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Die Stoffwechselerkrankung Diabetes mellitus lässt sich auf eine Insulinresistenz oder einen Insulinmangel zurückführen. Da die Prävalenz des Diabetes mellitus in den letzten Jahrzehnten stark zugenommen hat, werden Diagnostik und Verlaufskontrolle der Erkrankung immer bedeutsamer.
Eines der wichtigsten Diagnosekriterien ist die Plasmaglukosekonzentration im venösen Blut. Um diese exakt messen zu können, ist es notwendig die Proben entweder sehr schnell (< 30 Minuten) zu zentrifugieren oder geeignete Blutentnahme-Röhrchen zu verwenden, um die Glykolyse zu hemmen. Die momentan auf dem Markt verfügbaren Röhrchen mit Glykolysehemmung enthalten als Additive Natrium-Fluorid(NaF) oder NaF und Citrat (NaF/Cit). Während sich NaF als alleiniges Additiv als nicht ausreichend herausgestellt hat und eine Unterschätzung der Glukosekonzentration in diesen Röhrchen berichtet wurde, wurde eine Überschätzung der Glukosekonzentration bei Anwendung der Citrat-stabilisierten Röhrchen beschrieben. Um eine etwaige Überschätzung der Glukosekonzentration in den genannten Röhrchen zu prüfen, wurden in dieser Arbeit sechs verschiedene Röhrchen: 1 x Lithium-Heparin (LH), 1 x EDTA, 1 x NaF und 3 x NaF/Cit untersucht.
In drei Studienabschnitten (A1 - A3) wurde bei insgesamt 102 Probanden unter standardisierten Bedingungen venöses Blut abgenommen. In A1 wurde ein direkter Vergleich der Glukosekonzentration in allen Blutentnahmegefäßen unter idealen präanalytischen Bedingungen vorgenommen. In A2 wurde die Stabilität der Glukosekonzentration nach zweistündiger Lagerung bei Raumtemperatur geprüft. In A3 wurde die Stabilität der Glukosekonzentration nach Lagerung bis zu 24 Stunden an 12 Zeitpunkten geprüft. In allen Studienabschnitten diente ein sofort nach Blutentnahme zentrifugiertes LH-Röhrchen als Referenz.
Im Ergebnis dieser Arbeit zeigte sich, dass unter idealen präanalytischen Bedingungen, alle Röhrchen verlässliche Glukosekonzentrationen liefern. Bei einer verzögerten Bearbeitungszeit ab 45 Minuten ist die Glukosekonzentration in den LH-, EDTA- und NaF-Röhrchen jedoch vermindert. Diese Röhrchen sind für solche präanalytischen Bedingungen nicht geeignet. Hingegen ist die Glukosekonzentration in den NaF/Cit-Röhrchen auch bei verzögerter Prozessierung bis mindestens vier Stunden stabil. Eine Überschätzung der Plasmaglukosekonzentration in den NaF/Cit-Röhrchen konnte nicht festgestellt werden. Insgesamt können alle drei auf dem deutschen Markt zugelassenen NaF/Cit-Röhrchen für die Messung der Plasmaglukosekonzentration zur Diagnose und regelmäßigen Kontrolle des Diabetesmellitus empfohlen werden, da sie eine zuverlässige Bestimmung der Glukosekonzentration im klinischen Alltag erlauben.
The hairpin ribozyme is a small Mg2+-dependent catalytic RNA molecule able to catalyze the trans-cleavage of an RNA substrate via a reversible trans-esterification mechanism. In this study, the cleavage activities of several fragmented hairpin ribozyme systems were examined. Due to the complex catalytic structure of the hairpin ribozyme, a new boronic acid ester was used as a covalent linkage to hold the folding of the functional system. It has been demonstrated the possibility of replacing the phosphodiester linkage, at specific positions, with a boronic acid ester to restore or improve the catalytic activity of fragmented hairpin ribozyme.
Background: Highly accurate detection of intracranial hemorrhages (ICH) on head computed tomography (HCT) scans can prove challenging at high-volume centers. This study aimed to determine the number of additional ICHs detected by an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm and to evaluate reasons for erroneous results at a level I trauma center with teleradiology services.
Methods: In a retrospective multi-center cohort study, consecutive emergency non-contrast HCT scans were analyzed by a commercially available ICH detection software (AIDOC, Tel Aviv, Israel). Discrepancies between AI analysis and initial radiology report (RR) were reviewed by a blinded neuroradiologist to determine the number of additional ICHs detected and evaluate reasons leading to errors.
Results: 4946 HCT (05/2020-09/2020) from 18 hospitals were included in the analysis. 205 reports (4.1%) were classified as hemorrhages by both radiology report and AI. Out of a total of 162 (3.3%) discrepant reports, 62 were confirmed as hemorrhages by the reference neuroradiologist. 33 ICHs were identified exclusively via RRs. The AI algorithm detected an additional 29 instances of ICH, missed 12.4% of ICH and overcalled 1.9%; RRs missed 10.9% of ICHs and overcalled 0.2%. Many of the ICHs missed by the AI algorithm were located in the subarachnoid space (42.4%) and under the calvaria (48.5%). 85% of ICHs missed by RRs occurred outside of regular working-hours. Calcifications (39.3%), beam-hardening artifacts (18%), tumors (15.7%), and blood vessels (7.9%) were the most common reasons for AI overcalls. ICH size, image quality, and primary examiner experience were not found to be significantly associated with likelihood of incorrect AI results.
Conclusion: Complementing human expertise with AI resulted in a 12.2% increase in ICH detection. The AI algorithm overcalled 1.9% HCT.
Trial registration: German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS-ID: DRKS00023593).
Zusammenfassung
Die vorliegende Studie befasst sich mit der Morphologie des menschlichen Tuber maxillae unter Berücksichtigung alters- und geschlechtsspezifischer Unterschiede. Grundlage dieser Arbeit waren DVT-Datensätze von 118 erwachsenen Probanden beiderlei Geschlechts. Basierend auf den Rohdatensätzen wurden, mit Hilfe der NewTom 3G Software (QR NNT Version 2.11 Professional ©), Axialschnitte parallel zur Ebene des Nasenhöhlenbodens angefertigt. Die Schichtstärke der Axialschnitte betrug 3,0 mm. Die daraus resultierenden axialen DVT-Schichtaufnahmen waren die Basis für alle weiteren Untersuchungen. Im Folgenden konnte auf der Grundlage definierter Messpunkte und Hilfslinien, Streckenmessungen am Tuber maxillae vorgenommen werden. Diese Streckenmessungen waren Ausgangspunkt für die Definition unterschiedlicher Formentypen des Tuber maxillae.
Um geschlechts- und altersspezifische Unterschiede zwischen den gewonnenen Messdaten und Formtypen des Tuber maxillae beurteilen zu können, wurde zunächst eine deskriptive Statistik erstellt. Darauf aufbauend erfolgte ein t-Test, durch den Geschlechtsunterschiede dargestellt werden konnten. Mit Hilfe einer einfaktoriellen Varianzanalyse (ANOVA) untersuchten wir die gewonnenen Daten in Bezug zu den drei Altersgruppen der erwachsenen Probanden. Des Weiteren nahmen wir eine Korrelations- und Regressionsanalyse unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Gesichtsschädelmaße vor. Mit Hilfe der Bestimmung eines Symmetriequotienten erfolgte die Beurteilung von Seitenunterschieden.
Anhand der Streckenmessungen des Tuber maxillae zeigte sich, dass der Tuber maxillae bei den Männern höher ist als bei den Frauen. Breite und Länge des Tuber maxillae sind jedoch geschlechtsunabhängig. Obgleich keine signifikanten Altersunterschiede in Bezug auf die Höhe des Tuber maxillae nachgewiesen werden konnten, wurden Unterschiede zwischen den Altersgruppen 2 und 3 beobachtet. So nahm die Höhe des Tuber maxillae bis zur Altersgruppe 2 zunächst zu, um bei den älteren Probanden in der Altersgruppe 3 wieder leicht abzunehmen. Das Symmetrieverhalten des Tuber maxillae zeigte im Bezug zur Höhe symmetrische Höhenmaße. Anders verhielt es sich bei der Breite und Länge des Tuber maxillae. Sowohl für die Breite als auch für die Länge zeigten sich bei über der
Hälfte der Probanden Symmetrieunterschiede zwischen dem rechten und linken Tuber maxillae. Weiterhin konnte diese Studie verschiedene Korrelationen zwischen den Maßen des Tuber maxillae und verschiedenen Schädelmaßen aufzeigen. Eine weiterführende Regressionsanalyse bestätigte einen signifikanten Zusammenhang, insbesondere zwischen der Höhe des linken Tuber maxillae und dem Volumen des linken Sinus maxillaris.
Basierend auf den in dieser Studie ermittelten Maßen des Tuber maxillae konnten dem Tuber maxillae sowohl in der Norma lateralis als auch in der Norma horizontalis drei verschiedene Formtypen zugeordnet werden. Für die Formbestimmung in der Norma lateralis wurden jeweils die größten Längen des Tuber maxillae von kranial nach kaudal auf Millimeterpapier übertragen und an der anterioren Begrenzung des Tuber maxillae ausgerichtet. Mit Hilfe der so gewonnen Skizzen definierten wir die Formtypen I, II und III. Beim Typ I beschreibt die Dorsalfläche des Tuber maxillae einen annährend geraden Verlauf von kranial nach kaudal. Der Typ II hingegen ist gekennzeichnet durch eine tendenzielle Zunahme der Dorsalfläche von kranial nach kaudal. Beim Typ III zeigt sich ein konkaver Verlauf der Dorsalfläche des Tuber maxillae. Unsere Untersuchungen zeigten, dass in der Norma lateralis der Typ III bei den Männern am häufigsten vorkam. Bei den weiblichen Probanden zeigte sich dagegen häufiger der Typ II.
Die Formbestimmung des Tuber maxillae in der Norma horizontalis erfolgte an drei definierten Horizontalschnitten. Der erste Horizontalschnitt befindet sich auf Höhe des mittleren Nasenganges, der zweite Horizontalschnitt auf Höhe des Foramen palatinum majus und der dritte Horizontalschnitt in Höhe der Wurzelspitzen der Oberkiefermolaren. Die Einteilung in die Formen erfolgte in ähnlicher Weise wie in der Norma lateralis. Die größten Längen des Tuber maxillae wurden von lateral nach medial auf Millimeterpapier übertragen und wieder an der anterioren Begrenzung des Tuber maxillae ausgerichtet. Anhand der gewonnenen Skizzen definierten wir die Formtypen a, b und c für die Norma horizontalis. Beim Typ a befindet sich die stärkste Ausprägung der Dorsalfläche im medialen Drittel des Tuber maxillae. Der Typ b zeigt seine stärkste Ausprägung im mittleren Drittel des Tuber maxillae. Beim Typ c befindet sich die stärkste Ausprägung im lateralen Drittel des Tuber maxillae. Es zeigte sich, dass in Höhe des mittleren Nasenganges bei den Männern der Typ a am häufigsten auftrat. In Höhe des Foramen palatinum majus und auf Höhe der Wurzelspitzen der oberen Molaren ermittelten wir den Typ b am häufigsten. Bei den Frauen zeigte sich auf Höhe des mittleren Nasenganges der
Typ a am häufigsten. Gleiches war auf Höhe des Foramen palatinum majus zu beobachten. In der Ebene der Wurzelspitzen der oberen Molaren zeigte sich häufiger der Typ b. Anhand der hier gewonnenen Daten ist es möglich, die Form des Tuber maxillae zu quantifizieren. Die Untersuchungsergebnisse können für verschiedene klinische Fachgebiete, wie die Mund-Kiefer-Gesichtschirurgie (MKG), die Prothetik und die Kieferorthopädie, von Interesse sein. In der MKG beispielweise können sie von Bedeutung bei der Wahl des passenden dentalen Implantatsystems in der Tuberregion sein. Aber auch bei der Gewinnung von Knochen aus der Tuberregion kann die Kenntnis über Form und Größe des Tuber maxillae von Nutzen sein. Die hier vorliegende Studie gibt Aufschluss über die Morphologie des Tuber maxillae beim Menschen. Weiterhin liefert sie Grundlagen für weiterführende Studien an anderen menschlichen Populationen.
Myxomycetes or Myxogastria (supergroup Amoebozoa) are one of several Protistean groups dispersing via airborne spores. The model organism for the group, so far exclusively studied in a laboratory environment, is Physarum polycephalum. Here, molecular evolution, distribution and the ecology of spores dispersal was investigated for the non-model species Physarum albescens. This nivicolous myxomycete fruits with snow melt in most mountain ranges of the northern hemisphere and disperses via spherical, dark-colored and melanin-rich spores. Fruit body development and subsequent spore dispersal occurs within a short time window of a few days. At this time, the fruiting plasmodium is fully exposed to the harsh environment if the protecting snow melts away. The spores, with a diameter of 10–13 µm of the typical size for myxomycetes, can potentially reach all suitable habitats worldwide, which led to the assumption that not only Ph. albescens but most myxomycete species should be ubiquitously distributed over the world.
In the first part of this study (article 1), the question was, if spore dispersal can realize a gene flow sufficient to meet the above-mentioned assumption. A total of 324 accessions of Ph. albescens, collected all over the northern hemisphere, was sequenced for 1-3 genetic markers (SSU, EF1A, COI), and 98 specimens were further analyzed using the genotyping by sequencing technique. As a result, at least 18 reproductively isolated units, which can be seen as cryptic biological species, emerged as phylogroups in a three-gene phylogeny, but as well in a SNP-based phylogeny and were confirmed by a recombination analysis between the three markers. However, this evolutive radiation is not simply caused by geographic fragmentation due to low dispersal capability: within a certain region, multiple phylogroups coexisted next to each other, although some appeared to be regional endemics. Most likely, mutations in mating-type genes, as shown to exist for the cultivable Ph. polycephalum, are the main drivers of speciation. This challenges the hypothesis of ubiquitous distribution of Ph. albescens and corroborates the results of the few available studies for other myxomycete species. In addition, groups of clonal specimens, mostly but not always restricted to a certain slope or valley indicated that sexual and asexual reproduction coexists in the natural populations of Ph. albescens.
In the second part (articles 2), the fundamental niche for Ph. albescens was described using all available records for the species. The resulting set of 537 unique occurrence points was subjected to a correlative spatial approach using the software MaxEnt. In dependence on the predictor variables three species distribution models emerged which differed only in details. The first consisted of only 19 bioclimatic variables and an elevation map from the WorldClim dataset. The second was corrected for pseudo-absences resulting from missing survey activities, and the third was expanded with an additional categorical environment variable on snow cover. High mean AUC (area under the curve) values above 0.97 could be reached with all three models. Variables for snow cover, precipitation of the coldest quarter (of the year), and elevation correlated highly to predict the distribution of Ph. albescens. Only in mid-northern latitudes, elevation alone was a good predictor, but it would cause false-positive predictions in arid mountain ranges and failed to explain occurrence in lowland sites at higher latitudes. Mountains in humid climates showed the highest incidences, confirming recent studies that long-lasting snow covers combined with mild summers are crucial for the ecological guild of nivicolous myxomycetes, with Ph. albescens as a typical species.
Spore size is crucial for dispersal ability and should thus be a character under strong selection. In addition, spores carrying two nuclei with opposite mating types should have a colonization advantage. This was the hypothesis for the last part of this study (articles 3 and 4), which investigated this trait in a quantitative manner. This required a method to analyze thousands of spores automatically (article 3) and with high precision for size and the number of nuclei enclosed. Human errors should be excluded, to reveal even subtle differences in the resulting spore size distributions. Two challenges had to be met for this approach. First, a preparation technique was developed to reduce false segmentations due to overlaying spores by aligning spores on one common plane with a high-frequency vibration device. Second, the segmentation process was automated to allow separating spores that are densely packed in the respective images. A machine learning algorithm was set up and trained to reliable identify and measure dark-colored spores. The technique produced consistent results with high accuracy, and the large number of spores allowed to compile spore size distributions, to check for the constancy of this character, which is impossible with manual measurements limited to low numbers.
The resulting spore size distributions, obtained from over 80 specimens (article 4), were mostly narrow, which is in accordance with our hypothesis. Spore size was as well fairly constant within fructifications from one colony. However, mean spore size within different accessions of Ph. albescens showed large variation (ca. 10%, a range often indicated to key out different morphospecies of myxomycetes), and this was explained only by a minor part with differences between biospecies. Not much smaller (8%) was the variation within a group of clonal specimens collected within 25 m distance. This points to a strong influence of environmental factors even at a micro spatial scale, perhaps caused by microclimatic differences and high phenotypic plasticity for spore size. The influence of large-scale covariates like altitude or latitude was negligible. However, spore size correlated with the variance in this trait, indicating that oversized spores may be caused by detrimental environmental conditions. Two aberrations in spore development were found: First, a few specimens showed a multimodal distribution for spore size with two or even three discernible spore populations. The estimated volumes of those populations correspond to a multiple of the first and most abundant conspicuous spore size population. Second, not all spores were uninucleate as to be expected for meiotic products. This was revealed by fluorescence signals from staining the same spores with DAPI, with a second machine learning algorithm trained to identify the nuclei in a spore. A few specimens showed a significant proportion of binucleated spores in the size range of normal-sized ones, and these specimens were not the ones with multimodal spore size distributions. This indicates that the negative impacts (inbreeding) of multinucleate spores should outweigh a possible colonization advantage and is in accordance with the high genetic diversity found in the worldwide population of Ph. albescens, indicating predominantly sexual reproduction in wild populations of myxomycetes.
Das Auftreten einer postoperativen Wundinfektion bedeutet für den Patienten die Verwirklichung eines gefürchteten persönlichen Risikos, stellt den behandelnden Ärzten oft vor schwer zu lösende Aufgaben und belastet die Solidargemeinschaft durch einen erheblichen Kostenanstieg. Obwohl Staphylococcus aureus weltweit als der häufigste und gefährlichste Erreger von SSI gilt, muss jede Klinik die lokalen Gegebenheiten (Erreger-Prävalenz, Resistenzlage etc.) kennen und sich ihnen stellen.
Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, die Bedeutung von Staphyloccocus aureus für die Klinik und Poliklinik für Unfall-, Wiederherstellungschirurgie und Rehabilitative Medizin der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald zu untersuchen. Dazu wurden drei klinische Studien durchgeführt: zur Erfassung der Prävalenz von MRSA und MSSA, zur Untersuchung der Effektivität präoperativer Hautantiseptik bei unfallchirurgischen Patienten sowie zur Frage, ob Staphylococcus aureus als verursachendes Pathogen einer Implantat-assoziierten Infektion einen Risikofaktor für ein Wiederauftreten der Infektion nach erfolgter Therapie darstellt.
Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass etwa ein Fünftel der Patienten der Unfallchirurgie Greifswald bereits bei Ankunft im Krankenhaus Träger von MRSA oder MSSA war. Während operativer Eingriffe gelang trotz einer leitliniengerecht durchgeführten Hautantisepsis nur bei 65% der Patienten eine vollständige Keimreduktion. In einem Fall konnte die Verschleppung eines MSSA-Klons von der präantiseptischen Hautflora in die postantiseptische Wundflora bewiesen werden. Nicht zuletzt hatten Patienten mit durch MSSA infiziertem Osteosynthesematerial ein deutlich erhöhtes Risiko einer Re-Infektion nach zunächst erfolgreicher Beruhigung der Infektion.
Die Ergebnisse der drei durchgeführten Studien zeigen, dass Staphylococcus aureus auch in Greifswald bei der Behandlung unfallchirurgischer Patienten die antizipierte, bestimmende Rolle spielt. Prävalenz des Pathogen, Persistenz trotz etabliertem perioperativen Hygieneregime und Auswirkung einer tatsächlich eingetretenen Infektion auf die Heilungschancen wurden dargelegt.
Den Fokus perioperativer Hygiene-Maßnahmen zur Vermeidung von SSI weiterhin auf Gram-positive Erreger, namentlich Staphylokokken, zu richten, ist aktuell in der Klinik für Unfallchirurgie in Greifswald gerechtfertigt.
As much as scholars of Baltic Studies always claim independence for the languages and literature it involves, it is evident that the Baltic and Slavic languages and literature have been and still are in latent contact and exchange. The historical processes have led to interwoven but distinct cultural spheres ‘on the border.’ The interdisciplinary collection of essays follows several borderlines: Teresa Dalecka (University of Vilnius) discusses the Polish literature in Lithuania since 1990 and the environment that created it. • Stephan Kessler (University of Greifswald) sketches a framework of narration and applies it to a story written by Maks Fraj who lives in Lithuania but is from Odessa by origin. • Anna Stankeviča, Inna Dvorecka, and Jekaterina Gusakova (each from the University of Daugavpils) give an overview of Latvia’s Russophone book market and analyse Vadim Vernik’s formula fiction. • Sergei Kruk (Stradiņš University in Rīga) discusses the Latvian concept of linguistic integration that roots in the romantic notions of social homogeneity and language as being a shibboleth for successful integration. • Nicole Nau (University of Poznań) highlights four techniques for the integration of Slavic verbs and verbal derivational affixes into Latgalian, based on material from the 19th to the 21st century.
• Anastasija Kostiučenko (University of Greifswald) investigates how the concept of hybridity can be used to describe and better understand the language area and identity issues in Southeast Lithuania.
Sturgeons are among the most ancient linages of actinopterygians. At present, many sturgeon species are critically endangered. Surrogate production could be used as an affordable and a time-efficient method for endangered sturgeons. Our study established a method for identifying and isolating type A spermatogonia from different developmental stages of testes using flow cytometric cell sorting (FCM). Flow cytometric analysis of a whole testicular cell suspension showed several well-distinguished cell populations formed according to different values of light scatter parameters. FCM of these different cell populations was performed directly on glass slides for further immunocytochemistry to identify germ cells. Results showed that the cell population in gate P1 on a flow cytometry plot (with high forward scatter and high side scatter parameter values) contains the highest amount of type A spermatogonia. The sorted cell populations were characterized by expression profiles of 10 germ cell specific genes. The result confirmed that setting up for the P1 gate could precisely sort type A spermatogonia in all tested testicular developmental stages. The P2 gate, which was with lower forward scatter and side scatter values mostly, contained type B spermatogonia at a later maturing stage. Moreover, expressions of plzf, dnd, boule, and kitr were significantly higher in type A spermatogonia than in later developed germ cells. In addition, plzf was firstly found as a reliable marker to identify type A spermatogonia, which filled the gap of identification of spermatogonial stem cells in sterlet. It is expected to increase the efficiency of germ stem cell culture and transplantation with plzf identification. Our study thus first addressed a phenotypic characterization of a pure type A spermatogonia population in sterlet. FCM strategy can improve the production of sturgeons with surrogate broodstock and further the analysis of the cellular and molecular mechanisms of sturgeon germ cell development.
In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde eine Smartphone-App mit einem Papierfragebogen zur Selbstbeobachtung bei Craniomandibulären Dysfunktionen (CMD) verglichen. Das primäre Ziel dieser Studie war die Gegenüberstellung der Interventionen „CMD-App“ und „Papierfragebogen“ und die Untersuchung der Probandencompliance bei deren Anwendung. Sekundär sollten Alltagsintegrität, Übersichtlichkeit, Achtsamkeit und Zeitaufwand der Interventionen untersucht werden. Dazu nahmen in einem Zeitraum von 20 Monaten insgesamt 81 Probanden, im Alter von 21 bis 36 Jahren, an der Studie teil. Die Studienpopulation bestand aus Zahnmedizinstudenten der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald im klinischen Studienabschnitt. Die Selbstbeobachtung wurde von beiden Gruppen vier Tage lang jeweils fünf Mal täglich durchgeführt. Für diese Untersuchung wurden die verwendeten Interventionen von uns neu entwickelt. Die Papierfragebogengruppe nutzte im gesamten Beobachtungszeitraum vier Papierfragebögen in Gestaltung und Format eines Smartphones zusammen mit roten Klebepunkten als Erinnerungshilfe. Die Appgruppe benutzte eine Android-Smartphoneapp mit dem Namen „CMD-App“, welche als Erinnerung an die Selbstbeobachtung Push-Benachrichtigungen versendete. Die vorliegende Arbeit diente als erste Pilotuntersuchung für die „CMD-App“.
Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigten, dass die Probandencompliance bei Nutzern der „CMD-App“ höher war als bei Probanden der Papierfragebogengruppe. Gemessen an der Gesamtanzahl an Eintragungen zur Selbstbeobachtung, war die „CMD-App“ dem Papierfragebogen überlegen. Die Probanden in der Appgruppe haben durchschnittlich 8,9 % mehr Selbstbeobachtungen durchgeführt als die Probanden, die den Papierfragebogen nutzten. In den Punkten Alltagsintegrität, Übersichtlichkeit und Zeitaufwand war die „CMD-App“ im Vergleich zum Papierfragebogen ebenfalls im Vorteil. Es konnte auch gezeigt werden, dass 76,67 % der Probanden der Appgruppe durchschnittlich nur 2 Minuten pro Tag mit der Selbstbeobachtung verbrachten.
In weiteren klinischen Studien gilt es nun zu klären, ob sich die von uns erhobenen Ergebnisse dieser Pilotuntersuchung auch auf CMD-Patienten übertragen lassen. Diese Arbeit konnte bereits einen Hinweis darauf geben, wie digitale Medien in der Zahnheilkunde in Zukunft genutzt werden könnten. Eine technisch ausgereifte „CMD-App“ hat Potenzial Zahnärzte in der Diagnose und Therapie von CMD zu unterstützen und die herkömmliche Methode zur Selbstbeobachtung abzulösen oder zu ergänzen.
Zur Untersuchung molekularer Prozesse sind die Wechselwirkungen der beteiligten Faktoren von zentraler Bedeutung, was besonders für die präzise Steuerung der eukaryotischen Genregulation zutrifft, die im Mittelpunkt dieser Arbeit steht. Die Transkription wird durch den Zusammenbau des Präinitiationskomplexes (PIC) am Promotor der Zielgene initiiert. Neben der RNA-Polymerase II, dem Mediatorkomplex und mehreren generellen Transkriptionsfaktoren sind daran Aktivatorproteine beteiligt, welche an UAS-Elemente (upstream activation site) im Promotor binden. Daneben können aber auch Repressoren an URS-Elemente (upstream repression site) binden oder mit Promotor- gebundenen Aktivatoren interagieren und durch Rekrutierung sog. Corepressoren (z. B. Sin3, Cyc8 und Tup1) die Transkription hemmen. Diese Corepressoren können dann über assoziierte Histon- deacetylasen (z. B. Rpd3) die Chromatinstruktur im Promotorbereich spezifischer Gene verdichten und damit eine Bindung der Transkriptionsmaschinerie verhindern. In der Regel führt dies zu einer reduzierten Expression des jeweiligen Gens.
Untersuchungen zu den Wechselwirkungen zwischen genspezifischen Repressoren und pleiotropen Corepressoren haben in der Vergangenheit bereits zur Identifizierung einzelner Sequenzmotive und individueller Strukturen geführt. Um dieses Netzwerk zu ergänzen, wurden in dieser Arbeit zahlreiche Repressor-Corepressor-Interaktionen in der Hefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae in vitro und in vivo charakterisiert und durch Verkürzung der interagierenden Proteine (Dal80, Mot3, Sko1, Ure2, Xbp1 und Yox1) hierfür relevante Aminosäuresequenzen ermittelt. Durch systematische Vergleiche solcher Repressorsequenzen konnten Varianten eines hydrophob-amphipathischen Konsensusmotivs identifiziert und z. T. durch gerichtete Mutagenese als funktionell wichtig nachgewiesen werden. Sekundärstrukturvorhersagen zeigten oft die Beteiligung α-helikaler, aber auch β-Faltblatt- oder ungeordneter Strukturen. Diese strukturelle Varianz lässt die Vermutung zu, dass es sich bei solchen Corepressor-Interaktionsdomänen (CID) um IDRs (intrinsically disorderd regions) handeln könnte, die erst durch Kontaktherstellung zum Corepressor eine definierte Konformation annehmen.
Ein in dieser Arbeit intensiv untersuchter Repressor war Gal80, der bekanntermaßen das GAL-System der Hefe solange abschaltet, bis Galactose als induzierender Zucker verfügbar ist. Man unterscheidet hierbei drei Zustände: Die Glucoserepression beschreibt das Abschalten der GAL-Gene durch den Repressor Mig1 bei Glucoseverfügbarkeit. Bei Glucosemangel und Verfügbarkeit einer alternativen Kohlenstoffquelle (z. B. Lactat oder Ethanol) wird der Aktivator Gal4 synthetisiert und bindet an UASGAL- Motive in Promotoren der GAL-Gene. Unter diesen Derepressionsbedingungen wird die Transkriptionsaktivierungsdomäne von Gal4 noch durch den Gal80-Repressor maskiert. In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, dass Gal80 zusätzlich in der Lage ist, den Corepressorkomplex Cyc8/Tup1 zu rekrutieren und die Transkription der Strukturgene dadurch zu reprimieren. Chromatinimmunopräzi- pitationsstudien belegten die Gal80-abhängige Präsenz der Corepressoren Cyc8 und Tup1 am GAL1 Promotor. Außerdem stellte sich bei der Charakterisierung von cyc8 und tup1 Mutantenstämmen heraus, dass Corepressoren durchaus auch aktivierende Wirkungen entfalten können. So fiel die Expression eines GAL1-lacZ Reportergens in einer cyc8 Nullmutante unter allen getesteten Bedin- gungen geringer aus als im Wildtyp. Die duale Wirkung solcher Transkriptionsfaktoren wurde in der Vergangenheit immer wieder beobachtet und steht auch im Einklang mit den Befunden dieser Arbeit.
Hintergrund
Akupunktur wurde 2007 für die Indikationen chronische Knie- und Rückenschmerzen in den Leistungskatalog der gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung aufgenommen. Die Studie untersucht, wer Akupunktur erhält, wer Akupunktur anbietet und ob es zeitliche und regionale Unterschiede gibt.
Methoden
Für die retrospektive Beobachtungsstudie wurde eine knapp vier Millionen große Stichprobe anonymisierter GKV-Abrechnungsdaten verwendet. Diese ist für das Jahr 2013 gemäß Alter und Geschlecht repräsentativ für Deutschland.
Ergebnisse
Rückenschmerzen war die am häufigsten kodierte Indikation (86 %) für die Abrechnung von Akupunktur. Überwiegend Frauen nahmen Akupunktur in Anspruch, das mittlere Alter lag bei 61,1 Jahren. Bei 63 % der Versicherten mit Akupunktur in 2014 wurde jene erstmals abgerechnet, 37 % nahmen bereits in 2012 oder 2013 Akupunktur in Anspruch. Der Anteil an Versicherten mit frühzeitiger Beendigung (< 6 Sitzungen) ihres ersten Akupunkturbehandlungszyklus in 2014 betrug bei Knieschmerzpatienten 14 % und bei Rückenschmerzpatienten 21 %. Von 2008 bis 2015 ließ sich ein signifikant abnehmender Trend der Inanspruchnahme nachweisen. Es zeigten sich deutliche regionale Unterschiede zwischen den neuen und alten Bundesländern sowie den Stadtstaaten. Knapp 11 % aller durchführenden Ärzte rechneten die Hälfte aller erbrachten Sitzungen in 2014 ab.
Diskussion
Dass überwiegend Frauen im höheren Alter Akupunktur in Anspruch nehmen entspricht der Epidemiologie von Rücken- und Knieschmerzen sowie ihrer höheren Präferenz für komplementäre Behandlungsverfahren. Der hohe Anteil von Patienten, die Akupunktur wiederholt in Anspruch nehmen, deutet auf einen wahrgenommenen Nutzen in einer Teilgruppe hin. Dem gegenüber stehen die geringe und kontinuierlich abnehmende Inanspruchnahme sowie der hohe Anteil an frühzeitigen Beendigungen.
The thesis develops a scholarly-artistic modular method of analysis for literary studies, film studies and comic studies. Artistic modules of analysis are combined with established research methods used by the humanities on order to deepen the level of understanding of the analysed comic/literary/cineastic work. Martin Rowson's comic adaptation of Laurence Sterne's novel "The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy, Gentleman" is analysed with the scholartistic method and treated as an addative literary adaptation.
Do Belonging and Social Exclusion at School Affect Structural Brain Development During Adolescence?
(2021)
Students’ sense of belonging presents an essential resource for academic and health outcomes, whereas social exclusion at school negatively impacts students’ well‐being and academic performance. Aiming to understand how feelings of school‐related belonging and exclusion shape the structural brain development, this study applied longitudinal questionnaire‐based data and MRI data from 71 adolescent students (37 females, Mage at t1 = 15.0; t2 = 16.1 years). All were white participants from Germany. Voxel‐based morphometry revealed only an association of social exclusion (and not of belonging) and gray matter volume in the left anterior insula: From t1 to t2, there was less gray matter decrease, the more social exclusion students perceived. School‐related social exclusion and disturbed neurodevelopment are thus significantly associated.
Abstract
Climate change will lead to more frequent and severe drought periods which massively reduce crop production worldwide. Besides drought, nitrogen (N)‐deficiency is another critical threat to crop yield production. Drought and N‐deficiency both decrease photosynthesis and induce similar adaptive strategies such as longer roots, reduction of biomass, induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and antioxidative enzymes. Due to the overlapping response to N‐deficiency and drought, understanding the physiological and molecular mechanisms involved in cross‐stresses tolerance is crucial for breeding strategies and achieving multiple stress resistance and eventually more sustainable agriculture. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of a mild N‐deficiency on drought stress tolerance of tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L., cv. Moneymaker). Various morphological and physiological parameters such as dry biomass, root length, water potential, SPAD values, stomatal conductance, and compatible solutes accumulation (proline and sugar) were analyzed. Moreover, the expression of ROS scavenging marker genes, cytosolic ASCORBATE PEROXIDASES (cAPX1, cAPX2, and cAPX3), were investigated. Our results showed that a former mild N‐deficiency (2 mM NO3−) enhances plant adaptive response to drought stress (4 days) when compared to the plants treated with adequate N (5 mM NO3−). The improved adaptive response was reflected in higher aboveground biomass, longer root, increased specific leaf weight, enhanced stomatal conductance (without reducing water content), and higher leaf sugar content. Moreover, the APX1 gene showed a higher expression level compared to control under N‐deficiency and in combination with drought in the leaf, after a one‐week recovery period. Our finding highlights a potentially positive link between a former mild N‐deficiency and subsequent drought stress response in tomato. Combining the morphological and physiological response with underlying gene regulatory networks under consecutive stress, provide a powerful tool for improving multiple stress resistance in tomato which can be further transferred to other economically important crops.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is a mass-produced petroleum-based non-biodegradable plastic that contributes to the global plastic pollution. Recently, biocatalytic degradation has emerged as a viable recycling approach for PET waste, especially with thermophilic polyester hydrolases such as a cutinase (LCC) isolated from a leaf-branch compost metagenome and its variants. To improve the enzymatic PET hydrolysis performance, we fused a chitin-binding domain (ChBD) from Chitinolyticbacter meiyuanensis SYBC-H1 to the C-terminus of the previously reported LCCICCG variant, demonstrating higher adsorption to PET substrates and, as a result, improved degradation performance by up to 19.6% compared to with its precursor enzyme without the binding module. For compare hydrolysis with different binding module, the catalytic activity of LCCICCG-ChBD, LCCICCG-CBM, LCCICCG-PBM and LCCICCG-HFB4 were further investigated with PET substrates of various crystallinity and it showed measurable activity on high crystalline PET with 40% crystallinity. These results indicated that fusing a polymer-binding module to LCCICCG is a promising method stimulating the enzymatic hydrolysis of PET.
Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) and cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVST) have been recently described as rare complications following vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 with vector vaccines. We report a case of a young woman who presented with VITT and cerebral CVST 7 days following vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCov-19 (AstraZeneca). While the initial MRI was considered void of pathological findings, MRI 3 days later revealed extensive CVST of the transversal and sigmoidal sinus with intracerebral haemorrhage. Diagnostic tests including a platelet-factor-4-induced platelet activation assay confirmed the diagnosis of VITT. Treatment with intravenous immunoglobulins and argatroban resulted in a normalisation of platelet counts and remission of CVST.
The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the most serious health and economic crises of the 21st century. From a psychological point of view, the COVID-19 pandemic and its consequences can be conceptualized as a multidimensional and potentially toxic stressor for mental health in the general population. This selective literature review provides an overview of longitudinal studies published until June 2021 that have investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the European population. Risk and protective factors identified in the studies are summarized. Forty-two studies that met inclusion and search criteria (COVID-19, mental health, longitudinal, and Europe) in PubMed, PsycInfo, and Web of Science databases indicate differential effects of the pandemic on mental distress, depression, and anxiety, depending on samples and methods used. Age-specific (e.g., young age), social (e.g., female, ethnical minority, loneliness), as well as physical and mental health-related factors (e.g., pre-pandemic illness) were identified as risk factors for poor mental health. The studies point to several protective factors such as social support, higher cognitive ability, resilience, and self-efficacy. Increasing evidence supports the assumption of the pandemic being a multidimensional stressor on mental health, with some populations appearing more vulnerable than others, although inconsistencies arise. Whether the pandemic will lead to an increase in the prevalence of mental disorders is an open question. Further high-quality longitudinal and multi-national studies and meta-analyses are needed to draw the complete picture of the consequences of the pandemic on mental health.
β-Glucosidases (Bgls) convert cellobiose and other soluble cello-oligomers into glucose and play important roles in fundamental biological processes, providing energy sources in living organisms. Bgls are essential terminal enzymes of cellulose degradation systems and attractive targets for lignocellulose-based biotechnological applications. Characterization of novel Bgls is important for broadening our knowledge of this enzyme class and can provide insights into its further applications. In this study, we report the biochemical and structural analysis of a Bgl from the hemicellulose-degrading thermophilic anaerobe Thermoanaerobacterium saccharolyticum (TsaBgl). TsaBgl exhibited its maximum hydrolase activity on p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside at pH 6.0 and 55 °C. The crystal structure of TsaBgl showed a single (β/α)8 TIM-barrel fold, and a β8-α14 loop, which is located around the substrate-binding pocket entrance, showing a unique conformation compared with other structurally known Bgls. A Tris molecule inhibited enzyme activity and was bound to the active site of TsaBgl coordinated by the catalytic residues Glu163 (proton donor) and Glu351 (nucleophile). Titration experiments showed that TsaBgl belongs to the glucose-tolerant Bgl family. The gatekeeper site of TsaBgl is similar to those of other glucose-tolerant Bgls, whereas Trp323 and Leu170, which are involved in glucose tolerance, show a unique configuration. Our results therefore improve our knowledge about the Tris-mediated inhibition and glucose tolerance of Bgl family members, which is essential for their industrial application.
Factors causing the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients are largely unknown. Oxylipins are a superclass of lipid mediators with potent bioactivities produced from oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. We previously assessed the impact of HD on oxylipins in arterial blood plasma and found that HD increases several oxylipins. To study the phenomenon further, we now evaluated the differences in arterial and venous blood oxylipins from patients undergoing HD. We collected arterial and venous blood samples in upper extremities from 12 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients before and after HD and measured oxylipins in plasma by LC-MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry. Comparison between cytochrome P450 (CYP), lipoxygenase (LOX), and LOX/CYP ω/(ω-1)-hydroxylase metabolites levels from arterial and venous blood showed no arteriovenous differences before HD but revealed arteriovenous differences in several CYP metabolites immediately after HD. These changes were explained by metabolites in the venous blood stream of the upper limb. Decreased soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) activity contributed to the release and accumulation of the CYP metabolites. However, HD did not affect arteriovenous differences of the majority of LOX and LOX/CYP ω/(ω-1)-hydroxylase metabolites. The HD treatment itself causes changes in CYP epoxy metabolites that could have deleterious effects in the circulation.
Titin is a multifunctional filamentous protein anchored in the M-band, a hexagonally organized supramolecular lattice in the middle of the muscle sarcomere. Functionally, the M-band is a framework that cross-links myosin thick filaments, organizes associated proteins, and maintains sarcomeric symmetry via its structural and putative mechanical properties. Part of the M-band appears at the C-terminal end of isolated titin molecules in the form of a globular head, named here the “M-complex”, which also serves as the point of head-to-head attachment of titin. We used high-resolution atomic force microscopy and nanosurgical manipulation to investigate the topographical and internal structure and local mechanical properties of the M-complex and its associated titin molecules. We find that the M-complex is a stable structure that corresponds to the transverse unit of the M-band organized around the myosin thick filament. M-complexes may be interlinked into an M-complex array that reflects the local structural and mechanical status of the transversal M-band lattice. Local segments of titin and the M-complex could be nanosurgically manipulated to achieve extension and domain unfolding. Long threads could be pulled out of the M-complex, suggesting that it is a compact supramolecular reservoir of extensible filaments. Nanosurgery evoked an unexpected volume increment in the M-complex, which may be related to its function as a mechanical spacer. The M-complex thus displays both elastic and plastic properties which support the idea that the M-band may be involved in mechanical functions within the muscle sarcomere.
We are currently facing an antimicrobial resistance crisis, which means that a lot of bacterial pathogens have developed resistance to common antibiotics. Hence, novel and innovative solutions are urgently needed to combat resistant human pathogens. A new source of antimicrobial compounds could be bacterial volatiles. Volatiles are ubiquitous produced, chemically divers and playing essential roles in intra- and interspecies interactions like communication and antimicrobial defense. In the last years, an increasing number of studies showed bioactivities of bacterial volatiles, including antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oomycete activities, indicating bacterial volatiles as an exciting source for novel antimicrobial compounds. In this review we introduce the chemical diversity of bacterial volatiles, their antimicrobial activities and methods for testing this activity. Concluding, we discuss the possibility of using antimicrobial volatiles to antagonize the antimicrobial resistance crisis.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a serious global health threat and extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacterales are a major contributor. This study aimed to gain a deeper insight into the AMR burden of wild animals. In total, 1595 fecal samples were collected by two systematic searches in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, north-east Germany. Samples were screened for ESBL-carrying Escherichia (E.) coli and isolates found were further analyzed using antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. We found an estimated prevalence of 1.2% ESBL-producing E. coli in wild boar and 1.1% in wild ruminants. CTX-M-1 was the most abundant CTX-M type. We also examined fecal samples from wild boar and wild ruminants using shotgun metagenomics to gain insight into the resistome in wild animals. The latter revealed significantly lower normalized counts for AMR genes in wildlife samples compared to farm animals. The AMR gene levels were lower in wild ruminants than in wild boar. In conclusion, our study revealed a low prevalence of ESBL-producing E. coli and a low overall AMR gene burden in wild boar and wild ruminants, probably due to the secluded location of the search area.
Simple Summary
Monitoring animal behavior provides an indicator of their health and welfare. For this purpose, video surveillance is an important method to get an unbiased insight into behavior, as animals often show different behavior in the presence of humans. However, manual analysis of video data is costly and time-consuming. For this reason, we present a method for automated analysis using computer vision—a method for teaching the computer to see like a human. In this study, we use computer vision to detect red foxes and their body posture (lying, sitting, or standing). With this data we are able to monitor the animals, determine their activity, and identify their behavior.
Abstract
The behavior of animals is related to their health and welfare status. The latter plays a particular role in animal experiments, where continuous monitoring is essential for animal welfare. In this study, we focus on red foxes in an experimental setting and study their behavior. Although animal behavior is a complex concept, it can be described as a combination of body posture and activity. To measure body posture and activity, video monitoring can be used as a non-invasive and cost-efficient tool. While it is possible to analyze the video data resulting from the experiment manually, this method is time consuming and costly. We therefore use computer vision to detect and track the animals over several days. The detector is based on a neural network architecture. It is trained to detect red foxes and their body postures, i.e., ‘lying’, ‘sitting’, and ‘standing’. The trained algorithm has a mean average precision of 99.91%. The combination of activity and posture results in nearly continuous monitoring of animal behavior. Furthermore, the detector is suitable for real-time evaluation. In conclusion, evaluating the behavior of foxes in an experimental setting using computer vision is a powerful tool for cost-efficient real-time monitoring.
Here, we provide a detailed taxonomic reassessment of a historically collected chondrichthyan dental assemblage from the lower Kimmeridgian of Czarnogłowy in north-western Poland and discuss its significance for better understanding hybodontiform diversity patterns prior to their post-Jurassic decline in fully marine environments. In spite of its low taxonomic diversity, consisting of four large-toothed taxa (viz., Strophodus udulfensis, Asteracanthus ornatissimus, Planohybodus sp. and cf. Meristodonoides sp.), this assemblage is remarkable in that there are only very few Mesozoic hybodontiform assemblages with more large-toothed genera or even species. Comparisons with other European Late Jurassic hybodontiform-bearing localities demonstrate fairly homogenous distribution patterns characterized by large-bodied epipelagic forms of high dispersal ability. This is in stark contrast to post-Jurassic hybodontiform associations, which are dominated by smaller species that were predominantly bound to marginal marine and continental waters, suggesting a major reorganization of chondrichthyan communities during the Early Cretaceous.
Simple Summary
The tumor suppressor protein P53 is a major player in preventing liver cancer development and progression. In this study we could show that P53 negatively regulates the expression of Helicase, lymphoid specific (HELLS), previously described as an important pro-tumorigenic epigenetic regulator in hepatocarcinogenesis. The regulatory mechanism included induction of the P53 target gene P21 (CDKN1A) resulting in repression of HELLS via downregulation of the transcription factor Forkhead Box Protein M1 (FOXM1). Our in vitro and in vivo findings indicate an important additional aspect of the tumor suppressive function of P53 in liver cancer linked to epigenetic regulation.
Abstract
The major tumor suppressor P53 (TP53) acts primarily as a transcription factor by activating or repressing subsets of its numerous target genes, resulting in different cellular outcomes (e.g., cell cycle arrest, apoptosis and senescence). P53-dependent gene regulation is linked to several aspects of chromatin remodeling; however, regulation of chromatin-modifying enzymes by P53 is poorly understood in hepatocarcinogenesis. Herein, we identified Helicase, lymphoid specific (HELLS), a major epigenetic regulator in liver cancer, as a strong and selective P53 repression target within the SNF2-like helicase family. The underlying regulatory mechanism involved P53-dependent induction of P21 (CDKN1A), leading to repression of Forkhead Box Protein M1 (FOXM1) that in turn resulted in downregulation of HELLS expression. Supporting our in vitro data, we found higher expression of HELLS in murine HCCs arising in a Trp53−/− background compared to Trp53+/+ HCCs as well as a strong and highly significant correlation between HELLS and FOXM1 expression in different HCC patient cohorts. Our data suggest that functional or mutational inactivation of P53 substantially contributes to overexpression of HELLS in HCC patients and indicates a previously unstudied aspect of P53′s ability to suppress liver cancer formation.
Active Middle Ear Implant Evoked Auditory Brainstem Response Intensity-Latency Characteristics
(2022)
Objective
To analyze intensity-latency functions of intraoperative auditory evoked brainstem responses (ABRs) to stimulation by the Vibrant Soundbridge (VSB) active middle ear implant with respect to coupling efficiency, VSB evoked ABR thresholds, and coupling modality [oval window (OW) placement vs. Incus placement and vs. round window (RW) placement].
Study Design
Exploratory study.
Setting
Bi-centric study at tertiary referral centers.
Patients
Twenty-four patients (10 female, 14 male, mean age: 58 years) who received a VSB.
Outcome Measures
Wave-V intensity-latency functions of intraoperative VSB evoked ABRs using a modified audio processor programmed to preoperative bone conduction thresholds for stimulation. Threshold level correction to coupling efficiency and ABR thresholds. Individual plots and exponential function fits.
Results
After ABR threshold level correction, the latency functions could be aligned. A large variance of latencies was observed at individual threshold level. Wave-V latency was longest in the Incus placement subgroup (9.73 ms, SD: 1.04) as compared to OW placement subgroup (9.47 ms, SD: 1.05), with the shortest latency in the RW placement subgroup (8.99 ms, SD: 0.68). For increasing stimulation levels, the variance decreased with intensity-latency function slopes converging toward a steady-state (saturation) latency caused by saturation of audio processor (stimulation) gain. Latency saturation was reached at a stimulation level of 50 dB nHL for the OW placement subgroup, 35 dB nHL for the Incus placement subgroup, and 30 dB nHL for the RW placement subgroup. The latency and saturation results indicated decreased dynamic range for RW placement, i.e., reverse stimulation.
Conclusions
VSB evoked ABR wave-V intensity-latency function slopes were similar to acoustic stimulation at high stimulation levels with a shift toward longer latencies caused by audio processor signal delay. Saturation of latencies occurred for higher stimulation levels due to saturation of audio processor gain. Thus, the analysis of VSB evoked intensity-latency functions appears to allow for the objective assessment of a patient's individual dynamic range. This can further improve diagnostics as well as intraoperative and postoperative quality control.
Human-driven peatland drainage has occurred in Europe for centuries, causing habitat degradation and leading to the emission of greenhouse gases. As such, in the last decades, there has been an increase in policies aiming at restoring these habitats through rewetting. Alder (Alnus glutinosa L.) is a widespread species in temperate forest peatlands with a seemingly high waterlogging tolerance. Yet, little is known about its specific response in growth and wood traits relevant for tree functioning when dealing with changing water table levels. In this study, we investigated the effects of rewetting and extreme flooding on alder growth and wood traits in a peatland forest in northern Germany. We took increment cores from several trees at a drained and a rewetted stand and analyzed changes in ring width, wood density, and xylem anatomical traits related to the hydraulic functioning, growth, and mechanical support for the period 1994–2018. This period included both the rewetting action and an extreme flooding event. We additionally used climate-growth and climate-density correlations to identify the stand-specific responses to climatic conditions. Our results showed that alder growth declined after an extreme flooding in the rewetted stand, whereas the opposite occurred in the drained stand. These changes were accompanied by changes in wood traits related to growth (i.e., number of vessels), but not in wood density and hydraulic-related traits. We found poor climate-growth and climate-density correlations, indicating that water table fluctuations have a stronger effect than climate on alder growth. Our results show detrimental effects on the growth of sudden water table changes leading to permanent waterlogging, but little implications for its wood density and hydraulic architecture. Rewetting actions should thus account for the loss of carbon allocation into wood and ensure suitable conditions for alder growth in temperate peatland forests.
Chronic Background Radiation Correlates With Sperm Swimming Endurance in Bank Voles From Chernobyl
(2022)
Sperm quantity and quality are key features explaining intra- and interspecific variation in male reproductive success. Spermatogenesis is sensitive to ionizing radiation and laboratory studies investigating acute effects of ionizing radiation have indeed found negative effects of radiation on sperm quantity and quality. In nature, levels of natural background radiation vary dramatically, and chronic effects of low-level background radiation exposure on spermatogenesis are poorly understood. The Chernobyl region offers a unique research opportunity for investigating effects of chronic low-level ionizing radiation on reproductive properties of wild organisms. We captured male bank voles (Myodes glareolus) from 24 locations in the Chernobyl exclusion zone in 2011 and 2015 and collected information on sperm morphology and kinetics. The dataset is limited in size and there overall was a relatively weak correlation between background radiation and sperm quality. Still, some correlations are worth discussing. First, mid-piece segments of spermatozoa tended to be smaller in bank vole males from areas with elevated background radiation levels. Second, we demonstrated a significant positive relationship between background radiation dose rates and the proportion of static spermatozoa among males within and among study locations after 10 as well as 60 min of incubation. Our results provide novel evidence of damaging effects of low dose ionizing radiation on sperm performance in wild rodent populations, and highlight that this topic requires further study across the natural gradients of background radiation that exist in nature.
ObjectiveWhole-body MRI (wb-MRI) is increasingly used in research and screening but little is known about the effects of incidental findings (IFs) on health service utilisation and costs. Such effects are particularly critical in an observational study. Our principal research question was therefore how participation in a wb-MRI examination with its resemblance to a population-based health screening is associated with outpatient service costs.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingGeneral population Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, Germany.ParticipantsAnalyses included 5019 participants of the Study of Health in Pomerania with statutory health insurance data. 2969 took part in a wb-MRI examination in addition to a clinical examination programme that was administered to all participants. MRI non-participants served as a quasi-experimental control group with propensity score weighting to account for baseline differences.Primary and secondary outcome measuresOutpatient costs (total healthcare usage, primary care, specialist care, laboratory tests, imaging) during 24 months after the examination were retrieved from claims data. Two-part models were used to compute treatment effects.ResultsIn total, 1366 potentially relevant IFs were disclosed to 948 MRI participants (32% of all participants); most concerned masses and lesions (769 participants, 81%). Costs for outpatient care during the 2-year observation period amounted to an average of €2547 (95% CI 2424 to 2671) for MRI non-participants and to €2839 (95% CI 2741 to 2936) for MRI participants, indicating an increase of €295 (95% CI 134 to 456) per participant which corresponds to 11.6% (95% CI 5.2% to 17.9%). The cost increase was sustained rather than being a short-term spike. Imaging and specialist care related costs were the main contributors to the increase in costs.ConclusionsCommunicated findings from population-based wb-MRI substantially impacted health service utilisation and costs. This introduced bias into the natural course of healthcare utilisation and should be taken care for in any longitudinal analyses.
Ongoing resistance developments against antibiotics that also affect last-resort antibiotics require novel antibacterial compounds. Strategies to discover such novel structures have been dimerization or hybridization of known antibacterial agents. We found novel antibacterial agents by dimerization of indols and hybridization with carbazoles. They were obtained in a simple one-pot reaction as bisindole tetrahydrocarbazoles. Further oxidation led to bisindole carbazoles with varied substitutions of both the indole and the carbazole scaffold. Both the tetrahydrocarbazoles and the carbazoles have been evaluated in various S. aureus strains, including MRSA strains. Those 5-cyano substituted derivatives showed best activities as determined by MIC values. The tetrahydrocarbazoles partly exceed the activity of the carbazole compounds and thus the activity of the used standard antibiotics. Thus, promising lead compounds could be identified for further studies.
Zinc finger proteins play pivotal roles in health and disease and exert critical functions in various cellular processes. A majority of zinc finger proteins bind DNA and act as transcription factors. B-cell lymphoma/leukemia 11B (BCL11B) represents one member of the large family of zinc finger proteins. The N-terminal domain of BCL11B was shown to be crucial for BCL11B to exert its proper function by homodimerization. Here, we describe an easy and fast preparation protocol to yield the fluorescently tagged protein of the recombinant N-terminal BCL11B zinc finger domain (BCL11B42-94) for in vitro studies. First, we expressed fluorescently tagged BCL11B42-94 in E. coli and described the subsequent purification utilizing immobilized metal ion affinity chromatography to achieve very high yields of a purified fusion protein of 200 mg/L culture. We proceeded with characterizing the atypical zinc finger domain using circular dichroism and size exclusion chromatography. Validation of the functional fluorescent pair CyPet-/EYFP-BCL11B42-94 was achieved with Förster resonance energy transfer. Our protocol can be utilized to study other zinc finger domains to expand the knowledge in this field.
The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), a population-based study from a rural state in northeastern Germany with a relatively poor life expectancy, supplemented its comprehensive examination program in 2008 with whole-body MR imaging at 1.5 T (SHIP-MR). We reviewed more than 100 publications that used the SHIP-MR data and analyzed which sequences already produced fruitful scientific outputs and which manuscripts have been referenced frequently. Upon reviewing the publications about imaging sequences, those that used T1-weighted structured imaging of the brain and a gradient-echo sequence for R2* mapping obtained the highest scientific output; regarding specific body parts examined, most scientific publications focused on MR sequences involving the brain and the (upper) abdomen. We conclude that population-based MR imaging in cohort studies should define more precise goals when allocating imaging time. In addition, quality control measures might include recording the number and impact of published work, preferably on a bi-annual basis and starting 2 years after initiation of the study. Structured teaching courses may enhance the desired output in areas that appear underrepresented.
Background: Tissue-resident macrophages have mixed developmental origins. They derive in variable extent from yolk sac (YS) hematopoiesis during embryonic development. Bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic progenitors give rise to tissue macrophages in postnatal life, and their contribution increases upon organ injury. Since the phenotype and functions of macrophages are modulated by the tissue of residence, the impact of their origin and developmental paths has remained incompletely understood. Methods: In order to decipher cell-intrinsic macrophage programs, we immortalized hematopoietic progenitors from YS and BM using conditional HoxB8, and carried out an in-depth functional and molecular analysis of differentiated macrophages. Results: While YS and BM macrophages demonstrate close similarities in terms of cellular growth, differentiation, cell death susceptibility and phagocytic properties, they display differences in cell metabolism, expression of inflammatory markers and inflammasome activation. Reduced abundance of PYCARD (ASC) and CASPASE-1 proteins in YS macrophages abrogated interleukin-1β production in response to canonical and non-canonical inflammasome activation. Conclusions: Macrophage ontogeny is associated with distinct cellular programs and immune response. Our findings contribute to the understanding of the regulation and programming of macrophage functions.
Background: Protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) and toll-like receptors (TLRs) are inflammatory mediators contributing to atherogenesis and atherothrombosis. Vorapaxar, which selectively antagonizes PAR1-signaling, is an approved, add-on antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention. The non-hemostatic, platelet-independent, pleiotropic effects of vorapaxar have not yet been studied. Methods and Results: Cellular targets of PAR1 signaling in the vasculature were identified in three patient cohorts with atherosclerotic disease. Evaluation of plasma biomarkers (n = 190) and gene expression in endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) (n = 12) revealed that PAR1 expression correlated with endothelial activation and vascular inflammation. PAR1 colocalized with TLR2/4 in human carotid plaques and was associated with TLR2/4 gene transcription in EMBs. In addition, vorapaxar reduced atherosclerotic lesion size in apolipoprotein E–knock out (ApoEko) mice. This reduction was associated with reduced expression of vascular adhesion molecules and TLR2/4 presence, both in isolated murine endothelial cells and the aorta. Thrombin-induced uptake of oxLDL was augmented by additional TLR2/4 stimulation and abrogated by vorapaxar. Plaque-infiltrating pro-inflammatory cells were reduced in vorapaxar-treated ApoEko mice. A shift toward M2 macrophages paralleled a decreased transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Conclusions: PAR1 inhibition with vorapaxar may be effective in reducing residual thrombo-inflammatory event risk in patients with atherosclerosis independent of its effect on platelets.
Clavicle injuries are common, but only few case reports describe combined clavicular injuries (CCI). CCI include combinations between clavicular fractures and acromioclavicular/sternoclavicular joint dislocations (SCJD). We present the first general therapeutic recommendations for CCI based on a new classification and their distribution. A retrospective, epidemiological, big data analysis was based on ICD-10 diagnoses from 2012 to 2014 provided by the German Federal Statistical Office. CCI represent 0.7% of all clavicle-related injuries (n = 814 out of 114,003). SCJD show by far the highest proportion of combination injuries (13.2% of all SCJD were part of CCI) while the proportion of CCI in relation to the other injury entities was significantly less (p < 0.023). CCIs were classified depending on (1) the polarity (monopolar type I, 92.2% versus bipolar type II, 7.8%). Monopolar type I was further differentiated depending on (2) the positional relationship between the combined injuries: Ia two injuries directly at the respective pole versus Ib with an injury at one end plus an additional midshaft clavicle fracture. Type II was further differentiated depending on (3) the injured structures: IIa ligamento-osseous, type IIb purely ligamentous (rarest with 0.6%). According to our classification, the CCI severity increases from type Ia to IIb. CCI are more important than previously believed and seen as an indication for surgery. The exclusion of further, contra-polar injuries in the event of a clavicle injury is clinically relevant and should be focused.
Growth, ageing and atherosclerotic plaque development alter the biomechanical forces acting on the vessel wall. However, monitoring the detailed local changes in wall shear stress (WSS) at distinct sites of the murine aortic arch over time has been challenging. Here, we studied the temporal and spatial changes in flow, WSS, oscillatory shear index (OSI) and elastic properties of healthy wildtype (WT, n = 5) and atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient (Apoe−/−, n = 6) mice during ageing and atherosclerosis using high-resolution 4D flow magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Spatially resolved 2D projection maps of WSS and OSI of the complete aortic arch were generated, allowing the pixel-wise statistical analysis of inter- and intragroup hemodynamic changes over time and local correlations between WSS, pulse wave velocity (PWV), plaque and vessel wall characteristics. The study revealed converse differences of local hemodynamic profiles in healthy WT and atherosclerotic Apoe−/− mice, and we identified the circumferential WSS as potential marker of plaque size and composition in advanced atherosclerosis and the radial strain as a potential marker for vascular elasticity. Two-dimensional (2D) projection maps of WSS and OSI, including statistical analysis provide a powerful tool to monitor local aortic hemodynamics during ageing and atherosclerosis. The correlation of spatially resolved hemodynamics and plaque characteristics could significantly improve our understanding of the impact of hemodynamics on atherosclerosis, which may be key to understand plaque progression towards vulnerability.
Introduction: With the increased emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, the impact on schools and preschools remains a matter of debate. To ensure that schools and preschools are kept open safely, the identification of factors influencing the extent of outbreaks is of importance.
Aim: To monitor dynamics of COVID-19 infections in schools and preschools and identify factors influencing the extent of outbreaks.
Methods: In this prospective observational study we analyzed routine surveillance data of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany, from calendar week (CW) 32, 2020 to CW19, 2021 regarding SARS-CoV-2 infection events in schools and preschools considering changes in infection control measures over time. A multivariate linear regression model was fitted to evaluate factors influencing the number of students, teachers and staff tested positive following index cases in schools and preschools. Due to an existing multicollinearity in the common multivariate regression model between the variables “face mask obligation for children” and “face mask obligation for adults”, two further separate regression models were set up (Multivariate Model Adults and Multivariate Model Children).
Results: We observed a significant increase in secondary cases in preschools in the first quarter of 2021 (CW8 to CW15, 2021), and simultaneously a decrease in secondary cases in schools. In multivariate regression analysis, the strongest predictor of the extent of the outbreaks was the teacher/ caregiver mask obligation (B = −1.9; 95% CI: −2.9 to −1.0; p < 0.001). Furthermore, adult index cases (adult only or child+adult combinations) increased the likelihood of secondary cases (B = 1.3; 95% CI: 0.9 to 1.8; p < 0.001). The face mask obligation for children also showed a significant reduction in the number of secondary cases (B = −0.6; 95% CI: −0.9 to −0.2; p = 0.004.
Conclusion: The present study indicates that outbreak events at schools and preschools are effectively contained by an obligation for adults and children to wear face masks.
Following the relational-developmental systems approach, this three-wave study examines whether acute stress (T2) mediates the relationship between the development of personality traits from the beginning of 8th grade (T1, Mage = 15.63, SD = 0.59; 22 girls) to the end of 9th grade (T3). Using the Montréal Imaging Stress Task, which is a task that provokes acute social stress by negative social feedback, this study combined the functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), heart rate, and longitudinal survey data of 41 adolescents. Mediation analysis revealed that stress-induced left insula activation partially mediates the longitudinal stability of conscientiousness. These results highlight the impact of negative social feedback during stress on students’ personality development.
Cold physical plasmas, especially noble gas driven plasma jets, emit considerable amounts of ultraviolet radiation (UV). Given that a noble gas channel is present, even the energetic vacuum UV can reach the treated target. The relevance of UV radiation for antimicrobial effects is generally accepted. It remains to be clarified if this radiation is relevant for other biomedical application of plasmas, e.g., in wound care or cancer remediation. In this work, the role of (vacuum) ultraviolet radiation generated by the argon plasma jet kINPen for cysteine modifications was investigated in aqueous solutions and porcine skin. To differentiate the effects of photons of different wavelength and complete plasma discharge, a micro chamber equipped with a MgF2, Suprasil, or Borosilicate glass window was used. In liquid phase, plasma-derived VUV radiation was effective and led to the formation of cysteine oxidation products and molecule breakdown products, yielding sulfite, sulfate, and hydrogen sulfide. At the boundary layer, the impact of VUV photons led to water molecule photolysis and formation of hydroxyl radicals and hydrogen peroxide. In addition, photolytic cleavage of the weak carbon-sulfur bond initiated the formation of sulfur oxy ions. In the intact skin model, protein thiol modification was rare even if a VUV transparent MgF2 window was used. Presumably, the plasma-derived VUV radiation played a limited role since reactions at the boundary layer are less frequent and the dense biomolecules layers block it effectively, inhibiting significant penetration. This result further emphasizes the safety of physical plasmas in biomedical applications.
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is affecting many areas of life and has led to major changes in undergraduate medical education. Even before the COVID-19 pandemic, high mental burden of medical students has frequently been reported in the literature. Additional pandemic-specific stressors could exacerbate this situation. This study aimed to assess mental health outcomes among medical students during the first semester after the COVID-19 outbreak and perception of the students on how the learning environment has changed. In May 2020, we conducted a cross-sectional survey among undergraduate medical students at a large medical school in Germany. The survey included validated mental health instruments (Distress Thermometer, Patient Health Questionnaire 4) and self-developed items to examine the perception of the study situation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Open-ended questions were analyzed by conventional content analyses. The response rate was 59.2% (914/1,545). Overall, 61.9% of the students reported distress levels above the cutoff. Year 1 students reported significantly higher levels of distress, anxiety and depression than students during their second to fourth year of studies. 48.3% of the students indicated a decrease in their study motivation since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic with significant differences between study years. The binary logistic regression model showed that male gender, being in study year 2, higher distress scores and higher symptoms of depression were significantly associated with a higher likelihood for experiencing serious worries. In the open-ended questions on current concerns related to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on their studies, students most frequently reported concerns about missing relevant practical learning experience, difficulties with self-regulated learning and self motivation as well as study-related worries. Year 4 students reported significantly more worries about the lack of practical training than students from study years 1 to 3. Analysis of gender differences showed that female students reported more frequently diverse worries. In contrast, female students shared more frequently helpful strategies in all the categories compared to male students. Our findings suggest that medical students experience significant levels of distress and mental burden during the COVID-19 pandemic and highlight the need for ongoing psychological and educational support for medical students during the COVID-19 pandemic and after.
Die Prävalenz von Übergewicht und Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter ist hoch und hat in den letzten 4 Jahrzehnten in den westlichen Ländern zugenommen [44]. Laut Angaben der WHO waren im Jahr 2016 weltweit rund 124 Millionen Kinder und Jugendliche übergewichtig oder adipös. Im Vergleich zur ersten KiGGS-Datenerhebung vor rund 15 Jahren stagnierte die Übergewichts- (8,5%) und Adipositas- (5,9%) Prävalenz 2014 bis 2017 in Deutschland auf hohem Niveau.
Mit diesem epidemiologischen Phänomen stieg auch die Inzidenz assoziierter Risikofaktoren und Folgeerkrankungen bei adipösen Kindern und Jugendlichen (Dyslipidämie, Diabetes mellitus, arterielle Hypertonie, Steatosis hepatis, erhöhte inflammatorische Aktivität, verminderte Lebensqualität und Wohlbefinden, depressive Verstimmung), die mit einer erhöhten Mortalität und Berufseinschränkungen im Erwachsenenalter einhergehen [121]. Morbidität und Mortalität sind umso höher, je früher die Adipositas im Kindesalter einsetzt.
Um die gesundheitlichen und wirtschaftlichen Folgen dieser Entwicklung positiv zu beeinflussen, empfiehlt die Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Adipositas im Kindes- und Jugendalter (AGA) die Anwendung strukturierter Behandlungs- und Schulungsprogramme (SBSP) zur dauerhaften Gewichtsreduktion und -stabilisierung adipöser Kinder und Jugendlicher. Deren Wirksamkeit konnte bereits in zahlreichen Adipositastherapie-Studien mit hohen Teilnehmerzahlen belegt werden. Bei der Mehrzahl der Patienten konnten durch entsprechende Programme mit geschultem Personal und einem spezialisierten, interdisziplinären Setting langfristige Effekte wie Übergewichtsreduktion und Verbesserung des kardiovaskulären Risikoprofils durch Körperfettverlust nachgewiesen werden. Die Abnahme des BMI-SDS um bereits 0,25 Basispunkte zeigte in Studien bereits eine signifikante Verbesserung der kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren, sogar noch 1 Jahr nach Interventionsende [200].
Aufgrund dessen war es das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie, das Risikoprofil von übergewichtigen und adipösen Kindern zu identifizieren und deren Beeinflussung durch das an der MEDIGREIF Inselklinik Heringsdorf (Haus Gothensee) angewendete SBSP zu analysieren.
Die Ergebnisse der aktuellen Studie zeigen: Mehr als zwei Drittel aller adipösen Kinder und Jugendlichen wiesen zu Beginn des SBSP bereits mindestens einen Risikofaktor oder eine Folgeerkrankung auf. Insbesondere hinsichtlich folgenden, bedeutsamen Parametern zeigten die untersuchten Teilnehmer bereits manifeste Pathologien für arterielle Hypertonie (79%), sehr wahrscheinliche Insulinresistenz mit HOMA-Index ≥ 2,5 (67%), erhöhtes LDL-Cholesterin (61%), Steatosis hepatis (54%), erhöhte Carotis-Intima-Media-Dicke (34%) und erhöhte Entzündungsaktivität (39%).
In der multivariaten Analysen stellte sich das Körpergewicht bzw. der BMI als wichtigster Einflussfaktor für den Blutdruck, die Carotis-Intima-Media-Dicke und Insulinresistenz (HOMA-Index) heraus. Zudem korrelierten die Befunde arterielle Hypertonie, erhöhte CIM-Dicke sowie Steatosis hepatis neben dem BMI mit dem HOMA-Index. Für das CrP, als Marker der Entzündungsaktivität, konnte die stärkste Assoziation zur Fettmasse gezeigt werden. Dies spiegelt die Rolle des Fettgewebes als endokrines Organ mit Ausschüttung proinflammatorischer Zytokine und deren Bedeutung in der Herabsetzung der Insulinwirkung und Arterioskleroseentwicklung wider.
Nach Teilnahme am fünfwöchigen SBSP konnte unter allen Teilnehmern eine signifikante mittlere Gewichtsreduktion von 4,25 kg, begleitet von einer Reduktion des BMI um 1,6 Basispunkte, sowie des BMI-SDS um 0,16 Basispunkte erreicht werden. Darüber hinaus ergab sich eine Abnahme der Körperfettmasse um 4,5 kg. Im Gegensatz dazu nahm die fettfreie Masse um 0,3 kg zu. Diese Veränderungen waren mit einem positiven Einfluss auf die untersuchten Parameter verbunden und zeigten eine signifikante Abnahme des Anteils von Patienten mit sehr wahrscheinlicher Insulinresistenz (HOMA-Index ≥ 2,5) auf 60 %, erhöhtem LDL-Cholesterin auf 23 % und erhöhter Entzündungsaktivität auf 19 %.
Die Ergebnisse korrelieren gut mit den Daten der durchgeführten Literaturrecherche und weisen auf die gemeinsamen Pathomechanismen der Adipositas-folgeerscheinungen hin. Ein höherer BMI geht häufig mit Dyslipidämie, Hyperglykämie und Insulinresistenz sowie Entzündung und oxidativem Stress einher [88, 232, 233]. Aufgrund der zu kurzen Nachbeobachtungszeit konnten Verbesserungen der sonographischen Dichte der Leber, des Blutdrucks oder der Dicke der Carotis-Intima-Media nicht untersucht werden.
Zusammenfassend zeigt die vorliegende Studie, dass die interne Rehabilitation zu einer wirksamen Gewichts- bzw. BMI-Reduktion bei Kindern und Jugendlichen mit Übergewicht und Adipositas führt. Darüber hinaus weisen übergewichtige und adipöse Kinder und Jugendliche bereits eine Vielzahl von metabolischen und kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren und Erkrankungen wie arterielle Hypertonie, Insulinresistenz und Steatosis hepatis auf. Neben der Gewichtsreduktion ließ sich auch eine Verbesserung hinsichtlich der Risikoparameter Insulinresistenz, Dyslipidämie, Leberwerten und CrP nachweisen.
Wegen des guten Nutzen-Risiko-Verhältnisses sollte demnach jeder Betroffene flächendeckend die Möglichkeit zur Adipositasbehandlung - nach entsprechender Indikationsstellung durch den betreuenden Kinderarzt bzw. Hausarzt anhand festgelegter Kriterien - erhalten. Grundlage jeder Adipositasbehandlung in allen Altersstufen sollte ein multimodales Programm aus den Komponenten Ernährungs-, Bewegungs- und Verhaltenstherapie sein [121] .
Die alleinige Orientierung auf einen Bereich hat langfristig nur geringe Effekte [131]. Die kombinierten Schulungsprogramme müssen familienorientiert ausgerichtet sein und eine individuell zugeschnittene Intensität und Gestaltung je nach Geschlecht, Alter, sozioökonomischem und kulturellem Hintergrund sowie angestrebten Zielparametern besitzen [234]. Als „chronische Krankheit“ bedarf die Adipositas einer kontinuierlichen langfristigen Behandlung [235]. Stationäre Maßnahmen in spezialisierten Rehabilitationskliniken müssen deshalb durch eine intensive Vor- und Nachbetreuung im ambulanten Bereich ergänzt werden [177]. Bisher fehlen breite Daten zum langfristigen Nutzen dieser spezifischen Behandlungsmaßnahmen über mehrere Jahre. Weitere kontrollierte longitudinale Studien, wie die aktuelle LIFE-Studie aus Leipzig, sind deshalb obligat, um die Langzeitwirkung in Bezug auf Körpergewicht und BMI (BMI-SDS) sowie die assoziierten Risikoprofile und Erkrankungen aufzuklären. Dabei kommen im Rahmen der zunehmenden Individualisierung der Medizin auch auf den einzelnen Patienten orientierte Angebote zum Einsatz [236]. Damit Adipositas erst gar nicht entsteht, stellt zudem die Ableitung effektiver Präventivstrategien aus prognostizierbaren Gewichtsverläufen und Risikofaktoren ein weiteres großes Ziel wissenschaftlicher Forschungsarbeit dar.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Craving wird als ein zentrales Merkmal der Sucht betrachtet und gilt
gleichzeitig als entscheidende Determinante für Rückfälle bei Personen mit
Abhängigkeitserkrankungen. Entsprechend wichtig ist daher die Bestimmung der individuellen
Craving-Ausprägung während der medizinischen und psychotherapeutischen Behandlung. Da
dies mit gängigen Selbstbeschreibungsfragebögen im Praxisalltag häufig wertvolle Zeit in
Anspruch nimmt und Patienten mitunter auf inadäquate Weise überfordern bzw. sogar
„triggern“ kann, wurde in der vorliegenden Studie statistisch geprüft, ob die Visuelle
Analogskala (VAS) eine äquivalente und effiziente Alternative zu einem der gängigsten
Fragebogenverfahren für die Bestimmung von Craving – der Obsessive Compulsive Drinking
Scale (OCDS) – darstellt.
Methode: Im Rahmen einer Äquivalenz- bzw. Noninferioritätsstudie basierend auf einer
Fragebogenerhebung beantworteten N = 68 alkoholabhängige Patienten eines landesklinischen
Zentrums für Psychiatrie in Baden-Württemberg die aus 14 Items bestehende OCDS und
stuften parallel dazu ihr Trinkverlangen zu drei verschiedenen Messzeitpunkten auf einer VAS
ein. Mithilfe der Statistiksoftware IBM® SPSS® Statistics und Minitab® wurden in einer
computergestützten Datenanalyse bivariate Korrelationen, parametrische und nonparametrische
Tests sowie Konfidenzintervalle berechnet, um statistisch evident zu zeigen, dass
die über die VAS erhobenen Werte und die Ergebnisse aus der OCDS statistisch nicht
voneinander abweichen bzw. nicht unterlegen sind.
Ergebnisse: Sowohl die Äquivalenz- als auch die Noninferioritätshypothese wurde bestätigt:
Das Konfidenzintervall 95% CI [– 0.38, 0.20] beim Test für verbundene Stichproben (Differenz
= – 0.09, SD = 1.44, SE = 0.17) lag mit t (67) = 2.10, p = .02 für die untere Äquivalenzgrenze
und t (67) = – 3.15, p < .01 für die obere Äquivalenzgrenze innerhalb des Äquivalenzintervalls.
Ferner konnte gezeigt werden, dass das auf der VAS gemessene Trinkverlangen nach
Bearbeitung der OCDS statistisch signifikant angestiegen war (p < .001, d = 0.12).
Schlussfolgerung: Mit ihren Ergebnissen schafft die vorliegende Inaugural-Dissertation
erstmals eine statistisch-wissenschaftliche Basis dafür, dass die VAS als effiziente Alternative
neben der umfangreicheren und zeitaufwändigeren Fragebogendiagnostik (OCDS) in der Praxis
nicht nur Anwendung finden kann, sondern auch zulässig ist.
Schlüsselwörter: Äquivalenz – Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) – Visuelle
Analogskala (VAS) – Craving – Alkohol
Participating in an election is by far the most prevalent form of political participation in modern democracies. Turnout rates, however, not only vary considerably between countries but also over time: By trend, in many Western democracies turnout levels have declined over the last decades. Electoral systems depict a prominent factor that has always been discussed with respect to its impact on turnout. In this respect, a high number of empirical studies found aggregate turnout predominantly to be higher in countries using proportional representation compared to countries using a less proportional electoral system. Based on these findings, one should expect turnout to increase when the electoral system changes towards higher proportionality. However, empirical evidence of the actual lasting impact of changes in electoral institutions on voter turnout is all but conclusive. In this dissertation, I aim at answering the following question: What are the consequences of electoral system change for voter turnout? I argue that it is necessary to examine the relationship between electoral systems and turnout more detailed as most studies did to date by taking the level of electoral constituencies and the temporal dimension of electoral system change into account.
To assess the impact of electoral systems and further proposed causal factors associated with electoral systems, party system size for instance, on turnout empirically, I make use of a comparative research design, analyzing longitudinal data with time-series cross-sectional regression models. These data, being the basis for my empirical analyses, represent a unique data set covering 9.639 electoral districts from 146 national legislative elections in eleven European countries. The dissertation generally finds an increasing district magnitude to boost turnout, while a decreasing magnitude has negative consequences for electoral participation. The positive effect of district magnitude on turnout seems to depend on the size of the population in the respective district, however. In addition, the analyses show that a higher number of parties in a district, respectively an increase in the number of parties in a district, has a negative impact on turnout.
Drainage has commonly been a pre-requisite for the productive use of peatlands. The biased focus on agriculture, forestry and peat extraction has long ignored the destructive effects of drainage and the successive degradation of ecosystem functions of wet peatlands. Accelerated by the climate crisis, the finite nature of drainage-based peatland use is increasingly recognised. Consequently, productive land use options for wet or rewetted peatlands (paludiculture) are required as sustainable alternatives. A wide range of paludiculture plants and options of biomass utilisation are identified as suitable and promising. Despite the growing interest, experiences with and research on the economic viability of paludiculture are still rare.
This thesis addresses the lack of knowledge on paludiculture in terms of practical feasibility, costs and benefits at the farm level, market prospects and framework conditions. I selected the two currently most advanced paludicultural practices in Europe: a) Harvesting natural reed beds as a traditional ‘low-input’ paludiculture, i. e. the utilisation of existing ‘wild’ vegetation stands; b) ‘Sphagnum farming’ as a novel ‘high-input’ paludiculture including stand establishment and water management required for the active transformation from drainage-based peatland use to paludiculture. In both cases, I investigate three different biomass utilisation avenues. This thesis adds to the fields of problem-driven sustainability and land-use science. Procedures and costs of paludiculture were studied in transdisciplinary research projects in close cooperation with practitioners. Due to the novelty of the topic, I put special emphasis on the triangulation of methods and data sources: pilot trials, field measurements, semi-structured expert interviews, structured questionnaires, secondary data from trade statistics and literature. To account for uncertainty related to costs and revenues, I conduct stochastic scenario analysis (Monte Carlo simulation) for the extended contribution margin accounting of harvesting reeds and sensitivity analysis for the investment appraisal of Sphagnum farming.
Paludiculture on fens: harvesting reeds
Paper I investigates harvesting procedures for reed-dominated (Phragmites australis) vegetation stands. In many European countries special-purpose tracked machinery is applied for large-scale conservation management and the commercial harvest of thatching reed. Stochastic scenario analysis reveals a wide range of possible economic outcomes (ca. € -1000 to € 1500 ha-1 a-1) and identifies material use of reed superior to its use as a source of energy. Winter harvest of high-quality thatching reed in bundles is the most profitable option. Winter harvest of bales for direct combustion is suitable for low-quality stands and has a limited risk of loss. In the case of summer harvest, revenues for green chaff for biogas production cannot cover harvesting costs but non-market income via subsidies and agri-environmental payments may ensure profitability. While biomass for energy generation is limited to a local market, thatching reed is traded as an international commodity. The market situation for thatching reed is investigated for Europe (Paper II) and Germany (Paper III). The major reed consuming countries in Western Europe (Netherlands, Germany, UK, Denmark) rely on imports of up to 85 % of the national consumption, with reed being imported from Eastern and Southern Europe and since 2005 also from China. The total market volume for reed for thatching in Northern Germany is estimated with 3 ± 0.8 million bundles of reed with a monetary value at sales prices of € 11.6 ± 2.8 million. Most of the thatchers (70 %) did not promote reed of regional origin to their customers due to insufficient availability in the first place and a lack in quality as second reason. The cultivation of reed in paludiculture may improve quantity and quality of domestic thatching reed. An area of 6000 ± 1600 ha with an average yield of 500 bundles per hectare would allow covering the current total demand of 3 million bundles of the German thatching reed market (Paper III).
Paludiculture on bogs: Sphagnum farming
Sphagnum farming provides an alternative to peatland degradation in two ways: Firstly, Sphagnum mosses can be cultivated as new agricultural crops on rewetted peatlands. Secondly, the produced Sphagnum biomass is a high-quality raw material suitable to replace peat in horticultural growing media (Paper V). Pilot trials have demonstrated the practical feasibility of establishing Sphagnum cultures on former bog grassland, cut-over bogs and mats floating on acidic waters bodies; Paper IV compares for the three types of production sites the specific procedures, costs and area potential in Germany. Water-based Sphagnum farming is not recommended for large-scale implementation due to highest establishment costs, major cultivation risks and limited area potential. For soil-based Sphagnum farming, the most important cost positions were Sphagnum shoots to set up pilots, investment for water management and regular weed management. Bog grassland has the highest area potential, i. e. 90,000 ha in NW Germany. Paper V assesses the profitability of Sphagnum farming on former bog grassland based on extrapolating five years of field experience data (establishment ņ management ņ harvest) to a total cultivation time of twenty years. Cultivating Sphagnum biomass as founder material for Sphagnum farming or restoration was profitable even in pessimistic scenarios with high costs, high bulk density and low yields. Selling Sphagnum for orchid production was economically viable in the case of medium to high yields with a low bulk density. Cost-covering prices for Sphagnum biomass substituting peat seem achievable if end consumers pay a surcharge of 10 % on the peat-free cultivated horticultural end-product. An area of 35,000 ha of Sphagnum farming suffices to meet the annual demand of the German growing media industry for slightly decomposed Sphagnum peat.
Framework conditions affecting feasibility of paludiculture
The relation of revenues from selling biomass to its production costs is an important piece of the paludiculture feasibility puzzle. Further aspects effecting the economic viability and competitiveness of paludiculture encompass the market demand, the availability of mature technology, legal restrictions, the eligibility for agricultural subsidies, a remuneration of external benefits and the opportunity costs of present farming activities (Paper I, V). Legal and policy regulations are of major importance for land use decisions on peatlands – both for keeping up drainage and for shifting to paludiculture.
Conclusion and Outlook
This thesis provides a first assessment of the costs and profitability of large-scale harvesting of reeds and Sphagnum farming based on real-life data. The paludicultural practices investigated may be a solution for a minor share of the more than 1 million ha of peatlands drained for agriculture in Germany. Future research should also address other biomass utilisation options and other crops. Large-scale pilots are required to improve technical maturity of procedures and machinery, gather reliable data to replace assumptions on costs and revenues and study long-term effects on economics and ecosystem services. The micro-economic perspective needs to be complemented by the societal perspective quantifying and monetising external effects of peatland restoration, paludiculture and drainage-based peatland use. There is a high need for intensified research, large-scale implementation and accelerated adaption of the policy and legal framework to develop paludiculture as an economically viable option for degraded peatlands.
Background: This study aimed to prospectively investigate patients’ satisfaction with briefings before computed tomography (CT) examinations, determine feasibility, and identify factors influencing patient satisfaction independent of patient and physician characteristics.
Methods: One hundred sixty patients received information by a radiologist prior to contrast-enhanced CT examinations in an open, prospective, two-center, cross-sectional study (including the introduction of the radiologist, procedure, radiation exposure, possible side effects, and alternatives). Afterwards, patients and radiologists evaluated the briefing using a standardized questionnaire. Additionally, factors such as age, socioeconomic status, inpatient/outpatient status, length of the radiologist’s professional experience, duration of the briefing, clarity of the radiologist’s explanations as perceived by patients, and the duration of communication were obtained in this questionnaire. Subsequently, three classes of influencing factors were defined and entered stepwise into a hierarchical regression.
Results: Patient satisfaction ratings differed significantly by type of hospitalization, perceived type of communication, and patient gender. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that perceived clarity was the strongest predictor of patients’ satisfaction when controlling for the patient and physician characteristics.
Conclusions: Patients appeared to be satisfied with the briefing prior to CT examination. The mean briefing time (2 min 35 s) seemed feasible. Patients’ demographics influenced satisfaction. To improve patients’ satisfaction with briefings before contrast-enhanced CT, radiologists should aim to clarify their communication.
Keywords: Doctor-patient communication, Informed consent, Patients’ satisfaction, Contrast-enhancement
Die Notwendigkeit einer plastisch chirurgischen Rekonstruktion der weiblichen Brust ist in fast allen Fällen auf eine zuvor diagnostizierte Brustkrebserkrankung oder prämaligne Erkrankung, die eine Mastektomie erforderte, zurückzuführen. Hierbei wird die natürliche Form der Brust zusammen mit dem Mammillen-Areola-Komplex nachgebildet. Da eine haut- oder nippelsparende Mastektomie durch den amputierenden Eingriff nur einen dünnen Brusthautmantel zurücklässt, ist die Einlage einer subpectoralen Prothese sinnvoll. Der Musculus pectoralis major ist durch die Implantateinlage in seiner Dimension verkürzt und vermag den unteren Brustpol nicht hinreichend abzudecken. Somit kann eine komplette und sichere Prothesenbedeckung nicht mehr gewährleistet werden. Die Nachteile einer subpectoralen Implantateinlage können durch die Einlage abdeckender und gleichzeitig stützender Fremdmaterialien, wie die hier verwendeten Alloplasten TiLOOP® Bra und SERAGYN® BR sowie durch die porcine azelluläre Dermis Strattice™ revidiert werden.
Trotz dessen sich bislang kaum vergleichbare publizierte Studien in der Literatur zum Thema Alloplasten- und Dermisvergleich finden, ist die Vergleichbarkeit der Ergebnisse durch gesonderte Untersuchungen der einzelnen Interponate in anderen Publikationen gesichert.
Der Behandlungserfolg und das ästhetisch zufriedenstellende sowie onkologisch sichere Ergebnis wurde in dieser Arbeit anhand der dokumentierten Komplikationsraten gemessen. Hierbei wurde wie in der Literatur beschrieben zwischen „major und minor complications“ unterschieden.41
Beim Vergleich der jeweiligen Komplikationsarten besteht Komparabilität zwischen der herrschenden Literatur und den Ergebnissen bei den SERAGYN® BR- und TiLOOP® Bra-Populationen in der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald. Mit einer „major complications“–Rate von 11,1 % bei den mit SERAGYN® BR rekonstruierten Mammae und 14,9 % in der TiLOOP® Bra-Population ist ein akzeptables Ergebnis erzielt worden. Auch bei den „minor complications“ stellt die Rate von 13 % in der SERAGYN® BR-Population und 9,6 % bei den mit dem TiLOOP® Bra rekonstruierten Brüsten einen guten Schnitt im Behandlungserfolg dar. Die azelluläre Dermis Strattice™ erzielte mit jeweils 27,5 % „major“ und „minor complications“ die schlechteren Ergebnisse zum einen im Vergleich mit dem Therapieerfolg der anderen Populationen und zum anderen in Äquivalenz zur herrschenden Literatur.
Es konnte demonstriert werden, dass sich der Einsatz der azellulären Dermis nicht für die vorgeschädigte Brust im Sinne von zweizeitigen Operationsverfahren, sowie in Verbindung mit spezifischen Risikofaktoren eignet und besonders unter dem Einfluss einer Strahlentherapie eine erhöhte Komplikationsrate zu verzeichnen ist.
Auch im Zusammenhang mit plastisch rekonstruierenden Operationen gemeinsam mit dem TiLOOP® Bra oder dem Alloplasten SERAGYN® BR musste ein Anstieg von postoperativen Komplikationen dokumentiert werden, wenn eine Bestrahlung des Operationsgebietes vorgenommen wurde.
Um eine optimale und möglichst komplikationsarme operative Nachbildung der weiblichen Brust nach Ablatio erzielen zu können, bedarf es einer engen Indikationsstellung sowie Risiko-Nutzen-Abwägungen, die jedwede patientinneneigenen und iatrogenen Risikofaktoren berücksichtigt und handhaben kann. Ziel ist es dabei, trotz Risikofaktoren eine optimierte Versorgung der Patientinnen zu gewährleisten und so sichere sowie ästhetisch einwandfreie Ergebnisse erzielen zu können. Dazu gehören prüfende Überlegungen welches der Interponate die bestmögliche Kompatibilität zur geplanten Rekonstruktionsart aufweist und zudem die individuellen Patientinnenmerkmale berücksichtigen kann.
Ist aufgrund des Tumorstadiums eine Bestrahlung der Thoraxwand notwendig, sollte der Patientin eine Rekonstruktion mit Eigengewebe (z.B. TRAM- oder DIEP-Lappen) empfohlen werden.28 Bei Erfordernis einer Radiatio muss von einer implantatgestützten Brustrekonstruktion in Verbindung mit Netzen oder einer azellulären Dermis abgeraten werden. Sollte die Patientin dennoch ausdrücklich einen Wiederaufbau mittels Implantaten und Netzen bzw. ADM wünschen, besteht die Notwendigkeit auf das erhöhte postoperative Risiko hinzuweisen und ausführlich aufzuklären.
Obwohl diese retrospektive Studie keinen vollen Eingriff in die Indikationsstellung bieten kann, so werden bereits Anhaltspunkte für eine ideale Interponatauswahl offeriert, um eine optimale Rekonstruktion mit einem niedrigen Risikoprofil für postoperative Komplikationen und ein hohes Maß an Patientinnenzufriedenheit zu gewährleisten.
ObjectivesTo give an overview over the associations between self-reported health literacy and medication adherence in older adults.DesignA systematic literature review of quantitative studies published in English and German.Data sourcesMEDLINE via PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Epistemonikos and LIVIVO were searched.Eligibility criteriaIncluded studies had to examine the associations between self-reported health literacy and medication adherence in the elderly (samples including ≥66% of ≥60 years old) and had to use a quantitative methodology and had to be written in English or German.Data extraction and synthesisAll studies were screened for inclusion criteria by two independent reviewers. A narrative synthesis was applied to analyse all included studies thematically. Quality assessment was conducted using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies.ResultsWe found 2313 studies, of which nine publications from eight studies were included in this review. Five studies reported a majority of participants with limited health literacy, one study reported a majority of participants with adequate health literacy, and three publications from two studies only reported mean levels of health literacy. Eight publications from seven studies used self-reports to measure medication adherence, while one study used the medication possession ratio. Overall, six publications from five studies reported significantly positive associations between health literacy and medication adherence while two studies reported positive but non-significant associations between both constructs and one study reported mixed results.ConclusionIn this review, associations between self-reported health literacy and medication adherence are rather consistent, indicating positive associations between both constructs in older adults. However, concepts and measures of health literacy and medication adherence applied in the included studies still show a noteworthy amount of heterogeneity (eg, different use of cutoffs). These results reveal the need for more differentiated research in this area.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42019141028.
ObjectivesTo investigate levels of distress, depression, anxiety, stress and perception of their current study situation during the COVID-19 pandemic among undergraduate dental and medical students.DesignObservational, cross-sectional study including two consecutive surveys (May and July 2020).SettingA large medical school in Germany.ParticipantsAll first year dental and medical students were invited. 132 participating first year students (44 dental, 88 medical) from the first survey and 150 students (50 dental, 100 medical) from the second were included in our analyses.Primary and secondary outcome measuresMental burden (distress thermometer, Patient Health Questionnaire-4, Perceived Stress Scale-4) and self-reported changes in mental health and perception of study situation during the COVID-19 pandemic (self-developed items) were compared. Open-ended questions were analysed by conventional content analyses.ResultsA considerable proportion of students (t1: May 2020: 84.1%; t2: July 2020: 77.3%) reported distress levels above cut-off. In July 2020, dental students reported significantly higher distress scores than medical students (dental: M=7.0, SD=2.3; medical: M=5.7; SD=2.1; p<0.001). More dental than medical students reported mild, moderate and severe levels of anxiety and depression symptoms. The majority stated that their mental health and study motivation had not changed during the pandemic. Logistic regression showed that being a dental student was significantly associated with a higher likelihood for serious worries regarding the study situation during COVID-19 at t1 (OR 4.0; 95% CI 1.1 to 14.2). At t2 higher distress was significantly associated with a higher likelihood for experiencing serious worries (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.3 to 2.5). Regarding current concerns related to the pandemic, students most frequently reported difficulties with self-regulated learning (15.2%), study-related worries and uncertainty (14.4%), missing feedback of students and lecturers (11.4%) and lack of practical training (9.8%).ConclusionThe results suggest that high mental burden and the lack of practical training among medical and dental students is an increasing problem, with a possibly even higher urgency in dental students. Tailored psychological and educational support offers during and after the COVID-19 pandemic might help them as they progress through (medical and) dental school.