
Results
To help other people and curiosity were cited as the main initial reasons for study participation (>85%). Further motives were significantly associated with demographic and/or clinical variables. For instance, “relieve from boredom” was more frequently reported by men and patients with substance use disorders (compared to mood disorders), and participants ‘motive” to talk about illness” was associated with higher symptom severity at study entry. Furthermore, only a small proportion of respondents indicated significant burdens by study participation and about 87% would also participate in future studies.
Conclusions
The respondents gave an overall positive evaluation regarding their participation experience in an observational study on psychiatric rehabilitation. The results additionally suggest that health and social care professionals should be responsive to the expectations and needs of patients with mental illness regarding participation in research.
Abstract
Lately, the use of patient‐reported outcome measures (PROM) to adapt and improve ongoing psychotherapeutic treatments has become more widespread. Their main purpose is to support data‐informed, collaborative treatment decisions which include the patient's point of view on their progress. In case of nonresponse or deterioration, these systems are able to warn clinicians and guide the process “back on track” in treatment. In this case illustration, the Greifswald Psychotherapy Navigator System (GPNS) detected the deterioration of 19‐year‐old Sarah during the first eight sessions of cognitive‐behavioral therapy for social anxiety and depression. Here, the GPNS helped the therapist gain insight as to how Sarah's social anxiety affected their treatment and adjust her strategy accordingly. Using the symptom curves and progress scales of the GPNS, the therapist was able to then address her patient's struggles in detail during their sessions and with her supervisor. After adapting her therapeutic approach, the patient's deterioration could be averted while simultaneously strengthening their communication in the process. Clinical implications and the benefits of using PROM systems for evidence‐based personalization of psychotherapy are presented.
Body dissatisfaction is pervasive among young women in Western countries. Among the many forces that contribute to body dissatisfaction, the overrepresentation of thin bodies in visual media has received notable attention. In this study, we proposed that prevalence-induced concept change may be one of the cognitive mechanisms that explain how beauty standards shift. We conducted a preregistered online experiment with young women (N = 419) and found that when the prevalence of thin bodies in the environment increased, the concept of being overweight expanded to include bodies that would otherwise be judged as “normal.” Exploratory analyses revealed significant individual differences in sensitivity to this effect, in terms of women’s judgments about other bodies as well as their own. These results suggest that women’s judgments about other women’s bodies are biased by an overrepresentation of thinness and lend initial support to policies designed to increase size-inclusive representation in the media.
Background: Controversy surrounds the questions whether co-occurring depression has negative effects on cognitivebehavioral therapy (CBT) outcomes in patients with panic disorder (PD) and agoraphobia (AG) and whether treatment for PD and AG (PD/AG) also reduces depressive symptomatology. Methods: Post-hoc analyses of randomized clinical trial data of 369 outpatients with primary PD/AG (DSM-IV-TR criteria) treated with a 12-session manualized CBT (n = 301) and a waitlist control group (n = 68). Patients with comorbid depression (DSM-IV-TR major depression, dysthymia, or both: 43.2% CBT, 42.7% controls) were compared to patients without depression regarding anxiety and depression outcomes (Clinical Global Impression Scale [CGI], Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale [HAM-A], number of panic attacks, Mobility Inventory [MI], Panic and Agoraphobia Scale, Beck Depression Inventory) at post-treatment and follow-up (categorical). Further, the role of severity of depressive symptoms on anxiety/depression outcome measures was examined (dimensional). Results: Comorbid depression did not have a significant overall effect on anxiety outcomes at post-treatment and follow-up, except for slightly diminished post-treatment effect sizes for clinician-rated CGI (p = 0.03) and HAM-A (p = 0.008) when adjusting for baseline anxiety severity. In the dimensional model, higher baseline depression scores were associated with lower effect sizes at post-treatment (except for MI), but not at follow-up (except for HAM-A). Depressive symptoms improved irrespective of the presence of depression. Conclusions: Exposure-based CBT for primary PD/AG effectively reduces anxiety and depressive symptoms, irrespective of comorbid depression or depressive symptomatology.
Hintergrund: Obwohl einige Wissenschaftler vorschlagen, dass Zwangsstörung eine Störung der Impulskontrolle darstellt, konnten noch keine eindeutigen Befunde über den Zusammenhang yon Impulsivität und Zwangsstörung erbracht werden. Diese Arbeit untersucht -neben der Familiarität- Temperamentsfaktoren, die auf individueller und familiärer Ebene mit Zwangsstörung assoziiert sind. Methode: Es konnten 171 Zwangsprobanden (Indices) und 117 Kontrollen in einer Multicenter-Studie (Bonn, Köln, Homburg, Greifswald) rekrutiert werden. Diese und deren Angehörige (535 Index- und 396 Kontrollangehörige) wurden yon Psychiatern, Psychologen und Doktoranden der Medizin mit semistrukturierten Interviews diagnostiziert und auf DSM-IV Basis evaluiert. Von 123 Indices und 97 Kontrollen und ihren Angehörigen liegen Fragebögen zur Selbstbeschreibung yon Zwangssymptomen (PADUA), Impulsivität (BIS) und Temperament (TPQ) vor. Die Ergebnisse wurden mittels Chi-Quadrat Tests, Cox-Regression, t-Tests, Varianzanalysen und Korrelationen ermittelt. Ergebnisse: Die Lebenszeitprävalenz der klinischen Zwangsstörung ist bei Angehörigen yon Indices signifikant höher als bei Kontrollangehörigen (6.4% vs.1.3%, p<=.001). Zwangsprobanden zeigen signifikant höhere kognitive Impulsivität, eine signifikant höhere Schadensvermeidung und niedrigeres Neugierverhalten als Kontrollen. Angehörige von Indices zeigen ähnliche Muster in ihren Temperamentsfaktoren, nicht aber in der Impulsivität. Es konnte kein Nachweis gemeinsamer familiärer Risikofaktoren von Zwangsstörung und Impulsivität gefunden werden.
A long-standing controversy in emotion research concerns the question whether stimuli must be conceptually interpreted, or semantically categorized, to evoke emotional reactions. According to the semantic primacy hypothesis, the answer to this question is positive; whereas according to the affective primacy hypothesis, it is negative: Emotions can also be, and perhaps often are, elicited by preconceptual stimulus representations, such as particular shapes or color patterns.
In the present dissertation project, the semantic primacy hypothesis was tested in eight experiments using different latency judgment paradigms in which the perceptual latencies of object recognition and affect onset were measured and compared. The chronometric measurement methods comprised temporal judgments (temporal order judgments and simultaneity judgments: Publication A, Experiments 1–4; the rotating spot / rotating clock hand method: Publication B, Experiments 1–2) and speeded reaction time measurements (Publication C, Experiments 1–2). To elicit affective responses, pictures of pleasant (e.g., cats, children) and unpleasant objects (e.g., spiders, moldy food) from everyday life were presented.
According to the semantic primacy hypothesis, object recognition is a necessary partial cause of affect. This implies the following three predictions that were tested in the studies: (1) Because causes must precede their effects, the time of the onset of object recognition must precede the time of the onset of affect. (2) The longer it takes a person to recognize an object, the longer it should also take them, other factors constant, to experience affect; therefore, the latencies of the two mental events should be positively correlated across individuals. (3) An experimental manipulation that delays the onset of object recognition (in this case a moderate blurring of the pictures) should also delay the onset of affect, and the effect of the manipulation on affect latency should be mediated by the delay in object recognition.
In agreement with Prediction 1, regardless of the chronometric method used, the latency of object recognition consistently proved to be shorter than the latency of affect onset. According to the meta-analytically integrated latency differences estimated in the temporal judgment experiments, affect followed object recognition with a delay of 117 ms. This result was obtained for both pleasant and unpleasant stimuli and was independent of task order. Supporting Prediction 2, the latencies for object recognition and affect onset were positively correlated across participants (meta-analytic r = .50). Supporting Prediction 3, delaying object recognition by blurring the affective pictures was found to also delay the onset of affect and the effect of blurring on the latency of affect was found to be partly mediated by delayed object recognition.
Two additional predictions tested and confirmed in Experiment C2 were: (4) False-coloring the affective pictures delays the onset of affect but not object recognition, and this effect is mediated by reduced affect intensity. (5) Judgments of the valence of the stimuli (i.e., whether the imaged object is pleasant or unpleasant) take more time than reports of object recognition, but less time than affect onset reports, for which valence judgments have often been used as a substitute in previous studies.
Taken together, the results of the eight experiments provided consistent support for semantic primacy in the generation of pleasant and unpleasant feelings evoked by affective pictures: Object recognition can be considered a necessary partial cause of affect in the reported experiments. The results are compared to previous findings, possible reasons for deviant response patterns found in a small minority of the participants are considered, and several implications of the findings for emotion research are derived. Possible adaptations of the chronometric approach to investigate other questions of emotion research are suggested. Finally, limitations of the dissertation project are pointed out and possible ways to address these in future research are proposed.
Die Dissertation befasst sich in vier Studien mit den Auswirkungen von Flucht und Vertreibung infolge des Zweiten Weltkrieges auf die Lebensqualität und die psychische Gesundheit im Alter. Basierend auf der Theorie der Kumulativen Ungleichheit wird postuliert, dass frühe Lebensereignisse über die Kumulation von Risiken, aber auch Ressourcen einen Einfluss auf die Lebensqualität und psychische Gesundheit im Alter haben. Die Kohorte ehemals Vertriebener erfuhr eine Vielzahl von Benachteiligungen und ein erhöhtes Ausmaß an Traumata während der Flucht und Vertreibung, was mit einer Kumulation weiterer Risiken im Lebensverlauf einhergeht. Als gesundheitspsychologische Variablen werden die subjektive globale sowie gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität untersucht, welche sowohl aus aktueller als auch retrospektiver Sicht betrachtet werden. Es wird angenommen, dass Vertreibung mit einer Kumulation von Risiken im Lebensverlauf einhergeht und die subjektive globale Lebensqualität sowie die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität beeinflusst. Hinsichtlich der psychischen Gesundheit weisen ehemals Vertriebene eine erhöhte psychische Belastungssymptomatik im Alter auf. Es wird angenommen, dass der Vertreibungsstatus als Prädiktor für das Vorliegen psychischer Belastung im Alter dient. Die Folgen der Vertreibung manifestieren sich in einer reduzierten gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität und einer erhöhten psychischen Belastung im Alter. Laut der Theorie der Kumulativen Ungleichheit hat der Zeitpunkt der Vertreibung infolge des Zweiten Weltkrieges Auswirkungen auf den Lebensverlauf einer Person. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen kognitiven und emotionalen Entwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen wird angenommen, dass die psychische Belastung im Alter abhängig vom Alter zum Zeitpunkt der Vertreibung ist. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Vertriebene trotz der reduzierten gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität keine Unterschiede in der subjektiven Lebensqualität mit Vergleichsgruppen aufweisen, was den Annahmen des disability paradox bzw. dem Wohlbefindensparadox entspricht. Die subjektive und die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität basieren auf unterschiedlichen Kriterien, zwischen denen aufgrund von Adaptionsprozessen zunächst kein Zusammenhang besteht. Über das Prinzip der Homöostase wird eine hohe subjektive Lebensqualität aufrechterhalten, auch wenn körperliche Einschränkungen die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität beeinträchtigen. Die Vertriebenen der untersuchten Stichproben verfügen über sehr gute Anpassungsprozesse und eine hohe Lebensqualität. Die Theorie der Kumulativen Ungleichheit postuliert neben kumulierenden Nachteilen auch Wendepunkte, persönliche Entscheidungen und Handlungen sowie mobilisierbare Ressourcen, die den Lebenslauf positiv beeinflussen. Das Fehlen von Unterschieden kann auf eine relativ hohe Lebensqualität im Alter, stetige Anpassungsprozesse, soziale und temporale Vergleiche, positive Verzerrung von Einschätzungen im Alter oder der veränderten Populationszusammensetzung aufgrund erhöhter Mortalität besonders vulnerabler Individuen zurückgeführt werden. Die Mobilisierung von Ressourcen in Form von Anpassungsprozessen oder Lebenseinstellungen können die negativen Auswirkungen von Vertreibung im frühen Lebensalter kompensieren. Im Sinne des erfolgreichen Alterns kann eine hohe Lebensqualität als Maß für die Anpassung an Schwierigkeiten während des Lebensverlaufs sowie die zunehmenden Einschränkungen im Alterungsprozess betrachtet werden. Vertreibung infolge des Zweiten Weltkrieges ist ein Risikofaktor, der im Kontext multipler, über den Lebensverlauf wirkender Einfluss- und Risikofaktoren untersucht werden sollte. Der Lebensverlauf sowie der Alterungsprozess sind komplex, inter- und intraindividuell verschieden und müssen im Kontext historischer Ereignisse gesehen werden. Die zukünftige Forschung zur Förderung und Aufrechterhaltung der Gesundheit über den Lebensverlauf ist herausgefordert, Risiken sowie Ressourcen und Anpassungsprozesse über den Lebensverlauf zu identifizieren, den Beitrag einzelner Prädiktoren zu bestimmen und deren Wechselwirkungen zu untersuchen.
Die vorliegende Studie untersucht Furchtreaktionen, die bei steigender Erkennbarkeit relevanter Reize auftreten. Sie basiert auf den Ergebnissen zahlreicher Untersuchungen zur affektiven Modulation physiologischer Reaktionssyteme. 12 Spinnenphobiker, 10 Schlangenphobiker, 12 Blutphobiker und 11 Kontrollpersonen nahmen an der Untersuchung teil. Während der Betrachtung affektiven Bildmaterials wurden Herzrate, Hautleitwertreaktionen, die Muskelaktivität des levator labii und die Schreckreflexreaktionen auf applizierte Schreckreize aufgezeichnet. Das Stimulusmaterial bestand aus phobischem, angenehmem, unangenehmem und neutralem Bildmaterial.Im Mittelpunkt der Studie steht die Untersuchung unterschiedlicher Furchtreaktionen, die in Annäherung an einen Furchtreiz auftreten. Zur Variation der Nähe zur Bedrohung wurde die Erkennbarkeit der Reize im Verlauf der Untersuchung kontinuierlich gesteigert, indem ein bestimmter Prozentsatz zum Zielreiz gehöriger Bildpunkte vor einen Hintergrund mit farbigem Rauschen eingeblendet wurde. Weiterhin wurde die Frage untersucht, ob bereits vor einer bewußten Erkennung der präsentierten Reize unterscheidbare physiologische Reaktionen zwischen den Bildkategorien auftreten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Kaskade defensiven Verhaltens auch im Humanbereich beobachtbar ist. Vor der bewußten Erkennung der Bildreize wurden keine differenzierten physiologischen Reaktionen gefunden.
Quality of Life (QoL) is a core patient-reported outcome in healthcare research. However, a conceptual, operational, and psychometric elaboration of QoL in the context of telemedical care (TM) was needed, as standardised instruments to assess QoL do not comprehensively represent essential aspects of intended outcomes of TM. Therefore, the overall aim of this thesis was to conceptualise QoL in the context of TM and to develop an instrument that can adequately assess QoL in TM.