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Streptococcus pneumoniae colonizes asymptomatically the upper respiratory tract as a commensal, but has also a high virulence potential and can leave this ecological niche, thereby spreading to the lungs and blood. During this process, pneumococci must adapt to changing external environmental conditions and parameters such as nutrient availability, temperature, or oxygen levels. The transmission of these signals into the bacterial cell interior occurs via the process of signal transduction, which ultimately results in controlled differential gene expression. The most commonly strategy for signal transduction is the use of two-component regulatory systems (TCS), consisting of a membrane-bound histidine kinase as a sensor and a cytoplasmic response regulator that binds to the promoter region of its target genes and interferes with gene expression.
In this study the regulatory impact and influence of the TCS08 and TCS09 on the phenotype and pathophysiology of S. pneumoniae were investigated using two different serotypes
(serotype 2: D39 and serotype 4: TIGR4). For all functional assays, single (Δrr08/Δrr09 or Δhk08/Δhk09) and double (Δtcs08 or Δtcs09) mutants that were constructed by insertion-deletion mutagenesis, were applied.
In the first study a comparative transcriptome analysis using RNA-sequencing was conducted with our tcs09-mutants and the parental wild-type D39. The data indicated upregulation of the aga operon, which is related to galactose metabolism, and downregulation of the regulator AgaR, particularly in the absence of HK09. Interestingly, encapsulated and nonencapsulated hk09-mutants in D39 showed significant growth defects when galactose was used as sole carbohydrate source. Electron microscopy revealed morphological changes such as an increased number of membrane vesicles and cell wall degradation for the nonencapsulated hk09- and tcs09-mutants of strain D39. An increased capsule production was indicated for the encapsulated hk09- and tcs09-mutants in D39. The latter two mutants as well as the encapsulated rr09-mutant also showed altered colony morphology. While D39Δhk09 formed only opaque colonies, the mutants D39Δrr09 and D39Δtcs09 showed increased numbers of transparent colonies. In a Triton X-100 induced autolysis assay and in the presence of oxidative stress, a negative effect of the morphological changes of D39ΔcpsΔhk09 and D39ΔcpsΔtcs09 on their survivability was demonstrated. In conclusion, we observed that TCS09 in S. pneumoniae D39 is important for its fitness through regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. This indirectly influences cell wall integrity and capsular polysaccharide amount via other regulatory mechanisms, which ultimately affects stress tolerance.
In a second study, we investigated the virulence potential of TCS09 in pneumococcal strain TIGR4. In vitro growth analyses in complex medium showed no effect after loss of function of TCS09 on pneumococcal fitness. In contrast, using the disaccharides lactose and sucrose in chemically defined medium, an extended lag phase of tcs09-mutants was monitored. To assess changes of virulence factor expression, immunoblots were applied to demonstrate the abundance of various essential virulence factors of S. pneumoniae. The results revealed a decreased amount for RrgB, which is the backbone pilus component of type 1 pili, in the hk09-mutant. Field emission scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images were applied to study alterations of the bacterial cell shape. The illustrations by FESEM and TEM showed no effect of TCS09-deletion on pneumococcal cell morphology. Cell culture-based infection analyses revealed a similar adhesion capacity of the parental strain and isogenic mutants to lung epithelial cells. However, phagocytosis assays indicated a significantly increased killing rate of intracellular TIGR4ΔcpsΔtcs09, when compared to the isogenic parental strain. In experimental mouse infection models of acute pneumonia and systemic infection the tcs09-mutants were not attenuated. However, to decipher in more detail differences between the wild-type and tcs09-mutants, in vivo co-infection were performed, which highlighted a significantly lower bacterial load of TIGR4luxΔhk09 and TIGR4luxΔtcs09 especially in the lungs, blood, and brain after 48 h. In conclusion, the TCS09 in TIGR4 is necessary for maintaining metabolic fitness, which in turn contributes to dissemination in the host.
In the third study, the influence of TCS08 on gene expression and metabolic and pathophysiological processes of S. pneumoniae was analyzed. In particular, differential gene expression in the hk08-mutant of TIGR4 was detected using microarray and qPCR. The transcriptome analysis revealed a downregulation of cellobiose specific phosphotransferase systems as well as an upregulation of the fab operon, arc operon, and psa operon. These operons encode proteins involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, arginine catabolism, and manganese uptake, respectively. Furthermore, we measured a downregulation of pilus 1 genes in TIGR4ΔcpsΔtcs08 and an increased expression of pavB in TIGR4ΔcpsΔhk08. These data were confirmed by immunoblotting and surface localization studies. Using in silico analysis, a SaeR-like binding motif was identified in the promoter region of pavB. Furthermore, the impact of TCS08 on pneumococcal virulence was investigated in vivo using the acute pneumonia and sepsis models. These models showed a strain-dependent effect of the single TCS08 component deletions between D39 and TIGR4 pneumococci. Whereas loss of HK08 or TCS08 in D39 attenuated the mutants in the pneumonia model, loss of RR08 in TIGR4 was responsible for a similar effect. In contrast, loss of HK08 in TIGR4 promoted increased virulence in the pneumonia and sepsis model. Overall, these data indicate that TCS08 is involved as key player in bacterial fitness during host colonization.
Adipositas stellt aufgrund der Auftretenshäufigkeit und der Gesundheitsrisiken eine bedeutsame Gesundheitsstörung für Kinder und Jugendliche dar. Eine erfolgversprechende Behandlung ihrer Ursachen sowie körperlichen, psychischen und sozialen Folgeerscheinungen ist durch Veränderungen der familiären Lebensgestaltung im Bereich der Ernährung, des Ess- und Bewegungsverhaltens mittels multimodaler Schulungsprogramme belegt. Im Rahmen eines Forschungsprojekt zur „Regulation des Essverhaltens von Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Adipositas: Untersuchung der Aktivierung des Frontalhirns mit ereigniskorrelierten Potentialen und funktioneller Magnetresonanztomografie - Therapeutische Beeinflussbarkeit“ wurden folgende Fragestellungen bearbeitet: – Ernährungswissen und Einstellungen zum Essverhalten Adipöser vor einem ambulanten Adipositas-Schulungsprogramm im Kontext psychosozialer Faktoren im Vergleich mit Normalgewichtigen, – Einfluss des Ernährungswissens und der Einstellungen zum Essverhalten im Kontext psychosozialer Faktoren auf den Erfolg im Rahmen eines ambulanten Adipositas-Schulungsprogramms (Vorhersage der vollständigen Schulungsteilnahme, Unterschiede zwischen Adipösen und extrem Adipösen sowie zwischen BMI-SDS Verringerern und Haltern), – Ernährungswissen und Einstellungen zum Essverhalten im Zusammenhang mit der neuronalen Aktivierung bei Betrachtung von Essensbildern für adipöse und normalgewichtige Kinder und Jugendliche. Vor und direkt nach einem einjährigen, ambulanten Gruppenschulungsprogramm bei Adipositas wurden Daten zum Ernährungswissen, zu Einstellungen zum Essverhalten und zu psychosozialen Faktoren erhoben sowie eine craniale funktionelle Magnetresonanztomografie bei 46 adipösen Kindern und Jugendlichen durchgeführt. Eine normalgewichtige Vergleichsgruppe wurde rekrutiert. Bestehen in der Summe des Ernährungswissens zwischen adipösen und normalge-wichtigen Kindern und Jugendlichen keine Unterschiede, finden sich voneinander abweichende Einstellungen zum Essverhalten und in psychosozialen Faktoren. Letztere weisen insbesondere die Gruppe der extremen Adipösen als belasteter aus. Für eine vollständige Teilnahme an einer Schulung stellen sich eine wirklichkeitsnahe Formulierung der Ziele wie auch die kontinuierliche Anwesenheit vor allem der Eltern als Vorhersager heraus. Beide Punkte hängen auch positiv mit einer BMI-SDS Verringerung zusammen. Ein Zuwachs an Ernährungswissen ist vor allem bei den erfolgreichen Schulungsteilnehmern zu verzeichnen. Dieser stellt sich insbesondere bei einer hohen sozialen Gesamtkompetenz ein. Die Übernahme von Einstellungen, die mit einer flexiblen Zügelung des Essverhaltens verbunden sind, begünstigt ebenfalls eine BMI-SDS Verringerung. Misserfolge scheinen mit einem hohen Ausmaß an Angst vor Gewichtszunahme, einer rigiden Zügelung im Essverhalten und einer hohen Unzufriedenheit mit dem Körperselbstbild korreliert. Extrem Adipöse profitieren weniger im Bereich der psychosozialen Entlastung und des psychischen Wohlbefindens. Im Ergebnis gilt es Behandlungspfade und Schulungsbausteine im Hinblick auf verschiedene Gruppen adipöser Kinder und Jugendlicher (Adipöse und extrem Adipöse, BMI-SDS Verringerer und Halter) zu individualisieren. Ziele stellen hierbei ein Mehr an Zuversicht, an Selbstwirksamkeitserleben und positiver Emotionalität dar. Eine neuronale Aktivierung verschiedener Regionen bei Betrachtung von Nahrungsbildern ist mit einem hohen Ernährungswissen und Einstellungen zu Essverhalten und Gewichtsproblemen, wie sie normalgewichtige Kinder und Jugendliche zeigen, positiv assoziiert. Normalgewichtige Kinder und Jugendliche bewerten hoch kalorische Nahrungsbilder negativer als adipöse. Adipöse Kinder und Jugendliche scheinen ihre Reaktion auf Nahrungsbilder eher über Top-Down Prozesse zu kontrollieren.
Ernst Ferdinand Ströter (1846-1922) stammt aus einem reformierten Elternhaus in Barmen. Während seines Theologiestudiums wurde er nachhaltig geprägt von Johann Tobias Beck (1804-1878). Ströter übernahm unter anderem dessen Hermeneutik einer ausgeprägten Schriftbezogenheit, den Ansatz einer wachsenden Offenbarung innerhalb der Schrift und eine ausdifferenzierte zukünftig-heilsgeschichtliche Eschatologie prämillenniaristischer Lesart. Als Hauslehrer einer amerikanischen Familie in Paris konvertierte Ströter zum Methodismus und wanderte 1869 in die USA aus. Dort wirkte er zunächst als Hilfsprediger an der Ostküste unter dem Dach des deutschsprachigen bischöflichen Methodismus und anschließend – mittlerweile verheiratet – als Pionierprediger in Texas. Neben seinen pastoralen Tätigkeiten intendierte er dort die Vereinigung der Bischöflich-methodistischen Kirche mit der Bischöflich-methodistischen Kirche des Südens, gründete eine Schule und unterstützte literarisch die damalige Temperenzbewegung. 1879 wurde er mit dem dispensationalistischen Prämillenniarismus John Nelson Darbys (1800-1882) bekannt. Von Darby übernahm Ströter – in Ergänzung zu Becks Einflüssen – besonders das kirchenkritische Gemeindeverständnis, eine ausgeprägte Erwartung der Wiederkunft Christi, die Entrückungsvorstellung der Gemeinde und die theologisch-heilsgeschichtliche Unterscheidung von Gemeinde und Israel. Allerdings schloss sich Ströter nicht – ebenso wenig wie die dispensationalistisch-prämillenniaristische Bewegung seiner Zeit im Ganzen – der Brüderbewegung und einer von Darby geforderten Lösung von der eigenen Denomination an. Innerhalb des deutschsprachigen bischöflichen Methodismus versuchte Ströter, den dispensationalistischen Prämillenniarismus mit seinen gemeindetheologischen Ableitungen bekanntzumachen. Doch wurden seine Lehransichten dort 1881 verurteilt, was Ströter zur inneren Entfremdung von seiner Kirche führte. Er wirkte noch bis 1884 als Prediger in Minnesota, ging dann als theologischer Lehrer an eine methodistische Hochschule (1884-1890) und schließlich als Professor für Latein an die Universität von Denver (1890-1894). Außerhalb des Methodismus propagierte Ströter weiterhin den dispensationalistischen Prämillenniarismus literarisch und durch Vorträge, etwa auf der Niagara Bible Conference. Anschließend gab Ströter jede Form von Festanstellung auf und wirkte 1894-1899 als freier Prediger gemeinsam mit Clemens Arno Gäbelein unter Juden in New York. Ströters und Gäbeleins Hope of Israel Mission vertrat den Ansatz, Judenchristen nicht aus ihrer national-jüdischen Existenz zu lösen, sondern in Toraobservanz zu belassen. Nach einer ersten Europareise 1896 im Auftrag der Hope of Israel Mission kehrte Ströter 1897 als Judenmissionar und freier Prediger nach Europa zurück. Hier unternahm er zahlreiche Vortragsreisen nach Osteuropa, insbesondere nach Russland, und gründete eine eigene Gesellschaft, die die Ansiedlung von Judenchristen im damaligen Palästina unterstützte. Leidenschaftlich unterstützte er auch den politischen Zionismus. Daneben wirkte er als vielgefragter Redner auf zahlreichen Plattformen der damaligen neueren deutschen Erweckungsbewegung, besonders auf den Blankenburger Allianz-, den Tersteegensruh- und den Harzkonferenzen, in Gemeinschaften und in freien Gemeinden. Auch in Europa verfocht Ströter den Prämillenniarismus sowie sein Gemeindeverständnis, wonach die Gemeinde keine institutionelle Größe, sondern von Gott erwählt sei, nach ihrer Entrückung an Christi zukünftigem Heilsschaffen mitzuwirken. 1908 wurde seine Theologie von der Blankenburger Allianz und der Gnadauer Gemeinschaftsbewegung abgelehnt. Ströter hatte mittlerweile seine eigene reformierte Prägung transformiert und in Verknüpfung mit Prämillenniarismus, Israeltheologie und Gemeindeverständnis zu einer Allversöhnungslehre weiterentwickelt. Diese vertrat er durch weitere zahlreiche Vorträge, mit seiner Zeitschrift Das Prophetische Wort (seit 1907) und durch weitere Veröffentlichungen. Auch Ströters Allversöhnungslehre wurde im Raum der neueren deutschen Erweckungsbewegung in einem literarisch geführten Streit fast überwiegend abgewiesen und vertiefte seine theologische Isolierung. 1912 siedelte Ströter in die Schweiz über – sein Schwiegersohn John Louis Nuelsen (1867-1946) – war dort methodistischer Bischof geworden. Der Erste Weltkrieg unterband die Reisen nach Russland und beeinträchtigte die Vortragstätigkeit in Deutschland. Nach dem Krieg und bis zu seinem Tod in Zürich versuchte Ströter noch einmal verstärkt in Deutschland theologisch Fuß zu fassen, fand mit seinen Lehransichten aber nur bei Einzelpersonen und in kleineren Zirkeln Gehör. Ströter darf als markantester Vertreter des dispensationalistischen Prämillenniarismus innerhalb des deutschsprachigen Methodismus in den USA und innerhalb der neueren deutschen Erweckungsbewegung gelten. Sein Ziel, diesem eine größere Bekanntheit zu verschaffen, hat Ströter jedoch nicht erreicht. Heute lebt Ströters theologisch-heilsgeschichtliches Erbe, dessen theologische Spitze und Summe sich in der Allversöhnungslehre findet, bei kleinen, in der Regel nicht institutionalisierten Gruppierungen fort. Zu würdigen bleiben Ströters Rolle innerhalb des deutschsprachigen Methodismus besonders in den USA und innerhalb der neueren deutschen Erweckungsbewegung, sein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Judenmission, manche seiner theologischen Impulse wie beispielsweise seine aus seiner Israeltheologie resultierende Erwählungslehre, die Einfluss auf Karl Barths (1886-1968) Erwählungslehre genommen hat, sowie seine wache Zeitzeugenschaft, die ihn bereits 1921 vor dem – von ihm so genannten – "Hakenkreuz-Antisemitismus" warnen ließ.
Like eukaryotes, different bacterial species express one or more Ser/Thr kinases and phosphatases that operate in various signaling networks by catalyzing phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins that can immediately regulate biochemical pathways by altering protein function. The human pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae encodes a single Ser/Thr kinase-phosphatase couple known as StkP-PhpP, which has shown to be crucial in the regulation of cell wall synthesis and cell division. In this study, we applied proteomics to further understand the physiological role of pneumococcal PhpP and StkP with an emphasis on phosphorylation events on Ser and Thr residues. Therefore, the proteome of the non-encapsulated D39 strain (WT), a kinase (ΔstkP), and phosphatase mutant (ΔphpP) were compared in a mass spectrometry based label-free quantification experiment. Results show that a loss of function of PhpP causes an increased abundance of proteins in the phosphate uptake system Pst. Quantitative proteomic data demonstrated an effect of StkP and PhpP on the two-component systems ComDE, LiaRS, CiaRH, and VicRK. To obtain further information on the function, targets and target sites of PhpP and StkP we combined the advantages of phosphopeptide enrichment using titanium dioxide and spectral library based data evaluation for sensitive detection of changes in the phosphoproteome of the wild type and the mutant strains. According to the role of StkP in cell division we identified several proteins involved in cell wall synthesis and cell division that are apparently phosphorylated by StkP. Unlike StkP, the physiological function of the co-expressed PhpP is poorly understood. For the first time we were able to provide a list of previously unknown putative targets of PhpP. Under these new putative targets of PhpP are, among others, five proteins with direct involvement in cell division (DivIVA, GpsB) and peptidoglycan biosynthesis (MltG, MreC, MacP).
Streptococcus pneumoniae is a commensal of the human upper respiratory tract and moreover, the
causative agent of several life-threatening diseases including pneumonia, sepsis, otitis media, and
meningitis. Due to the worldwide rise of resistance to antibiotics in pneumococci the understanding
of its physiology is of increasing importance. In this context, the analysis of the pneumococcal
proteome is helpful as comprehensive data on protein abundances in S. pneumoniae may provide
an extensive source of information to facilitate the development of new vaccines and drug
treatments.
It is known that protein phosphorylation on serine, threonine and tyrosine residues is a major
regulatory post-translational modification in pathogenic bacteria. This reversible post-translational
modification enables the translation of extracellular signals into cellular responses and therewith
adaptation to a steadily changing environment. Consequently, it is of particular interest to gather
precise information about the phosphoproteome of pneumococci. S. pneumoniae encodes a single
Serine/Threonine kinase-phosphatase couple known as StkP-PhpP.
To address the global impact and physiological importance of StkP and PhpP which are closely
linked to the regulation of cell morphology, growth and cell division in S. pneumoniae, proteomics
with an emphasis on phosphorylation and dephosphorylation events on Ser and Thr residues was
applied. Thus, the non-encapsulated pneumococcal D39Δcps strain (WT), a kinase (ΔstkP) and
phosphatase mutant (ΔphpP) were analyzed in in a mass spectrometry based label-free
quantification experiment. The global proteome analysis of the mutants deficient for stkP or phpP
already proved the essential role of StkP-PhpP in the protein regulation of the pneumococcus.
Proteins with significantly altered abundances were detected in diverse functional groups in both
mutants. Noticeable changes in the proteome of the stkP deletion mutant were observed in
metabolic processes such as “Amino acid metabolism” and also in pathways regulating genetic
and environmental information processing like “Transcription” and “Signal transduction”.
Prominent changes in the metabolism of DNA, nucleotides, carbohydrates, cofactors and vitamins
as well as in the categories “Transport and binding proteins” and “Glycan biosynthesis and
metabolism” have been additionally detected in the proteome of the phosphatase mutant. Still, the
quantitative comparison of WT and mutants revealed more significantly altered proteins in ΔphpP
than in ΔstkP. Moreover, the results indicated that the loss of function of PhpP causes an increased
abundance of proteins in the pneumococcal phosphate uptake system Pst. Furthermore, the
obtained quantitative proteomic data revealed an influence of StkP and PhpP on the twocomponent
systems ComDE, LiaRS, CiaRH, and VicRK.
Recent studies of the pneumococcal StkP/PhpP couple demonstrated that both proteins play an
essential role in cell growth, cell division and separation. Growth analyses and the phenotypic
characterization of the mutants by electron-microscopy performed within this work pointed out
that ΔphpP and ΔstkP had different growth characteristics and abnormal cell division and cell
separation. Nevertheless, the morphological effects could not be explained by changes in protein
abundances on a global scale. So, the in-depth analysis of the phosphoproteome was mandatory
to deliver further information of PhpP and StkP and their influence in cell division and
peptidoglycan synthesis by modulating proteins involved in this mechanisms.
For more detailed insights into the activity, targets and target sites of PhpP and StkP the advantages
of phosphopeptide enrichment using titanium dioxide and spectral library based data evaluation
were combined. Indeed, the application of an adapted workflow for phosphoproteome analyses
and the use of a recently constructed broad spectral library, including a large number of
phosphopeptides (504) highly enhanced the reliable and reproducible identification of
phosphorylated proteins in this work.
Finally, already known targets and target sites of StkP and PhpP, detected and described in other
studies using different experimental procedures, have been identified as a proof of principle
applying the mass spectrometry based phosphoproteome approach presented in this work.
Referring to the role of StkP in cell division and cell separation a number of proteins participating
in cell wall synthesis and cell division that are apparently phosphorylated by StkP was identified.
In comparison to StkP, the physiological function and role of the co-expressed phosphatase PhpP
is poorly understood. But, especially the list of previously unknown putative target substrates of
PhpP has been extended remarkably in this work. Among others, five proteins with direct
involvement in cell division (DivIVA, GpsB) and peptidoglycan biosynthesis (MltG, MreC, MacP)
can be found under the new putative targets of PhpP.
All in all, this work provides a complex and comprehensive protein repository of high proteome
coverage of S. pneumoniae D39 including identification of yet unknown serine/threonine/tyrosine
phosphorylation, which might contribute to support various research interests within the scientific
community and will facilitate further investigations of this important human pathogen.
Abstract
Reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) of a cobalt cathode in pure argon gas and with different oxygen admixtures was investigated by time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and time-integrated energy-resolved mass spectrometry. The HiPIMS discharge was operated with a bipolar pulsed power supply capable of providing a large negative voltage with a typical pulse width of 100 μs followed by a long positive pulse with a pulse width of about 350 μs. The HiPIMS plasma in pure argon is dominated by Co+ ions. With the addition of oxygen, O+ ions become the second most prominent positive ion species. OES reveals the presence of Ar I, Co I, O I, and Ar II emission lines. The transition from an Ar+ to a Co+ ion sputtering discharge is inferred from time-resolved OES. The enhanced intensity of excited Ar+* ions is explained by simultaneous excitation and ionisation induced by energetic secondary electrons from the cathode. The intensity of violet Ar I lines is drastically reduced during HiPIMS. Intensity of near-infrared Ar I lines resumes during the positive pulse indicating an additional heating mechanism.
The pulse length dependence of a reactive high power impulse magnetron sputtering (HiPIMS) discharge with a tungsten cathode in an argon+oxygen gas mixture gas was investigated. The HiPIMS discharge is operated with a variable pulse length of 20–500 µs. Discharge current measurements, optical emission spectroscopy of neutral Ar, O, and W lines, and energy-resolved ion mass spectrometry are employed. A pronounced dependence of the discharge current on pulse length is noted while the initial discharge voltage is maintained constant. Energy-resolved mass spectrometry shows that the oxygen-to-tungsten (O+/W+) and the tungsten oxide-to-tungsten (WO+/W+) ion ratio decreases with pulse length due to target cleaning. Simulation results employing the SDTrimSP program show the formation of a non-stoichiometric sub-surface compound layer of oxygen which depends on the impinging ion composition and thus on the pulse length.
AbstractThe performance of a positively biased external ring anode in combination with a hollow cathode (HC) discharge or a magnetron sputtering (MS) discharge, both with a Ti cathode and with Ar as working gas, is investigated. Plasma and floating potential increase as function of anode voltage. Energy-resolved mass spectrometry reveals that the kinetic energy of argon and titanium ions is enhanced by a positive anode voltage allowing for an effective energy control of plasma ions.
A hollow cathode discharge with a Ti cathode and a positively biased ring anode was operated in Ar + N2 or Ar + O2 gas mixtures. The energy distribution of plasma ions is investigated with the help of energy-resolved mass spectrometry. Singly and doubly charged Ar+ and Ar2+ ions and molecular N+2 or O+2 ions are the most abundant ionic species. The kinetic energy of all plasma ions is enhanced by a positive anode voltage.
Formation of singly and doubly charged Arq+ and Tiq+ (q = 1,2) and of molecular Ar 2 +, ArTi+, and Ti 2 + ions in a direct current magnetron sputtering discharge with a Ti cathode and argon as working gas was investigated with the help of energy-resolved mass spectrometry. Measured ion energy distributions consist of low-energy and high-energy components resembling different formation processes. Intensities of Ar 2 + and ArTi+ dimer ions strongly increase with increasing gas pressure. Addition of oxygen gas leads to the formation of positively charged O+, O2 +, and TiO+ and of negatively charged O− and O2 - ions.
In wet peatlands, plant growth conditions are largely determined by local soil conditions, leading to locally adapted vegetation. Despite that Carex species are often the prevailing vascular plant species in fen peatlands of the temperate zone, information about how these species adapt to local environmental conditions is scarce. This holds true especially for below-ground plant traits and for adaptations to fen-typical nutrient level variations. To address this research gap, we investigated how different geographic origins (Germany, Poland, The Netherlands) of C. acutiformis and C. rostrata relate to their response to varying nutrient availability. We performed a common garden experiment with a controlled gradient of nutrient levels, and analyzed above- and below-ground biomass production of both Carex species from the different geographic origins. We related these traits to environmental conditions of the origins as characterized by vegetation composition-derived indicator values for ecological habitat conditions. While we detected high above-ground phenotypic plasticity of Carex from different origins, our data point to below-ground genotypic differences, potentially indicating local adaptation: Rhizome traits of C. rostrata differed significantly between origins with different nutrient indicator values. These results point towards differences in C. rostrata clonal spread behavior depending on local peatland conditions. Therefore, local adaptations of plant species and below-ground biomass traits should be taken into account when studying peatland vegetation ecology, as key functional traits can differ between genotypes within a single species depending on local conditions.
The deep-sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila lacks a digestive system but completely relies on bacterial endosymbionts for nutrition. Although the symbiont has been studied in detail on the molecular level, such analyses were unavailable for the animal host, because sequence information was lacking. To identify host-symbiont interaction mechanisms, we therefore sequenced the Riftia transcriptome, which served as a basis for comparative metaproteomic analyses of symbiont-containing versus symbiont-free tissues, both under energy-rich and energy-limited conditions. Our results suggest that metabolic interactions include nutrient allocation from symbiont to host by symbiont digestion and substrate transfer to the symbiont by abundant host proteins. We furthermore propose that Riftia maintains its symbiont by protecting the bacteria from oxidative damage while also exerting symbiont population control. Eukaryote-like symbiont proteins might facilitate intracellular symbiont persistence. Energy limitation apparently leads to reduced symbiont biomass and increased symbiont digestion. Our study provides unprecedented insights into host-microbe interactions that shape this highly efficient symbiosis.
Symbiotic interactions are a key element of biological systems. One powerful strategy to gain insight into these interactions, and into biological systems in general, is the analysis of proteins expressed in situ using metaproteomics. In this thesis, host-microbe interactions in two mutualistic associations between chemosynthetic sulfur-oxidizing endosymbionts and marine invertebrates, the deep-sea tubeworm Riftia pachyptila and the shallow-water clam Codakia orbicularis, were studied by adapted and optimized metaproteomics methods.
The Riftia symbiosis, which inhabits hydrothermal vents in the deep sea, and in which the host completely depends on its symbiont for nutrition, has fascinated researchers for about four decades. Yet, the interaction mechanisms between both partners have been understudied so far. Additionally, while different aspects of the host’s biology have been described, a comprehensive analysis has been lacking. Moreover, although only one symbiont 16S rRNA phylotype is present in Riftia, the symbiont population of the same host expresses proteins of various redundant or opposed metabolic pathways at the same time. As the symbionts also exhibit a wide variety in size and shape, symbionts of different size might have dissimilar physiological functions, which remained as of now to be elucidated. In this thesis, we addressed both, the host-symbiont interaction mechanisms, and physiological roles of symbiont subpopulations. A comprehensive Riftia host and symbiont protein database was generated as prerequisite for metaproteomics studies by de novo sequencing the host’s transcriptome and combining it with existing symbiont protein databases. This database was then used for metaproteomics comparisons of symbiont-containing and symbiont-free Riftia tissues, to gain insights into host-symbiont interactions on the protein level. The impact of energy availability on host-symbiont interactions was studied by comparing specimens with stored sulfur (i.e., high energy availability) with specimens in which sulfur storages were depleted. We employed optimized liquid chromatography peptide separation to increase metaproteome coverage. With this analysis, we identified proteins and mechanisms likely involved in maintaining the symbiosis, under varying environmental conditions. We unraveled key interaction mechanisms, i.e.: (i) the host likely digests its symbionts using abundant digestive enzymes, and, at the same time, (ii) a considerable part of the worm’s proteome is involved in creating stable internal conditions, thus maintaining the symbiont population. Furthermore, (iii) the symbionts probably employ eukaryote-like proteins to communicate with the host. (iv) Under conditions of restricted energy availability, the host apparently increases digestion pressure on the symbiotic population to sustain itself.
Riftia symbionts of different size apparently have dissimilar metabolic roles, as revealed in this thesis. We enriched symbionts of different sizes using gradient centrifugation. These enrichments were subjected to protein extraction using a protocol optimized for the small sample amount available. Metaproteomics analysis included a gel-based workflow and evaluation of the complex dataset with machine learning techniques. Based on our metaproteomics study, we propose that Riftia symbionts of different cell size correspond to dissimilar physiological differentiation stages. Smaller cells are apparently engaged in cell differentiation and host interactions. Larger cells, on the other hand, seem to be more involved in synthesis of various organic compounds. Supposedly, in large symbionts endoreduplication cycles lead to polyploidy. Our results indicate that the Riftia symbiont employs a large part of its metabolic repertoire at the same time in the stable host environment.
The symbiont of the shallow-water clam Codakia orbicularis, which, like the Riftia symbiont, relies on reduced sulfur compounds as energy source and fixes inorganic carbon, is, unexpectedly, also able to fix atmospheric nitrogen, as shown by metaproteomic, genomic and biochemical analysis. Potentially, this benefits the host, as Codakia digests its symbiont and might thus supplement its diet with organic nitrogen fixed by the symbionts in addition to organic carbon in its nitrogen-poor seagrass habitat.
In der Hefe S. cerevisiae erfolgt die Transkriptionsregulation der Strukturgene der Phospholipid-Biosynthese in Abhängigkeit der intrazellulären Konzentration der beiden Phospholipid¬vorstufen Inositol und Cholin (IC). Bei IC-Mangel kommt es zu einer Akkumulation des Signalmoleküls Phosphatidsäure, wodurch der Repressor Opi1 extranukleär am endoplasmatischen Retikulum (ER) verankert wird. Dadurch kann der heterodimere Aktivator Ino2/Ino4 an eine spezifische „upstream activation site” (UAS) in der Promotorregion, die als ICRE-Motiv („inositol/choline-responsive element“) bezeichnet wird, binden und die Initiation der Transkription vermitteln. Die aktivierende Wirkung geht dabei von zwei Transkriptions¬aktivierungsdomänen (TAD) im N-Terminus von Ino2 aus. Da bisher unbekannt war, wie die Ino2-vermittelte Genaktivierung erfolgt, bestand das Ziel dieser Arbeit in der Identifizierung der Coaktivatoren, die direkt an die TADs von Ino2 binden. Ferner sollten die für die Transkriptionsaktivierung wichtigen Wechselwirkungen innerhalb der Coaktivatoren präzise kartiert werden. Es konnte hier mit Hilfe der affinitätschromatographischen Methode des GST-„Pulldown“ gezeigt werden, dass TAD1 und TAD2 von Ino2 mit den generellen Transkriptionsfaktoren TFIID und TFIIA interagieren. Innerhalb des TFIID wurden die Untereinheiten Taf1, Taf4, Taf6, Taf10 und Taf12 in vitro als direkte Ino2-Interaktionspartner identifiziert. Dabei binden alle identifizierten Taf-Proteine an die starke TAD1, Taf10 zusätzlich an die TAD2. Frühere Untersuchungen hatten gezeigt, dass Mutationen innerhalb der TAD1 von Ino2 (D20K, F21R) zu einem vollständigen Verlust der Aktivierungsleistung führen. In dieser Arbeit wurde nachgewiesen, dass die gerichtete Mutation dieser Aminosäuren zu einem vollständigen Interaktionsverlust mit den Taf-Proteinen führt. Mit Hilfe von Interaktionsexperimenten wurden innerhalb von Taf1 zwei distinkte Aktivatorinteraktionsdomänen (AID1: AS 1-100; AID2: AS 182-250) kartiert, die die Bindung an Ino2 vermitteln. Mutationen hydrophober und basischer Aminosäure-Reste innerhalb der Taf1-AID2 hatten einen vollständigen Verlust der Interaktion mit Ino2 zur Folge. Möglicherweise sind also ionische und hydrophobe Wechselwirkungen an der Interaktion von Ino2 und Taf1 beteiligt. Mit Hilfe der Chromatin-Immunopräzipitation (ChIP) erfolgte der Nachweis, dass Taf1 in Abhängigkeit von Ino2 auch in vivo an den ICRE-haltigen Promotoren INO1 und CHO2 vorhanden ist. Im Folgenden wurden auch die Ino2-Interaktionsbereiche innerhalb der Proteine Taf6, Taf10 und Taf12 durch die Generierung sukzessiver GST-Verkürzungen eingegrenzt. Taf10 und Taf12 besitzen wie Taf1 zwei separate AIDs (Taf10: AID1 AS 1-100; AID2 AS 131-176; Taf12: AID1 AS 50-100; AID2 AS 100-178). Untersuchungen mit mutagenisierten Varianten, bei denen wie zuvor im Fall von Taf1 hydrophobe und basische Aminosäuren innerhalb der Taf12 AID2 ausgetauscht wurden, führten lediglich zu einer Verringerung der Bindungsintensität. Dies lässt vermuten, dass mehrere kleine Domänen innerhalb der AID2 existieren, die funktionell redundant sind. Mit Hilfe weiterer ChIP-Experimente konnte auch nachgewiesen werden, dass Taf6 und Taf12 abhängig von Ino2 an den untersuchten Promotoren INO1 und CHO2 vorhanden sind. Die Proteine Taf1 und Taf6 wurden exemplarisch für Genexpressionsstudien ausgewählt, um ihren Einfluss auf die Transkription des Gens INO1 unter in vivo Bedingungen nachzuweisen. Durch vergleichende Northernblot-Hybridisierungen mit temperatursensitiven (ts) taf-Mutanten wurde gezeigt, dass die INO1-Expression unter nichtpermissiven Bedingungen (37°C) auf 7% (taf1ts) bzw. 4% (taf6ts) abfällt. Diese Befunde belegen, dass INO1 zu den Taf-abhängigen Genen zählt. Der generelle Transkriptionsfaktor TFIIA wurde ebenfalls auf eine Interaktion mit Ino2 untersucht. Bekannt war bereits, dass der Aktivator Rap1, der ähnlich wie Ino2 mit mehreren TFIID-Untereinheiten interagiert, auch TFIIA kontaktiert. Durch GST-„Pulldown“-Studien konnte die Untereinheit Toa1 als direkter Ino2-Interaktionspartner identifiziert werden. Dabei zeigte sich, dass Toa1 sowohl mit der TAD1 als auch der TAD2 von Ino2 interagiert und die TAD1 Aminosäuresubstitutionen D20K und F21R zu einem vollständigen Interaktionsverlust führen. In dieser Arbeit konnte somit gezeigt werden, dass die generellen Transkriptionsfaktoren TFIID und TFIIA als Coaktivatoren des für die Transkription der Strukturgene der Phospholipid-Biosynthese essentiellen Aktivators Ino2 fungieren.
Purpose
Due to the demographic change morbidity raises the demand for medical hospital services as well as a need for medical specialization, while economic and human resources are diminishing. Unlike other industries hospitals do not have sufficient data and adequate models to relate growing demands and increasing performance to growth in staff capacity and to increase in staff competences.
Method
Based on huge medical data sample covering the years from 2010 to 2014 with more than 150,000 operations of the Department for Anesthesiology at the University Hospital Muenster, Germany, comparisons are drawn between the development of medical services and the development of personnel capacity and expertise.
Results
The numbers of surgical operations increased by 21% and “skin incision to closure” time by 17%. Simultaneously, personnel capacity grew by 16% largely resting upon recruiting first-time employees. Expertise measured as “years of professional experience” dwindled from 10 years to 5.4 years on average and staff turnover accelerated.
Conclusion
Static benchmark data collected at fixed reference dates do not sufficiently reflect the nexus between capacity and competence and do not reflect the dynamic changes in a hospital’s requirements for expertise and specialization, at all. Staff turnover leads to a loss of experience, which jeopardizes patient safety and hampers medical specialization. In consequence of the dramatic shortage of medical specialists, drop-off rates must be reduced and retention rates must be increased. To that end, working conditions need to be fundamentally converted for a multigeneration, multicultural, and increasingly female workforce.
Fast 3D particle reconstruction using a convolutional neural network: application to dusty plasmas
(2021)
AbstractWe present an algorithm to reconstruct the three-dimensional positions of particles in a dense cloud of particles in a dusty plasma using a convolutional neural network. The approach is found to be very fast and yields a relatively high accuracy. In this paper, we describe and examine the approach regarding the particle number and the reconstruction accuracy using synthetic data and experimental data. To show the applicability of the approach the 3D positions of particles in a dense dust cloud in a dusty plasma under weightlessness are reconstructed from stereoscopic camera images using the prescribed neural network.
The present work provides new insight concerning histidine phosphorylation in proteins, which is an essential regulatory posttranslational modification. To study histidine phosphorylation, a newly developed NMR approach, the HNP experiment, is presented in this thesis. The HNP experiment provides specific experimental evidence of phosphorylated histidines in proteins. It allows for the determination of the regiochemistry of phosphohistidines on the basis of three individual peak patterns for distinguishing all three phosphohistidines i.e. 1- and 3-phosphohistidine and 1,3-diphosphohistidine. This novel NMR approach allows the investigation of histidine phosphorylation in proteins under physiological conditions without resorting to chemical shift comparisons, reference compounds, or radioactively labelled phosphate. In this thesis, histidine phosphorylation in the regulatory domains PRDI and PRDII of the Bacillus subtilis antiterminator protein GlcT was intensely studied. GlcT is a transcription factor, which regulates the phosphotransferase system (PTS) by modulating the expression level of PTS-enzymes (Enzyme I, HPr, Enzyme II) on a transcriptional level. Upon the phosphorylation of conserved histidines in PRDI and PRDII, the function of GlcT is regulated through its aggregation state. In this thesis, it is shown that histidines in both PRDs are primarily phosphorylated at their N(Epsilon-2), forming 3-phosphohistidine. In addition, we found, by newly optimized mass spectrometry conditions, that both PRDs are dominantly onefold phosphorylated. By using tandem mass spectrometry to study PRDI, we identified histidine 170, which is the second of two conserved histidines (His 111 and His 170), as the phosphorylation site. In this thesis, it is also shown through comprehensive mutational studies that both conserved histidines (His 218 and His 279) in PRDII can be individually phosphorylated. This is in good agreement with mass spectrometry results that indicated an additional twofold phosphorylation in PRDII. This can be explained as follows: an intra-domain phosphate transfer between both conserved histidines in PRDII might be involved in the phosphorylation reaction, finally leading to a mainly onefold phosphorylated PRDII at one of the two conserved histidines. This minor twofold phosphorylation has also been found in PRDI. However, the specific peak pattern in the HNP-spectra of PRDI strongly suggest that this additional phosphorylation originates from a 1,3-diphosphohistidine, most likely at histidine 170. Furthermore, for the first time the existence of 1,3-diphosphohistidine in a protein was found. We also show that the phosphorylation of PRDI can be achieved in the absence of Enzyme II which is in contrast to the literature. Shown by analytical gel filtration, the monomeric aggregation state of PRDI obtained upon Enzyme II-free phosphorylation is identical to the monomeric aggregation state which was proposed for the Enzyme II-dependent phosphorylation of GlcT. As shown in this thesis, the combined results of HNP-NMR, mass spectrometry and analytical gel filtration deepen our understanding of regulatory histidine phosphorylation in the individual PRDI and PRDII domains of the Bacillus sub- tilis GlcT. I anticipate that this approach will be applicable to study histidine phosphorylations in other phosphoproteins.
Submerged macrophytes play a key role in north temperate shallow lakes by stabilizing clear-water conditions. Eutrophication has resulted in macrophyte loss and shifts to turbid conditions in many lakes. Considerable efforts have been devoted to shallow lake restoration in many countries, but long-term success depends on a stable recovery of submerged macrophytes. However, recovery patterns vary widely and remain to be fully understood. We hypothesize that reduced external nutrient loading leads to an intermediate recovery state with clear spring and turbid summer conditions similar to the pattern described for eutrophication. In contrast, lake internal restoration measures can result in transient clear-water conditions both in spring and summer and reversals to turbid conditions. Furthermore, we hypothesize that these contrasting restoration measures result in different macrophyte species composition, with added implications for seasonal dynamics due to differences in plant traits. To test these hypotheses, we analyzed data on water quality and submerged macrophytes from 49 north temperate shallow lakes that were in a turbid state and subjected to restoration measures. To study the dynamics of macrophytes during nutrient load reduction, we adapted the ecosystem model PCLake. Our survey and model simulations revealed the existence of an intermediate recovery state upon reduced external nutrient loading, characterized by spring clear-water phases and turbid summers, whereas internal lake restoration measures often resulted in clear-water conditions in spring and summer with returns to turbid conditions after some years. External and internal lake restoration measures resulted in different macrophyte communities. The intermediate recovery state following reduced nutrient loading is characterized by a few macrophyte species (mainly pondweeds) that can resist wave action allowing survival in shallow areas, germinate early in spring, have energy-rich vegetative propagules facilitating rapid initial growth and that can complete their life cycle by early summer. Later in the growing season these plants are, according to our simulations, outcompeted by periphyton, leading to late-summer phytoplankton blooms. Internal lake restoration measures often coincide with a rapid but transient colonization by hornworts, waterweeds or charophytes. Stable clear-water conditions and a diverse macrophyte flora only occurred decades after external nutrient load reduction or when measures were combined.