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BACKGROUND Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare, acquired demyelination syndrome that causes cognitive impairment and
focal neurological deficits and may be fatal. The potentially reversible disease mainly affects children, often after vaccination or viral infection, but may
be seen rarely in adults.
OBSERVATIONS A 50-year-old woman presented with loss of visual acuity of the left eye. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an intra- and
suprasellar mass, which was removed successfully. On postoperative day 1, MRI showed gross total resection of the lesion and no surgery-related
complications. On postoperative day 2, the patient presented with a progressive left-sided hemiparesis, hemineglect, and decline of cognitive
performance. MRI showed white matter edema in both hemispheres. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed mixed pleocytosis (355/mL) without further
evidence of infection. In synopsis of the findings, ADEM was diagnosed and treated with intravenous immunoglobulins. Shortly thereafter, the patient
recovered, and no sensorimotor deficits were detected in the follow-up examination.
LESSONS Pituitary gland pathologies are commonly treated by transsphenoidal surgery, with only minor risks for complications. A case of ADEM after
craniopharyngioma resection has not been published before and should be considered in case of progressive neurological deterioration with multiple
white matter lesions.
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection affects millions of individuals worldwide and can lead to severe leukemia, myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, and numerous other disorders. Pursuing a safe and effective immunotherapeutic approach, we compared the viral polyprotein and the human proteome with a sliding window approach in order to identify oligopeptide sequences unique to the virus. The immunological relevance of the viral unique oligopeptides was assessed by searching them in the immune epitope database (IEDB). We found that HTLV-1 has 15 peptide stretches each consisting of uniquely viral non-human pentapeptides which are ideal candidate for a safe and effective anti-HTLV-1 vaccine. Indeed, experimentally validated HTLV-1 epitopes, as retrieved from the IEDB, contain peptide sequences also present in a vast number of human proteins, thus potentially instituting the basis for cross-reactions. We found a potential for cross-reactivity between the virus and the human proteome and described an epitope platform to be used in order to avoid it, thus obtaining effective, specific, and safe immunization. Potential advantages for mRNA and peptide-based vaccine formulations are discussed.
Objective: This study was conducted to elucidate prevalence, clinical features, outcomes, and best treatment in patients with late-onset seizures due to autoimmune encephalitis (AE).
Methods: This is a single-institution prospective cohort study (2012–2019) conducted at the Epilepsy Center at the University of Greifswald, Germany. A total of 225 patients aged ≥50 years with epileptic seizures were enrolled and underwent an MRI/CT scan, profiling of neural antibodies (AB) in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and neuropsychological testing. On the basis of their work-up, patients were categorized into the following three cohorts: definite, suspected, or no AE. Patients with definite and suspected AE were subsequently treated with immunosuppressive therapy (IT) and/or anti-seizure drug (ASD) therapy and were followed up (FU) regarding clinical and seizure outcome.
Results: Of the 225 patients, 17 (8%) fulfilled the criteria for definite or suspected AE according to their AB profile and MRI results. Compared with patients with no evidence of AE, those with AE were younger (p = 0.028), had mesial temporal neuropsychological deficits (p = 0.001), frequently had an active or known malignancy (p = 0.006) and/or a pleocytosis (p = 0.0002), and/or had oligoclonal bands in CSF (p = 0.001). All patients with follow-up became seizure-free with at least one ASD. The Modified Rankin scale (mRS) at hospital admission was low for patients with AE (71% with mRS ≤2) and further decreased to 60% with mRS ≤2 at last FU.
Significance: AE is an important etiology in late-onset seizures, and seizures may be the first symptom of AE. Outcome in non-paraneoplastic AE was favorable with ASD and IT. AB testing in CSF and sera, cerebral MRI, CSF analysis, and neuropsychological testing for mesial temporal deficits should be part of the diagnostic protocol for AE following late-onset seizures.
Results on gray matter alterations in complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) showed heterogeneous findings. Since CRPS is a rare disease, most studies included only small and heterogeneous samples resulting in a low reliability of findings between studies. We investigated 24 CRPS patients with right upper limb affection in the chronic stage of disease using structural MRI and clinical testing. We focused on gray matter volume (GMV) alterations of the brain in comparison to 33 age matched healthy controls, their association to clinical characteristics (duration of pain syndrome and pain intensity ratings) and sensorimotor performance (finger dexterity and spatiotactile resolution). When applying an explorative whole brain analysis CRPS patients showed lower GMV in the bilateral medial thalamus. No other areas showed a relevant GMV difference for the group comparisons. When applying a region of interest driven approach using anatomical masks of the thalamus, ACC/mPFC, putamen, and insula we found relevant associations of clinical and behavioral data in ACC and insula. Whereas, the GMV in ACC showed negative associations with pain intensity and CRPS duration, the GMV of the left posterior insula was negatively associated with sensorimotor performance of the affected hand side. Overall, our results are in accordance to results of others describing a thalamic reduction of GMV in patients with neuropathic pain and are also in accordance with associations of pain intensity and duration with reduced ACC in general in patients with chronic pain syndromes. Sensorimotor performance seems to be related to posterior insula GMV reduction, which has not been described yet for other patient groups.
Die ex-vivo Wirkung von Spermin und Spermidin auf T-Lymphozyten bei Patienten mit kognitivem Defizit
(2021)
Demenzerkrankungen stellen die Medizin und die Wissenschaft vor eine der größten Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Aufgrund des Fehlens kausaler Therapien werden neue Therapieansätze dringend für die Bewältigung dieser medizinisch herausfordernden Erkrankung benötigt. Vielversprechende Ergebnisse im Hinblick auf ein neues Therapeutikum liefert eine Klinische Studie (Smart-Age) mit einem polyaminreichen Pflanzenextrakt als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel, eingesetzt bei Patienten mit Subjektiver kognitiver Verschlechterung (engl. Subjective Cognitive Decline).
Da die genauen Wirkmechanismen der Polyamine Spermin und Spermidin auf die kognitive Gesundheit noch unzureichend verstanden sind und das Immunsystem eine zentralen Rolle in der Pathogenese der Alzheimer-Demenz einnimmt, war es das Ziel in der vorliegenden Dissertation die Wirkung der beiden genannten Polyamine auf die Aktivierung und Autophagie von T-Lymphozyten und die Zytokinsekretion von PBMC durchflusszytometrisch, anhand einer Studienkohorte kognitiv beeinträchtigter Patienten (Subjektive kognitive Verschlechterung SCD, milde kognitive Beeinträchtigung MCI, milde Alzheimer-Demenz) (n=22) und gesunder, altersäquivalente Kontrollprobanden (n=12), zu untersuchen.
Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zeigen, dass Spermin und Spermidin die Aktivierung und die Autophagie von T-Lymphozyten dosisabhängig in der Patienten- und der Kontrollkohorte steigert. Spermin führte zu einer dosisabhängig verminderten Zytokinexpression aller 11 untersuchten Zytokine in der Patienten- und der Kontrollkohorte. Spermidin hingegen führte sowohl zu einer vermehrten als auch einer verminderten Expression einzelner Zytokine im Zellkulturüberstand.
In der vorliegenden explorativen Studie konnte somit erstmals prospektiv der Einfluss der Polyamine Spermin und Spermidin auf die T-Lymphozyten Aktivierung, Autophagie und die Zytokinexpression von Patienten im Frühstadium kognitiver Erkrankungen in in-vitro Experimenten gezeigt werden. Verglichen mit einer Kontrollkohorte kognitiv gesunder, altersentsprechender Probanden zeigten sich ähnliche Effekte von Spermin und Spermidin auf die untersuchten Parameter, wobei für einzelne Parameter der Untersuchung eine höhere Sensitivität der Polyaminbehandlung von T-Lymphozyten kognitiv erkrankter Patienten nachzuvollziehen war.
Die Daten dieser Dissertation liefern somit einen ersten Beitrag zur umfassenden Beleuchtung zellulärer Wirkmechanismen einer Polyaminsubstitution in humanen, peripheren Immunzellen bezüglich kognitiver Gesundheit, um hierdurch neue therapeutische Ansätze zur Behandlung dementieller Erkrankungen zu entwickeln.
Bei Verschluss einer Zerebralarterie kommt es zu einer lokalen Minderdurchblutung und folg-lich zum Absterben von Gewebe der betroffenen Region sowie zur Induktion einer lokalen In-flammation. Diese Reaktion am Patienten kann auch beim experimentellen Verschluss mittels tMCAO (transiente Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion) beobachtet werden.
Die Auswirkung des Schlaganfalls betrifft nicht ausschließlich das Hirngewebe, sondern führt auch zu einer Immunsuppression in der Peripherie: Es kommt zu Lymphozytopenie, erhöhter Apoptose der Splenozyten und zu einer Atrophie lymphatischer Organe, wie z. B. der Milz.
Die immunologischen Folgen des Schlaganfalls und speziell die Funktionen verschiedener Leu-kozytenpopulationen stehen im Fokus aktueller Forschungen. Die Rolle der Tregs, besonders mit fortschreitendem Alter, ist bisher nicht eindeutig geklärt und wurde daher in der vorliegen-den Arbeit näher untersucht.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden FoxP3+-Treg-depletierte Tiere (Deregs) mit C57BL/6 (BL6) naiven und schlaganfallinduzierten Tiere verglichen. Untersucht wurde die apoptotische Dichte (Anzahl apoptotischer Leukozyten einer Population pro mm2 von dieser Population bedeckter Fläche) von ausgewählten Lymphozytenpopulationen: CD3+/CD4+, CD3+/CD8+, Ly6G+ und CD11c+. Die Untersuchung erfolgt im folgenden Design: 1) Entwicklung der Apoptose im zeit-lichen Verlauf 1 bis 7 Tage bzw. 7 bis14 Tage nach Infarkt. Diese Untersuchung ergab einen Trend zu höherer Apoptose und Varianz in BL6-Tieren sowie Signifikanzen für einzelne Popu-lationen und Zeitpunkte. 2) Es wurden die Unterschiede zwischen „jungen“ und „alten“ Tieren untersucht, wobei sich die in „jungen“ Tieren beobachtete Tendenz zu höherer Apoptose und Varianz in BL6-Tieren stärker zeigte. 3) Des Weiteren wurde der Zusammenhang von Apopto-sedichte und Schlaganfallvolumen untersucht. Dabei konnten vereinzelt Korrelationen zwischen hoher Apoptose und Infarktgröße ermittelt werden, die in den „alten“ Tieren stärker ausgeprägt sind. Die Korrelationen traten sowohl in BL6- als auch in Dereg-Tieren auf. 4) Die Untersu-chungen zum Zusammenhang zwischen apoptotischer Dichte und Milzvolumen ergaben aus-schließlich für die CD11c+-Färbung der „jungen“ BL6-Tiere eine Korrelation. Einige Effekte und Trends gilt es noch mit größerer Tierzahl zu überprüfen.
Background: Inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive Protein (CRP), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and fibrinogen, are upregulated following acute stroke. Studies have shown associations of these biomarkers with increased mortality, recurrent vascular risk, and poor functional outcome. It is suggested that physical fitness training may play a role in decreasing long-term inflammatory activity and supports tissue recovery.
Aim: We investigated the dynamics of selected inflammatory markers in the subacute phase following stroke and determined if fluctuations are associated with functional recovery up to 6 months. Further, we examined whether exposure to aerobic physical fitness training in the subacute phase influenced serum inflammatory markers over time.
Methods: This is an exploratory analysis of patients enrolled in the multicenter randomized-controlled PHYS-STROKE trial. Patients within 45 days of stroke onset were randomized to receive either four weeks of aerobic physical fitness training or relaxation sessions. Generalized estimating equation models were used to investigate the dynamics of inflammatory markers and the associations of exposure to fitness training with serum inflammatory markers over time. Multiple logistic regression models were used to explore associations between inflammatory marker levels at baseline and three months after stroke and outcome at 3- or 6-months.
Results: Irrespective of the intervention group, high sensitive CRP (hs-CRP), IL-6, and fibrinogen (but not TNF-alpha) were significantly lower at follow-up visits when compared to baseline (p all ≤ 0.01). In our cohort, exposure to aerobic physical fitness training did not influence levels of inflammatory markers over time. In multivariate logistic regression analyses, increased baseline IL-6 and fibrinogen levels were inversely associated with worse outcome at 3 and 6 months. Increased levels of hs-CRP at 3 months after stroke were associated with impaired outcome at 6 months. We found no independent associations of TNF-alpha levels with investigated outcome parameters.
Conclusion: Serum markers of inflammation were elevated after stroke and decreased within 6 months. In our cohort, exposure to aerobic physical fitness training did not modify the dynamics of inflammatory markers over time. Elevated IL-6 and fibrinogen levels in early subacute stroke were associated with worse outcome up to 6-months after stroke.
Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01953549.
Bei einem seit vielen Jahren bekannten erhöhten Risiko für MS-Patient:innen epileptische Anfälle zu erleiden, untersuchten wir eine Gruppe von Patient:innen mit diesen beiden Voraussetzungen. Die epileptischen Anfälle können hier als Folge der MS auftreten, aber auch durch Erkrankungen in der Vorgeschichte der Patient:innen begünstigt werden. Für unsere Studie wählten wir einen retrospektiven populationsbasierten Ansatz.
Die finale Studiengruppe bestand aus 59 Personen mit epileptischen Anfällen und MS aus insgesamt 2285 MS-Patient:innen, die in den Zentren Greifswald und Rostock in diesem Zeitraum behandelt wurden. Es zeigte sich eine Prävalenz epileptischer Anfälle bei Patient:innen mit MS-Diagnose von 2,6%. Eine Aufteilung in zwei Subgruppen mit epileptischen Anfällen vor/nach MS-Diagnose, mit 22 vs. 37 Patient:innen, wurde anschließend durchgeführt. Die Patient:innen in der Subgruppe MS-E Gruppe waren durchschnittlich 9 Jahre älter und wiesen einen höheren EDSS aus, verglichen mit der Subgruppe E-MS. Bei 16,9% der Kohorte wurde der epileptische Anfall rückblickend als erstes MS-Symptom gewertet. In 50,8% der Studienpopulation bestanden epileptogene Risikofaktoren in der Vorgeschichte, mit 40,9% (9/22) vs. 56,8% (21/37) in den Subgruppen vor/nach MS-Diagnose. Die häufigsten konkurrierenden Ursachen bestanden in abgelaufenen Schädel-Hirn-Traumata und cerebralen Ischämien, zusammen in mehr als 30% der Fälle. Die Diagnosestellung der epileptischen Anfälle und Epilepsie erfolgte bei 18,6% ohne EEG-Diagnostik, bei erfolgter EEG-Diagnostik bestanden in 58,3% pathologische EEG-Muster. Bei einem Drittel der Patient:innen erfolgte die Diagnosestellung ohne direkte Beobachtung oder EEG-Auffälligkeiten.
Im Vergleich zur Normalbevölkerung zeigt sich in unserer Studienpopulation eine erhöhte Prävalenz epileptischer Anfälle. Die Bedeutung einer adäquaten Diagnostik der epileptischen Anfälle, auch wenn einmalig aufgetreten, stellt sich in unserer Studie dar. Hierbei ist es entscheidend, dass eine EEG-Diagnostik erfolgt und zusätzlich eine ausführliche semiologische Anamnese. Diese sollte idealerweise von Ärzt:innen oder Neurolog:innen mit epileptologischer Erfahrung durchgeführt werden um die Befunde gut einordnen zu können, am besten im Rahmen eines strukturierten Work-ups. Die epileptischen Anfälle können sowohl vor, als auch nach dem Beginn der MS-Symptomatik auftreten und auch die erste Manifestation der Erkrankung darstellen. Alternative Risikofaktoren für epileptische Anfälle sollten sorgfältig erfragt und dokumentiert werden, die Diagnosestellung und Behandlung einer Epilepsie aber nicht verzögern. Es stellte sich in unserer Kohorte kein signifikanter Unterschied in bestehenden Risikofaktoren zwischen den Sub¬gruppen vor/nach MS-Diagnose heraus. Dies spricht dafür, epileptische Anfälle als einen Teil der MS-Erkrankung zu betrachten, der durch Risikofaktoren aber auch die MS-Erkrankung selbst verursacht werden kann.
Background and Purpose: In the setting of acute ischemic stroke, increased blood-brain barrier permeability (BBBP) as a sign of injury is believed to be associated with increased risk of poor outcome. Pre-clinical studies show that selected serum biomarkers including C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), matrix metallopeptidases (MMP), and vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) may play a role in BBBP post-stroke. In the subacute phase of stroke, increased BBBP may also be caused by regenerative mechanisms such as vascular remodeling and therefore may improve functional recovery. Our aim was to investigate the evolution of BBBP in ischemic stroke using contrast-enhanced (CE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to analyze potential associations with blood-derived biomarkers as well as functional recovery in subacute ischemic stroke patients.
Methods: This is an exploratory analysis of subacute ischemic stroke patients enrolled in the BAPTISe study nested within the randomized controlled PHYS-STROKE trial (interventions: 4 weeks of aerobic fitness training vs. relaxation). Patients with at least one CE-MRI before (v1) or after (v2) the intervention were eligible for this analysis. The prevalence of increased BBBP was visually assessed on T1-weighted MR-images based on extent of contrast-agent enhancement within the ischemic lesion. The intensity of increased BBBP was assessed semi-quantitatively by normalizing the mean voxel intensity within the region of interest (ROI) to the contralateral hemisphere (“normalized CE-ROI”). Selected serum biomarkers (high-sensitive CRP, IL-6, TNF-α, MMP-9, and VEGF) at v1 (before intervention) were analyzed as continuous and dichotomized variables defined by laboratory cut-off levels. Functional outcome was assessed at 6 months after stroke using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS).
Results: Ninety-three patients with a median baseline NIHSS of 9 [IQR 6–12] were included into the analysis. The median time to v1 MRI was 30 days [IQR 18–37], and the median lesion volume on v1 MRI was 4 ml [IQR 1.2–23.4]. Seventy patients (80%) had increased BBBP visible on v1 MRI. After the trial intervention, increased BBBP was still detectable in 52 patients (74%) on v2 MRI. The median time to v2 MRI was 56 days [IQR 46–67]. The presence of increased BBBP on v1 MRI was associated with larger lesion volumes and more severe strokes. Aerobic fitness training did not influence the increase of BBBP evaluated at v2. In linear mixed models, the time from stroke onset to MRI was inversely associated with normalized CE-ROI (coefficient −0.002, Standard Error 0.007, p < 0.01). Selected serum biomarkers were not associated with the presence or evolution of increased BBBP. Multivariable regression analysis did not identify the occurrence or evolution of increased BBBP as an independent predictor of favorable functional outcome post-stroke.
Conclusion: In patients with moderate-to-severe subacute stroke, three out of four patients demonstrated increased BBB permeability, which decreased over time. The presence of increased BBBP was associated with larger lesion volumes and more severe strokes. We could not detect an association between selected serum biomarkers of inflammation and an increased BBBP in this cohort. No clear association with favorable functional outcome was observed.
Trial registration: NCT01954797.
Etwa 50% der MS-Patienten leiden unter kognitiven Störungen. Dabei ist nicht die „Kognition“
insgesamt betroffen, sondern einzelne kognitive Funktionen scheinen bei Patienten mit MS
besonders vulnerabel: die Fähigkeit der Informationsverarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit sowie des
klassischen Arbeitsgedächtnis werden übereinstimmend als vermehrt beeinträchtigt angegeben.
Verschiedene Testbatterien zur Erfassung kognitiver Beeinträchtigungen bei MS-Patienten
wurden erarbeitet, um verschiedene Teilbereiche zu testen. Zur Untersuchung der
Informationsverarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit ist der Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) ein
etabliertes Untersuchungsinstrument und ist essenziell für das Screening für kognitiven
Beeinträchtigungen von Patienten mit Multipler Sklerose. Methodologische Adaptionen des
Tests wurden in der funktionellen Bildgebung angewendet, jedoch ohne spezifische
Untersuchungen der Teilbereiche der Informationsverarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit (IPS) weiter
zu erforschen. Zudem gibt es nur wenig Daten über die funktionellen Unterschiede zwischen
MS-Patienten und gesunden Probanden. 20 MS-Patienten und eine gesunde Kontrollgruppe mit
20 Probanden wurden mittels funktionellem MRT (fMRT) untersucht, während der SDMT
bearbeitet wurde. Darüber hinaus wurden in strukturellen Messungen Informationen
hinsichtlich Volumina der weißen und grauen Substanz sowie des Läsionsvolumens erfasst.
Anhand der gewonnenen Daten haben wir das aus Vorstudien bekannte neuronale Netzwerk
bestehend aus frontalen (Brodman Areal BA6, BA9), parietalen (BA7), okkzipitalen (BA17)
cerebellären Bereichen sowie die funktionellen Unterschiede zwischen MS-Patienten und der
gesunden Kontrollgruppe analysiert. Ferner wurden Zusammenhänge zwischen den
strukturellen Unterschieden der beiden Studiengruppen und den Ergebnissen im SDMT
untersucht. Die MS-Patienten schnitten schlechter bei der Bearbeitung des SDMT ab. Beide
Gruppen zeigten in der funktionellen Untersuchung eine Aktivierung in dem beschriebenen
neuronalen Netzwerk. Die kognitiven Komponenten der IPS zeigte sich durch Aktivierung in
superior parietalen und posterior cerebellären Bereichen. Während des SDMT hatten MS-Patienten eine geringere Aktivierung im Cingulum als die gesunde Kontrollgruppe. In der
strukturellen Analyse war das Volumen der weißen und grauen Substanz bei der MS-Gruppe
geringer als in der gesunden Kontrollgruppe, während das Läsionsvolumen in der MS-Patientengruppe größer war als in der gesunden Kontrollgruppe. Kognitive Komponenten der
Informationsverarbeitungsgeschwindigkeit sind abhängig von superior parietalen und posterior
cerebellären Regionen, welche bei der Integration visuell-räumlicher Reize und der
Antizipation beteiligt sind. Areale, die bei der Aufmerksamkeit eine wichtige Rolle spielen sind
bei MS-Patienten weniger aktiv.
Background: Gastrointestinal hormones (GIHs) are crucial for the regulation of a variety of physiological functions and have been linked to hunger, satiety, and appetite control. Thus, they might constitute meaningful biomarkers in longitudinal and interventional studies on eating behavior and body weight control. However, little is known about the physiological levels of GIHs, their intra-individual stability over time, and their interaction with other metabolic and lifestyle-related parameters. Therefore, the aim of this pilot study is to investigate the intra-individual stability of GIHs in normal-weight adults over time. Methods: Plasma concentrations of ghrelin, leptin, GLP-1 (glucagon-like-peptide), and PP (pancreatic polypeptide) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 17 normal-weight, healthy adults in a longitudinal design at baseline and at follow-up six months later. The reliability of the measurements was estimated using intra-class correlation (ICC). In a second step, we considered the stability of GIH levels after controlling for changes in blood glucose and hemoglobin A1 (HbA1c) as well as self-reported physical activity and dietary habits. Results: We found excellent reliability for ghrelin, good reliability for GLP1 and PP, and moderate reliability for leptin. After considering glucose, HbA1c, physical activity, and dietary habits as co-variates, the reliability of ghrelin, GLP1, and PP did not change significantly; the reliability of leptin changed to poor reliability. Conclusions: The GIHs ghrelin, GLP1, and PP demonstrated good to excellent test–retest reliability in healthy individuals, a finding that was not modified after adjusting for glucose control, physical activity, or dietary habits. Leptin showed only moderate to poor reliability, which might be linked to weight fluctuations, albeit small, between baseline and follow-up assessment in our study sample. Together, these findings support that ghrelin, GLP1, and PP might be further examined as biomarkers in studies on weight control, with GLP1 and PP serving as anorexic markers and ghrelin as an orexigenic marker. Additional reliability studies in obese individuals are necessary to verify or refute our findings for this cohort.
Objectives: The significance of pre-motor (PMC) corticospinal projections in a frontoparietal motor network remains elusive. Temporal activation patterns can provide valuable information about a region's engagement in a hierarchical network. Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS)-induced virtual lesions provide an excellent method to study cortical physiology by disrupting ongoing activity at high temporal resolution and anatomical precision. We use nTMS-induced virtual lesions applied during an established behavioral task demanding pre-motor activation to clarify the temporal activation pattern of pre-motor corticospinal projections.
Materials and Methods: Ten healthy volunteers participated in the experiment (4 female, mean age 24 ± 2 years, 1 left-handed). NTMS was used to map Brodmann areae 4 and 6 for primary motor (M1) and PMC corticospinal projections. We then determined the stimulator output intensity required to elicit a 1 mV motor evoked potential (1 mV-MT) through M1 nTMS. TMS pulse were randomly delivered at distinct time intervals (40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 ms) at 1 mV-MT intensity to M1, PMC and the DLPFC (dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex; control condition) before participants had to perform major changes of their trajectory of movement during a tracing task. Each participant performed six trials (20 runs per trial). Task performance and contribution of regions under investigation was quantified through calculating the tracing error induced by the stimulation.
Results: A pre-motor stimulation hotspot could be identified in all participants (16.3 ± 1.7 mm medial, 18.6 ± 1.4 mm anterior to the M1 hotspot). NTMS over studied regions significantly affected task performance at discrete time intervals (F(10, 80) = 3.25, p = 0.001). NTMS applied over PMC 120 and 140 ms before changes in movement trajectory impaired task performance significantly more than when applied over M1 (p = 0.021 and p = 0.003) or DLPFC (p = 0.017 and p < 0.001). Stimulation intensity did not account for error size (β = −0.0074, p = 1).
Conclusions: We provide novel evidence that the role of pre-motor corticospinal projections extends beyond that of simple corticospinal motor output. Their activation is crucial for task performance early in the stage of motor preparation suggesting a significant role in shaping voluntary movement. Temporal patterns of human pre-motor activation are similar to that observed in intracortical electrophysiological studies in primates.
MRI-based vessel size imaging (VSI) allows for in-vivo assessment of cerebral microvasculature and perfusion. This exploratory analysis of vessel size (VS) and density (Q; both assessed via VSI) in the subacute phase of ischemic stroke involved sixty-two patients from the BAPTISe cohort (‘Biomarkers And Perfusion--Training-Induced changes after Stroke’) nested within a randomized controlled trial (intervention: 4-week training vs. relaxation). Relative VS, Q, cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and –flow (rCBF) were calculated for: ischemic lesion, perilesional tissue, and region corresponding to ischemic lesion on the contralateral side (mirrored lesion). Linear mixed-models detected significantly increased rVS and decreased rQ within the ischemic lesion compared to the mirrored lesion (coefficient[standard error]: 0.2[0.08] p = 0.03 and −1.0[0.3] p = 0.02, respectively); lesion rCBF and rCBV were also significantly reduced. Mixed-models did not identify time-to-MRI, nor training as modifying factors in terms of rVS or rQ up to two months post-stroke. Larger lesion VS was associated with larger lesion volumes (β 34, 95%CI 6.2–62; p = 0.02) and higher baseline NIHSS (β 3.0, 95%CI 0.49–5.3;p = 0.02), but was not predictive of six-month outcome. In summary, VSI can assess the cerebral microvasculature and tissue perfusion in the subacute phases of ischemic stroke, and may carry relevant prognostic value in terms of lesion volume and stroke severity.
Epileptische Anfälle zählen weltweit zu den häufigsten neurologischen Symptomen. Obwohl bereits sehr viele Daten belegen, dass andere neurologische, akut die Hirnfunktion beein-trächtigende Erkrankungen, wie der Schlaganfall, zu einer systemisch peripheren Immunal-teration führen, existieren bisher wenige humane Daten über den Einfluss epileptischer An-fälle auf das erworbene und angeborene Immunsystem. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es herauszufinden, ob ein epileptischer Anfall ebenfalls zu Veränderungen der erworbenen und angeborenen Immunantwort führt.
Im Rahmen dieser explorativ prospektiven Kohortenstudie wurden Immunparameter im EDTA-Blut von 31 Patient*innen an Tag 0 und 1 nach einem gesicherten epileptischen An-fall (fokale Anfälle oder generalisiert tonisch-klonische Anfälle) analysiert. Als Kontroll-gruppe (n = 18) dienten mehrheitlich Patient*innen mit Kopfschmerzen ohne entzündliche Genese sowie Patient*innen vor einer Katarakt Operation. Die Analyse von Quantitäts-, Charakterisierungs- und Aktivierungszustand der Lymphozyten, Monozyten und Granulozy-ten erfolgte mittels fluoreszenzmarkierter Antikörper (verwendete Marker: CD3, CD4, CD8, HLA-DR, CD32, CD14, CD16 und CD62-L). Zusätzlich wurden die Werte mit bereits publizierten Daten von Patient*innen nach einem Mediainfarkt, die nach demselben Protokoll untersucht wurden, verglichen. Die Auswertung der Facs-Rohdaten erfolgte mittels der Flow-Jo10-Software. Als statistische Tests dienten der Kruskal-Wallis-Test sowie der Dunns-Test als Post-Hoc-Test. (GraphPad Prism 6.0).
Parallel zum Schlaganfall traten nach einem epileptischen Anfall eine Reduktion der Lym-phozytenzahl, eine Monozytose, eine reduzierte monozytäre HLA-DR-Expressionsdichte sowie eine erhöhte Expressionsdichte des Rezeptors CD32 auf. Unterschiede in der Immun-antwort nach Schlaganfall und epileptischem Anfall bestanden in der zeitlichen Dauer der Veränderungen sowie der Zusammensetzung der Monozyten-Subpopulationen.
Diese Studie liefert Daten zu strukturellen und molekularen Veränderungen der unmittelba-ren Immunantwort nach einem epileptischen Anfall. Die erworbene und angeborene postik-tale Immunreaktion ist abhängig von der Art der Anfälle. Sie scheint aber unabhängig davon zu sein, ob ein erstmaliger Anfall oder eine bereits diagnostizierte Epilepsie vorliegt. Lym-phozyten, Monozyten und Granulozyten sind essentielle Elemente der humanen Immunab-wehr. Gezeigte Immunalterationen durch epileptische Anfälle könnten bei Patient*innen zu einer passager reduzierten Abwehrlage führen. Ausgehend von diesen grundlegenden Er-kenntnissen können in Folgestudien umfassendere Zellfunktionsanalysen durchgeführt wer-den, um die tatsächliche klinische Relevanz und Folgen dieser beobachteten Immunalterati-onen zu prüfen.
Background and aim
To report the six-month safety analyses among patients enrolled in the “Physical Fitness Training in Subacute Stroke—PHYS-STROKE” trial and identify underlying risk factors associated with serious adverse events.
Methods
We performed a pre-specified safety analysis of a multicenter, randomized controlled, endpoint-blinded trial comprising 200 patients with moderate to severe subacute stroke (days 5–45 after stroke) that were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either aerobic, bodyweight supported, treadmill-based training (n = 105), or relaxation sessions (n = 95, control group). Each intervention session lasted for 25 min, five times weekly for four weeks, in addition to standard rehabilitation therapy. Serious adverse events defined as cerebro- and cardiovascular events, readmission to hospital, and death were assessed during six months of follow-up. Incident rate ratios (IRR) were calculated, and Poisson regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for serious adverse events and to test the association with aerobic training.
Results
Six months after stroke, 50 serious adverse events occurred in the trial with a higher incidence rate (per 100 patient-months) in the training group compared to the relaxation group (6.31 vs. 3.22; IRR 1.70, 95% CI 0.96 to 3.12). The association of aerobic training with serious adverse events incidence rates were modified by diabetes mellitus (IRR for interaction: 7.10, 95% CI 1.56 to 51.24) and by atrial fibrillation (IRR for interaction: 4.37, 95% CI 0.97 to 31.81).
Conclusions
Safety analysis of the PHYS-STROKE trial found a higher rate of serious adverse events in patients randomized to aerobic training compared to control within six months after stroke. Exploratory analyses found an association between serious adverse events occurrence in the aerobic training group with pre-existing diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation which should be further investigated in future trials.
Data access statement
The raw data and analyses scripts are provided by the authors on a secure online repository for reproduction of reported findings.
Background: Cognitive Training (CT) may contribute to the maintenance and even enhancement of cognitive functions in healthy older adults. However, the question who benefits most from multi-domain CTs is still highly under-investigated.
Objective: The goal is to investigate prognostic factors and models for changes in cognitive test performance in healthy older adults after a multi-domain CT.
Methods: The data bases MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, CENTRAL, and PsycInfo were searched up to July 2019. Studies investigating prognostic factors and/or models on cognitive outcomes (global cognition, memory, attention, executive functions, language, visuo-spatial abilities) after conducting a multi-domain CT in healthy older adults were included. Risk of Bias was assessed using the QUIPS and the PROBAST tool.
Results: 23 prognostic factor and model studies were included. Results indicate a high heterogeneity regarding the conducted multi-domain CTs, the investigated prognostic factors, the investigated outcomes, and the used statistical approaches. Age and neuropsychological performance at study entry were the most investigated predictors, yet they show inconsistent results.
Conclusion: Data on prognostic factors and models of changes after multi-domain CT are still too rare and inconsistent to draw clear conclusions due to statistical shortcomings and low reporting quality. Approaches for future research are outlined.
Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/, ID: CRD42020147531
Subjective cognitive decline (SCD) is considered an early risk stage for dementia due to Alzheimer's disease (AD) and the development of pathological brain changes, such as the aggregation of amyloid-beta (amyloid-β) plaques. This study evaluates the association between specific features of SCD and cerebral amyloid-β load measured by positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-florbetaben in 40 cognitively normal older individuals. Global amyloid-β, as well as regional amyloid-β load for the frontal, temporal, parietal, and cingulate cortex, was quantified. Specific features of SCD, such as subjective cognitive complaints and worry, were assessed using the 39-item Everyday Cognition Scales and the 16-item Penn State Worry Questionnaire. Spearman's rank partial correlation analyses, adjusted for age and apolipoprotein E ε4 status, were conducted to test the associations between specific features of SCD and cerebral amyloid-β load. The severity of subjective cognitive complaints in everyday memory and organization was positively correlated with amyloid-β load in the frontal cortex. In addition, the severity of subjective cognitive complaints in everyday planning was positively correlated with amyloid-β load in the parietal cortex. Higher levels of worry were associated with higher amyloid-β load in the frontal cortex. After correction of the PET data for partial volume effects, these associations were reduced to trend level. In conclusion, the severity of subjective cognitive complaints and the level of trait worry were positively associated with cortical amyloid-β burden, particularly in the frontal and parietal cortex. Further studies are required to elucidate the direction of these associations in order to develop strategies to prevent amyloid deposition and cognitive decline.
Background: Many regions worldwide reported a decline of stroke admissions during the early phase of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. It remains unclear whether urban and rural regions experienced similar declines and whether deviations from historical admission numbers were more pronounced among specific age, stroke severity or treatment groups.
Methods: We used registry datasets from (a) nine acute stroke hospitals in Berlin, and (b) nine hospitals from a rural TeleNeurology network in Northeastern Germany for primary analysis of 3-week-rolling average of stroke/TIA admissions before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. We compared course of stroke admission numbers with regional cumulative severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (Sars-CoV-2) infections. In secondary analyses, we used emergency department logs of the Berlin Charité University hospital to investigate changes in age, stroke severity, and thrombolysis/thrombectomy frequencies during the early regional Sars-CoV-2 spread (March and April 2020) and compared them with preceding years.
Results: Compared to past years, stroke admissions decreased by 20% in urban and 20-25% in rural hospitals. Deviations from historical averages were observable starting in early March and peaked when numbers of regional Sars-CoV-2 infections were still low. At the same time, average admission stroke severity and proportions of moderate/severe strokes (NIHSS >5) were 20 and 20–40% higher, respectively. There were no relevant deviations observed in proportions of younger patients (<65 years), proportions of patients with thrombolysis, or number of thrombectomy procedures. Stroke admissions at Charité subsequently rebounded and reached near-normal levels after 4 weeks when the number of new Sars-CoV-2 infections started to decrease.
Conclusions: During the early pandemic, deviations of stroke-related admissions from historical averages were observed in both urban and rural regions of Northeastern Germany and appear to have been mainly driven by avoidance of admissions of mildly affected stroke patients.