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Functional connectivity studies have demonstrated that creative thinking builds upon an interplay of multiple neural networks involving the cognitive control system. Theoretically, cognitive control has generally been discussed as the common basis underlying the positive relationship between creative thinking and intelligence. However, the literature still lacks a detailed investigation of the association patterns between cognitive control, the factors of creative thinking as measured by divergent thinking (DT) tasks, i.e., fluency and originality, and intelligence, both fluid and crystallized. In the present study, we explored these relationships at the behavioral and the neural level, based on N = 77 young adults. We focused on brain-signal complexity (BSC), parameterized by multi-scale entropy (MSE), as measured during a verbal DT and a cognitive control task. We demonstrated that MSE is a sensitive neural indicator of originality as well as inhibition. Then, we explore the relationships between MSE and factor scores indicating DT and intelligence. In a series of across-scalp analyses, we show that the overall MSE measured during a DT task, as well as MSE measured in cognitive control states, are associated with fluency and originality at specific scalp locations, but not with fluid and crystallized intelligence. The present explorative study broadens our understanding of the relationship between creative thinking, intelligence, and cognitive control from the perspective of BSC and has the potential to inspire future BSC-related theories of creative thinking.
Background: There is an urgent need for effective follow-up treatments after acute electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in depressed patients. Preliminary evidence suggests psychotherapeutic interventions to be a feasible and efficacious follow-up treatment. However, there is a need for research on the long-term usefulness of such psychotherapeutic offers in a naturalistic setting that is more representative of routine clinical practice. Therefore, the aim of the current pilot study was to investigate the effects of a half-open continuous group cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) with cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy elements as a follow-up treatment for all ECT patients, regardless of response status after ECT, on reducing depressive symptoms and promoting psychosocial functioning.
Method: Group CBT was designed to support patients during the often-difficult transition from inpatient to outpatient treatment. In a non-controlled pilot trial, patients were offered 15weekly sessions of manualized group CBT (called EffECTiv 2.0). The Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale was assessed as primary outcome; the Beck Depression Inventory, WHO Quality of Life Questionnaire–BREF, and the Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were assessed as secondary outcomes. Measurements took place before individual group start, after individual group end, and 6months after individual group end.
Results: During group CBT, Post-ECT symptom reduction was not only maintained but there was a tendency toward a further decrease in depression severity. This reduction could be sustained 6months after end of the group, regardless of response status after ECT treatment. Aspects of quality of life and emotion regulation strategies improved during group CBT, and these improvements were maintained 6months after the end of the group.
Conclusion: Even though the interpretability of the results is limited by the small sample and the non-controlled design, they indicate that manualized group CBT with cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy elements might pose a recommendable follow-up treatment option after acute ECT for depressed patients, regardless of response status after ECT. This approach might not only help to further reduce depressive symptoms and prevent relapse, but also promote long-term psychosocial functioning by improving emotion regulation strategies and psychological quality of life and thus could be considered as a valuable addition to clinical routine after future validation.
Moral rules are a cornerstone of many societies. Most moral rules are concerned with the welfare of other individuals, reflecting individuals’ innate aversion against harming other individuals. Harming others is associated with aversive experiences, implying that individuals who are sensitive to the aversiveness of these experiences are more likely to follow moral rules than individuals who are insensitive to the aversiveness of these experiences. Individuals’ sensitivity for aversive experiences depends on individuals’ ability to integrate the underlying neural and physiological processes: Individuals who are more efficient in integrating these processes are more sensitive to the aversiveness that is associated with moral rule violations than individuals who are less efficient in integrating these processes. Individuals who differ in their ability to integrate these processes may, thus, also differ in their inclination to follow moral rules. We tested this assumption in a sample of healthy individuals (67 males) who completed measures of moral rule adherence and integration abilities. Moral rule adherence was assessed with self-report measure and integration abilities were assessed with a resting state measure of heart rate variability (HRV), which reflects prefrontal–(para-)limbic engagement during the integration of physical and neural processes. We found a positive association between individuals’ HRV and individuals’ moral rule adherence, implying that individuals with efficient integration abilities were more inclined to follow moral rules than individuals with inefficient integration abilities. Our findings support the assumption that individuals with different integration abilities also differ in moral rule adherence, presumably because of differences in aversiveness sensitivity.
Introduction: To maintain a sufficient donor pool, deferred first-time donors (FTD) should be motivated to return for blood donation. This pilot study investigates how deferral affects momentary mood, satisfaction with the donation process, and subsequent return behavior to examine their potential for motivating (deferred) FTD. Methods: All of the subjects (n = 96) completed a first questionnaire (A1) before pre-donation assessment. Deferred FTD (n = 22) were asked to complete a second questionnaire (A2) immediately after deferral, while non-deferred FTD (n = 74) filled in the second questionnaire (A3) after blood donation. The impact of deferral, momentary mood, and satisfaction with the donation process on return behavior within 12 months was tested by calculating two path analyses, controlling for sex and age. Results: Mood (p < 0.001) and satisfaction with social aspects of the donation process (p = 0.01) were decreased after deferral. Deferred FTD were less likely than non-deferred FTD to return to the blood donation center within 12 months (60.8 vs. 36.4%; p = 0.043). However, path analyses revealed that deferral effects on mood and satisfaction were not connected to return behavior. Instead, age had a significant influence on return behavior (p < 0.05) such that, overall, non-returning FTD were older than returning FTD, regardless of their deferral status. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that mood and satisfaction with the donation process are directly affected by deferral but not clearly responsible for low return rates. It seems promising to embed these variables in established health behavior models in further studies to increase the return rates of deferred FTD.
Introduction: The Cognitive Behavioral Analysis System of Psychotherapy (CBASP) was developed for the treatment of persistent depressive disorder (PDD), where comorbid personality disorders (PD) are common. In contrast to other PD, comorbid borderline personality disorder (BPD) is often regarded as an exclusion criterion for CBASP. In clinical settings, however, subthreshold BPD symptoms are prevalent in PDD and may not be obvious at an initial assessment prior to therapy. As data on their impact on CBASP outcome are very limited, this naturalistic study investigates BPD features in PDD and their relevance for the therapeutic outcome of a multimodal CBASP inpatient program.
Method: Sixty patients (37 female, mean age 38.3, SD 11.9 years) meeting DSM-5 criteria for PDD underwent a 10 weeks CBASP inpatient program. BPD features (i.e., number of fulfilled DSM-5 criteria) together with childhood maltreatment and rejection sensitivity were assessed on admission. Before and after treatment, severity of depressive symptoms was measured using the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). BPD symptoms were assessed using the Borderline Personality Disorder Severity Index (BPDSI-IV) and the Borderline Symptom List (BSL-23). Intercorrelations of baseline characteristics and symptom change during treatment were analyzed.
Results: Patients with PDD met a mean of 1.5 (SD 1.6) BPD criteria with 4 patients fulfilling ≥5 criteria. BPD symptoms and depressive symptoms showed a strong correlation, and BPD symptoms were additionally correlated with emotional abuse and rejection sensitivity. There was no association between BPD features at baseline and improvement on the MADRS, however, BPD features tended to be associated with a lower response according to the BDI-II score after 10 weeks of treatment. Furthermore, BPD symptoms (i.e., abandonment, impulsivity and affective instability) were reduced after 10 weeks of CBASP treatment.
Discussion: BPD symptoms are prevalent in patients with PDD and highly intertwined with the experience of depressive symptoms. In this naturalistic study in PDD, BPD features at baseline did not limit the clinical response to CBASP. Future studies may extend the spectrum of PDD to comorbid subsyndromal or even syndromal BPD in order to develop tailored psychotherapeutic treatment for these complex affective disorders.
Abstract
Background
The need to optimize exposure treatments for anxiety disorders may be addressed by temporally intensified exposure sessions. Effects on symptom reduction and public health benefits should be examined across different anxiety disorders with comorbid conditions.
Methods
This multicenter randomized controlled trial compared two variants of prediction error‐based exposure therapy (PeEx) in various anxiety disorders (both 12 sessions + 2 booster sessions, 100 min/session): temporally intensified exposure (PeEx‐I) with exposure sessions condensed to 2 weeks (n = 358) and standard nonintensified exposure (PeEx‐S) with weekly exposure sessions (n = 368). Primary outcomes were anxiety symptoms (pre, post, and 6‐months follow‐up). Secondary outcomes were global severity (across sessions), quality of life, disability days, and comorbid depression.
Results
Both treatments resulted in substantial improvements at post (PeEx‐I: dwithin = 1.50, PeEx‐S: dwithin = 1.78) and follow‐up (PeEx‐I: dwithin = 2.34; PeEx‐S: dwithin = 2.03). Both groups showed formally equivalent symptom reduction at post and follow‐up. However, time until response during treatment was 32% shorter in PeEx‐I (median = 68 days) than PeEx‐S (108 days; TRPeEx‐I = 0.68). Interestingly, drop‐out rates were lower during intensified exposure. PeEx‐I was also superior in reducing disability days and improving quality of life at follow‐up without increasing relapse.
Conclusions
Both treatment variants focusing on the transdiagnostic exposure‐based violation of threat beliefs were effective in reducing symptom severity and disability in severe anxiety disorders. Temporally intensified exposure resulted in faster treatment response with substantial public health benefits and lower drop‐out during the exposure phase, without higher relapse. Clinicians can expect better or at least comparable outcomes when delivering exposure in a temporally intensified manner.
Zusammenfassung: Die Klinische Psychologie ist essentieller Bestandteil
interdisziplinärer Forschung im Bereich psychischer Störungen. Ziel der
präsentierten Analyse war es, den individuellen Beitrag der Psychologie abzubilden.
Wir bestimmten daher objektive Indikatoren für die Mitwirkung der deutschsprachigen
Klinischen Psychologie und ihrer psychologischen Nachbardisziplinen an den
Forschungsthemen zu psychischen Störungen. Eine themenbezogene Drittmittelanalyse
für den Zeitraum 2000 – 2018 identifizierte
85 Großprojekte unter klinisch-psychologischer Leitung sowie
10 Personenförderungen mit einem Gesamtfördervolumen von 156 Millionen
Euro. Weiterhin zeigte eine Publikationsanalyse, dass in den Jahren
1980 – 2018 die 150 deutschsprachigen Autor_innen mit den
meisten themenrelevanten Publikationen mehrheitlich (63 %) einen akademischen
Abschluss in Psychologie hatten. Die Anzahl der Publikationen nahm unter den
psychologischen Autor_innen insgesamt jährlich zu. Wir identifizierten ein breites
Forschungsfeld in störungsspezifischer, verfahrensspezifischer und
neurowissenschaftlich fundierter Forschung. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen den
substantiellen Beitrag der Psychologie in der Grundlagen- und Behandlungsforschung zu
psychischen Störungen.
Subjektives Stresserleben und dessen objektive Erfassung mittels des Antioxidativen Potentials
(2020)
Die Gefährdungsbeurteilung psychischer Belastungen ist seit der Novellierung des Arbeitsschutzgesetzes im Jahr 2013 für jeden Arbeitgeber Pflicht. Das stellt die Verantwortlichen Akteure des Arbeits- und Gesundheitsschutzes vor große Herausforderungen hinsichtlich der praktischen Umsetzung (Bamberg & Mohr, 2016), da der Gesetzgeber offengelassen hat, wie genau die Gefährdungsbeurteilung umzusetzen ist. Empfehlungen zu geeigneten Verfahren, wie sie in der DIN EN ISO 10075-3 formuliert werden, sind insofern kritisch zu bewerten, als dass von geeigneten Instrumenten neben der Erfassung der psychischen Belastung zudem die Erfassung der psychischen Beanspruchung gefordert wird. Dies kann vor allem bei schriftlichen Befragungen zu Verzerrungen führen (Podsakoff, Mackenzie, Lee & Podsakoff, 2003; Specter, 2006). Hier könnten parallel zu den Befragungsinstrumenten eingesetzte physiologische Maße Abhilfe schaffen.
Mit dieser Arbeit sollte die Eignung des Antioxidativen Potentials (AOP) als Indikator des oxidativen Stresses zur objektiven Erfassung des subjektiven Stresserlebens überprüft werden. Dazu wurden sechs Studien in unterschiedlichen Settings durchgeführt. Sie sollten die Zusammenhänge zwischen AOP, subjektivem Stresserleben und der Ernährung untersuchen. In keiner der Studien konnte das angenommene Wirkmuster vollständig bestätigt werden. Vielmehr ließen sich teils konträre Wirkrichtungen feststellen, so dass die Befundlage als inkonsistent bezeichnet werden muss. Ungeachtet methodischer Limitationen der Studien, verdeutlichen die Ergebnisse vor allem den hohen Forschungsbedarf der bezüglich der Wechselwirkungen von psychischen, physiologischen und behavioralen Prozessen in diesem Bereich noch besteht.
Zusammenfassend und basierend auf den durchgeführten Studien muss daher festgestellt werden, dass das AOP nicht als objektiver Parameter zur Erfassung des subjektiven Stresserlebens geeignet ist.
Over the last years, there has been a resurge in the interest to study the relationship between interoception and emotion. By now, it is well established that interoception contributes to the experience of emotions. However, it may also be possible that interoception contributes to the regulation of emotions. To test this possibility, we studied the relationship between interoception and emotion regulation in a sample of healthy individuals (n = 84). We used a similar heartbeat detection task and a similar self-report questionnaire for the assessment of interoceptive accuracy and emotion regulation as in previous studies. In contrast to previous studies, we differentiated between male and female individuals in our analyses and controlled our analyses for individual characteristics that may affect the relationship between interoceptive accuracy and emotion regulation. We found sex-differences in interoceptive accuracy and emotion regulation that amounted to a sex-specific relationship between interoceptive accuracy and emotion regulation: Whereas interoceptive accuracy was related to reappraisal but not to suppression in male individuals, interoceptive accuracy was unrelated to reappraisal and suppression in female individuals. These findings indicate that the relationship between interoception and emotion regulation is far more complex than has been suggested by previous findings. However, these findings nonetheless support the view that interoception is essential for both, the regulation and experience of emotions.
Introduction: Following behavioral recommendations is key to successful containment of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is important to identify causes and patterns of non-compliance in the population to further optimize risk and health communication.
Methods: A total of 157 participants [80% female; mean age = 27.82 years (SD = 11.01)] were surveyed regarding their intention to comply with behavioral recommendations issued by the German government. Latent class analysis examined patterns of compliance, and subsequent multinomial logistic regression models tested sociodemographic (age, gender, country of origin, level of education, region, and number of persons per household) and psychosocial (knowledge about preventive behaviors, risk perception, stigmatizing attitudes) predictors.
Results: Three latent classes were identified: high compliance (25%) with all recommendations; public compliance (51%), with high compliance regarding public but not personal behaviors; and low compliance (24%) with most recommendations. Compared to high compliance, low compliance was associated with male gender [relative risk ratio (RRR) = 0.08 (0.01; 0.85)], younger age [RRR = 0.72 (0.57; 0.93)], and lower public stigma [RRR = 0.21 (0.05; 0.88)]. Low compliers were also younger than public compliers [RRR = 0.76 (0.59; 0.98)].
Discussion: With 25% of the sample reporting full compliance, and 51% differing in terms of public and personal compliance, these findings challenge the sustainability of strict regulatory measures. Moreover, young males were most likely to express low compliance, stressing the need for selective health promotion efforts. Finally, the positive association between public stigma and compliance points to potential othering effects of stigma during a pandemic, but further longitudinal research is required to examine its impact on health and social processes throughout the pandemic.
Much research has been devoted to the development of emotion recognition tests that can be used to investigate how individuals identify and discriminate emotional expressions of other individuals. One of the most prominent emotion recognition tests is the Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RME-T). The original RME-T has been widely used to investigate how individuals recognize complex emotional expressions from the eye region of adult faces. However, the RME-T can only be used to investigate inter-individual differences in complex emotion recognition during the processing of adult faces. To extend its usefulness, we developed a modified version of the RME-T, the Reading the Mind in the Eyes of Children Test (RME-C-T). The RME-C-T can be used to investigate how individuals recognize complex emotional expressions from the eye region of child faces. However, the validity of the RME-C-T has not been evaluated yet. We, thus, administered the RME-C-T together with the RME-T to a sample of healthy adult participants (n = 119). The Interpersonal Reactivity Index (IRI) and the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS) were also administered. Participants’ RME-C-T performance correlated with participants’ RME-T performance, implying that the RME-C-T measures similar emotion recognition abilities as the RME-T. Participants’ RME-C-T performance also correlated with participants’ IRI and TAS scores, indicating that these emotion recognition abilities are affected by empathetic and alexithymic traits. Moreover, participants’ RME-C-T performance differed between participants with high and low TAS scores, suggesting that the RME-C-T is sensitive enough to detect impairments in these emotion recognition abilities. The RME-C-T, thus, turned out to be a valid measure of inter-individual differences in complex emotion recognition during the processing of child faces.
Moral dilemmas often concern actions that involve causing harm to others in the attempt to prevent greater harm. But not all actions of this kind are equal in terms of their moral evaluation. In particular, a harm-causing preventive action is typically regarded as less acceptable if the harm is a means to achieve the goal of preventing greater harm than if it is a foreseen but unintended side-effect of the action. Likewise, a harm-causing preventive action is typically deemed less acceptable if it directly produces the harm than if it merely initiates a process that brings about the harmful consequence by its own dynamics. We report three experiments that investigated to which degree these two variables, the instrumentality of the harm (harm as means vs. side-effect; Experiments 1, 2, and 3) and personal force (personal vs. impersonal dilemmas; Experiments 2 and 3) influence deontological (harm-rejection) and utilitarian (outcome-maximization) inclinations that have been hypothesized to underly moral judgments in harm-related moral dilemmas. To measure these moral inclinations, the process dissociation procedure was used. The results suggest that the instrumentality of the harm and personal force affect both inclinations, but in opposite ways. Personal dilemmas and dilemmas characterized by harm as a means evoked higher deontological tendencies and lower utilitarian tendencies, than impersonal dilemmas and dilemmas where the harm was a side-effect. These distinct influences of the two dilemma conceptualization variables went undetected if the conventional measure of moral inclinations, the proportion of harm-accepting judgments, was analyzed. Furthermore, although deontological and utilitarian inclinations were found to be largely independent overall, there was some evidence that their correlation depended on the experimental conditions.
Abstract
In crisis communication, warning messages are key to prevent or mitigate damage by informing the public about impending risks and hazards. The present study explored the influence of hazard type, trait anxiety, and warning message on different components of risk perception. A survey examined 614 German participants (18–96 years, M = 31.64, 63.0% female) using a pre–post comparison. Participants were randomly allocated to one of five hazards (severe weather, act of violence, breakdown of emergency number, discovery of a World War II bomb, or major fire) for which they received a warning message. Four components of risk perception (perceived severity, anticipatory worry, anticipated emotions, and perceived likelihood) were measured before and after the receipt. Also, trait anxiety was assessed. Analyses of covariance of risk perception were calculated, examining the effect of warning message, trait anxiety, and hazard type while controlling for age, gender, and previous hazard experience. Results showed main effects of hazard type and trait anxiety on every component of risk perception, except for perceived likelihood. The receipt of a warning message led to a significant decrease in anticipated negative emotions. However, changes across components of risk perception, as well as hazards, were inconsistent, as perceived severity decreased while perceived likelihood and anticipatory worry increased. In addition, three interactional effects were found (perceived severity × hazard type, perceived severity × trait anxiety, and anticipated emotions × hazard type). The findings point toward differences in the processing of warning messages yet underline the importance of hazard type, as well as characteristics of the recipient.
Extinction learning is suggested to be a central mechanism during exposure-based cognitive behavioralpsychotherapy. A positive association between the patients’pretreatment extinction learning performance andtreatment outcome would corroborate the hypothesis. Indeed, there isfirst correlational evidence between reducedextinction learning and therapy efficacy. However, the results of these association studies may be hampered byextinction-training protocols that do not match treatment procedures. Therefore, we developed an extinction-trainingprotocol highly tailored to the procedure of exposure therapy and tested it in two samples of 46 subjects in total. Byusing instructed fear acquisition training, including a consolidation period overnight, we wanted to ensure that theconditioned fear response was well established prior to extinction training, which is the case in patients with anxietydisorders prior to treatment. Moreover, the extinction learning process was analyzed on multiple response levels,comprising unconditioned stimulus (US) expectancy ratings, autonomic responses, defensive brain stem reflexes, andneural activation using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Using this protocol, we found robust fearconditioning and slow-speed extinction learning. We also observed within-group heterogeneity in extinction learning,albeit a stable fear response at the beginning of the extinction training. Finally, we found discordance betweendifferent response systems, suggesting that multiple processes are involved in extinction learning. The paradigmpresented here might help to ameliorate the association between extinction learning performance assessed in thelaboratory and therapy outcomes and thus facilitate translational science in anxiety disorders
Die Klinische Psychologie ist essentieller Bestandteil interdisziplinärer Forschung im Bereich psychischer Störungen. Ziel der präsentierten Analyse war es, den individuellen Beitrag der Psychologie abzubilden. Wir bestimmten daher objektive Indikatoren für die Mitwirkung der deutschsprachigen Klinischen Psychologie und ihrer psychologischen Nachbardisziplinen an den Forschungsthemen zu psychischen Störungen. Eine themenbezogene Drittmittelanalyse für den Zeitraum 2000 – 2018 identifizierte 85 Großprojekte unter klinisch-psychologischer Leitung sowie 10 Personenförderungen mit einem Gesamtfördervolumen von 156 Millionen Euro. Weiterhin zeigte eine Publikationsanalyse, dass in den Jahren 1980 – 2018 die 150 deutschsprachigen Autor_innen mit den meisten themenrelevanten Publikationen mehrheitlich (63 %) einen akademischen Abschluss in Psychologie hatten. Die Anzahl der Publikationen nahm unter den psychologischen Autor_innen insgesamt jährlich zu. Wir identifizierten ein breites Forschungsfeld in störungsspezifischer, verfahrensspezifischer und neurowissenschaftlich fundierter Forschung. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen den substantiellen Beitrag der Psychologie in der Grundlagen- und Behandlungsforschung zu psychischen Störungen.
Development of the Greifswald questionnaire for the measurement of interprofessional attitudes
(2020)
Brain aging even in healthy older adults is characterized by a decline in cognitive functions including memory, learning and attention. Among others, memory is one of the major cognitive functions affected by aging. Understanding the mechanisms underlying age-related memory decline may help pave the road for novel treatment strategies. Here, we tried to elucidate the neural correlates associated with memory decline using structural and functional neuroimaging and neuromodulation with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).
Over the course of three studies, we investigated 1) the influence of white matter integrity and grey matter volume on memory performance in healthy older adults, 2) the role of functional coupling within the memory network in predicting memory performance and the impact of tDCS in modulating retrieval performance in healthy older adults, 3) the effect of tDCS over the sensorimotor cortex on cognitive performance in young adults.
MRI was used to study associations of cognitive performance with white matter integrity and grey matter volume, and examine their causal relationship in the course of aging. White matter integrity was assessed by acquiring diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and performing deterministic tractography based on constrained spherical deconvolution. Grey matter volume was estimated using fully automated segmentation. Both white matter integrity and grey matter volume were correlated with behavioral data of a verbal episodic memory task. Percentage of correct answers at retrieval was used to measure memory performance (Manuscript 1). In addition, anodal tDCS (atDCS) (1 mA, 20 min) was applied over CP5 (left temporoparietal cortex) to modulate memory formation in healthy older adults. Participants underwent resting-state fMRI before the stimulation. Functional connectivity analysis was performed to determine whether functional coupling within the memory network predicted initial memory performance, and to examine its association to tDCS-induced enhancement effect (Manuscript 2). Finally, atDCS (1 mA, 20 min) was applied over C3 (left sensorimotor cortex) to explore the effect of tDCS over the sensorimotor cortex on cognitive performance in young adults. During the stimulation, participants performed three tasks; gestural task, attentional load task and simple reaction time task (Manuscript 3).
Results showed that volumes of the left dentate gyrus (DG) and tractography-based fractional anisotropy (FA) of individual fornix pathways were positively related to memory retrieval in older adults. Brain-behavior associations were observed for correct rejections rather than hits of memory performance, indicating specificity of memory network functioning for detecting false associations. Thus, the data suggested a particular role of neural integrity that promotes successful memory retrieval in older adults. Subsequent mediation analysis showed that left DG volume mediated the effect of fornix FA on memory performance (48%), corrected for age, revealing a crucial role of hippocampal pathway microstructure in modulating memory performance in older adults (Manuscript 1). tDCS results showed that atDCS led to better retrieval performance and increasing learning curves, indicating that brain stimulation can induce plasticity of episodic memory processes in older adults. Combining tDCS and fMRI, hippocampo-temporoparietal functional connectivity was positively associated with initial memory performance in healthy older adults and was positively correlated with the magnitude of individual tDCS-induced enhancement, suggesting that individual tDCS responsiveness may be determined by intrinsic network coupling (Manuscript 2). Finally, our findings suggested that atDCS over left sensorimotor cortex reduced reaction times in the gestural-verbal integration task, specifically for incongruent pairs of gestures and verbal expressions, indicating the role of sensorimotor cortex in gestural-verbal integration in young adults (Manuscript 3).
The results of all three studies may help to elucidate age-related structural deterioration and functional coupling network underlying cognitive processes in healthy adults. Furthermore, these studies emphasized the importance of interventions like tDCS in modulating cognitive performance, specifically episodic verbal memory and gestural-verbal integration. By unveiling the specific role of brain structures and functional network coupling as well as the role of tDCS in modulating cognitive performance, our results contribute to a better understanding of brain-behavior associations, and may help to develop clinical interventional approaches, tailored for specific cognitive functions in aging.
Die vorliegende qualitativ-hermeneutische Dissertation untersucht auf der Basis von 20 Interviews die Motivation von Patientinnen der Plastischen Alterschirurgie, die einen größeren Eingriff (Facelift) anvisieren oder bereits haben vornehmen lassen. Sie kommt zu dem Ergebnis, dass das bisher gängige Prozedere die psychologischen Risiken und Nebenwirkungen einer solchen Operation vernachlässigt. Nach Sichtung der bewussten Beweggründe der Patientinnen und des sozialen Kontextes ihrer Entscheidung für eine OP beleuchtet die Arbeit komplexe Fragen des persönlichen Selbst- und Weltbilds, der Emotionalität und neurotischer Fixierungen. Das häufige Vorliegen von maladaptivem Coping, narzisstischem Selbstwertmanagement, niedriger sozioemotionaler Kompetenz, fehlender Sinnressourcen, wie auch der Neigung zum Selbstbetrug wirft ein problematisches Licht auf die Indikation. Unter Abwägung der Chancen und Risiken einer OP aus psychotherapeutischer Sicht erscheint es zweifelhaft, ob ein verjüngender Eingriff die Probleme der Patientinnen beheben kann, ob er unter ungünstigen Umständen nicht sogar mehr schadet als nützt. Dieses grundsätzliche psychologische Dilemma könnte berücksichtigt und minimiert werden durch ein verbindliches psychologisches Beratungs- und Aufklärungsgespräch im Vorfeld der Operation. So schließt die Arbeit mit dem Vorschlag eines kombinierten chirurgisch-psychologischen Vorgehens zur ganzheitlich konzipierten Therapie der Altersängste der Patientinnen, eine Neuerung, die sowohl im Dienst der Patienten wie auch im Dienst des behandelnden Chirurgen stünde.
Transition wird bezeichnet als zielgerichteter, geplanter Wechsel der Kinder und Jugendlichen mit chronischen Erkrankungen von dem kindzentrierten zum erwachsenenzentrierten Gesundheitssystem (Blum et al., 1993). Transition soll ein strukturierter, gut implementierter, geplanter und absichtsvoller Prozess sein, welcher die Jugendlichen mit chronischen Erkrankungen, ihre Eltern und die involvierten Gesundheitsexpert*innen befähigt, den Wechsel von der Pädiatrie zur Erwach¬senen¬medizin erfolgreich abzuschließen (Blum et al., 1993; Huang et al., 2014; Kennedy et al., 2007).
Es ist notwendig den Prozess der Transition an die individuellen Bedürfnisse der Jugendlichen anzupassen und somit deren Unterstützung flexibler zu gestalten zu können, um dies zu erreichen, werden entsprechende Instrumente zur Erfassung von Konstrukten in der Transition benötigt. Von besonderem Interesse ist die Transitionsbereitschaft von Jugendlichen mit chronischen Erkrankungen.
Um die individuelle Bereitschaft zur Transition eines Jugendlichen mit chronischer Erkrankung feststellen zu können, fehlen zudem änderungssensitive Instrumente, die zugleich auch allgemein anwendbar sind, sodass eine Vergleichbarkeit zwischen verschiedenen Erkrankungen bzw. Versorgungsbereichen ermöglicht wird. Von diesem methodischen Defizit der Transitionsforschung ausgehend werden in der vorliegenden Arbeit folgende Konstrukte sowie deren Operationalisierung und Erfassung im Kontext der Transition psychometrisch genauer analysiert: gesundheitsbezogene und krankheitsspezifische Lebensqualität, Versorgungszufriedenheit, Transitionskompetenz, Patientenaktivierung und Patienten-empowerment.
Zusammenfassend zeigt sich, dass die Konstrukte krankheitsspezifische Lebens-qualität, Versorgungszufriedenheit, Transitionskompetenz, Patientenaktivierung und Patienten¬empowerment zur Erfassung von transitionsbezogenen Veränderungen bei Jugendlichen mit chronischen Erkrankungen geeignet sind. Lediglich die Erfassung die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität sollte für zukünftige Studien geprüft werden.
Neurobiological theories suggest that inter-individual differences in vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) have the potential to serve as a biomarker for inter-individual differences in emotion regulation that are due to inter-individual differences regarding the engagement of prefrontal and (para-)limbic brain regions during emotion processing. To test these theories, we investigated whether inter-individual differences in vmHRV would be associated with inter-individual differences in emotion regulation. We determined resting state vmHRV in a sample of 176 individuals that had also completed a short self-report measure of reappraisal and suppression use. Resting state vmHRV was derived from short-term (300 s) and ultra-short-term (120 s, 60 s) recordings of participants’ heart rate to determine the robustness of possible findings. Irrespective of recording length, we found that an increase in resting state vmHRV was associated with an increase in self-reported reappraisal but not suppression use. However, this association was only evident among male but not female participants, indicating a sex-specific association between inter-individual differences in resting state vmHRV and inter-individual differences in self-reported emotion regulation. These findings, which are consistent with previous ones, support theoretical claims that inter-individual differences in vmHRV serve as a biomarker for inter-individual differences in emotion regulation. Combing (ultra-)short-term measures of resting state vmHRV with short self-report measures of emotion regulation may, thus, be useful for researchers who have to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms of emotion regulation in a time- and resource-efficient manner.
Despite the widespread use of oral contraceptives (OCs), remarkably little is known about the effects of OCs on emotion, cognition, and behavior. However, coincidental findings suggest that OCs impair the ability to recognize others’ emotional expressions, which may have serious consequences in interpersonal contexts. To further investigate the effects of OCs on emotion recognition, we tested whether women who were using OCs (n = 42) would be less accurate in the recognition of complex emotional expressions than women who were not using OCs (n = 53). In addition, we explored whether these differences in emotion recognition would depend on women’s menstrual cycle phase. We found that women with OC use were indeed less accurate in the recognition of complex expressions than women without OC use, in particular during the processing of expressions that were difficult to recognize. These differences in emotion recognition did not depend on women’s menstrual cycle phase. Our findings, thus, suggest that OCs impair women’s emotion recognition, which should be taken into account when informing women about the side-effects of OC use.
Despite major research interest regarding gender differences in emotion regulation, it is still not clear whether men and women differ in their basic capacity to implement specific emotion regulation strategies, as opposed to indications of the habitual use of these strategies in self-reports. Similarly, little is known on how such basic capacities relate to indices of well-being in both sexes. This study took a novel approach by investigating gender differences in the capacity for generating cognitive reappraisals in adverse situations in a sample of 67 female and 59 male students, using a maximum performance test of the inventiveness in generating reappraisals. Participants’ self-perceived efficacy in emotion regulation was additionally assessed. Analyses showed that men and women did not differ in their basic capacity to generate alternative appraisals for anxiety-eliciting scenarios, suggesting similar functional cognitive mechanisms in the implementation of this strategy. Yet, higher cognitive reappraisal capacity predicted fewer depressive daily-life experiences in men only. These findings suggest that in the case of cognitive reappraisal, benefits for well-being in women might depend on a more complex combination of basic ability, habits, and efficacy-beliefs, along with the use of other emotion regulation strategies. The results of this study may have useful implications for psychotherapy research and practice.
Neurobiological theories suggest that inter-individual differences in vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) have the potential to serve as a biomarker for interindividual differences in emotion regulation that are due to inter-individual differences regarding the engagement of prefrontal and (para-)limbic brain regions during emotion processing. To test these theories, we investigated whether inter-individual differences in
vmHRV would be associated with inter-individual differences in emotion regulation. We determined resting state vmHRV in a sample of 176 individuals that had also completed a short self-report measure of reappraisal and suppression use. Resting state vmHRV was derived from short-term (300 s) and ultra-short-term (120 s, 60 s) recordings of participants’ heart rate to determine the robustness of possible findings. Irrespective of recording length, we found that an increase in resting state vmHRV was associated with an increase in self-reported reappraisal but not suppression use. However, this association was only evident among male but not female participants, indicating a sex-specific association between inter-individual differences in resting state vmHRV and inter-individual differences in self-reported emotion regulation. These findings, which are consistent with previous ones, support theoretical claims that inter-individual differences in vmHRV serve as a biomarker for inter-individual differences in emotion regulation. Combing (ultra-)short-term measures of resting state vmHRV with short selfreport measures of emotion regulation may, thus, be useful for researchers who have to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms of emotion regulation in a time- and resource-efficient manner.
Das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie bestand darin, einen möglichen Einfluss des Darbietungsmodus auf die Leistung von Vorschulkindern in einer Aufgabe zur Theory of Mind (ToM) zu überprüfen. Dazu wurden die Leistungen von 94 Kindern zwischen 3 und 5 Jahren in einer klassischen Ortsverlagerungsaufgabe zum Verständnis falscher Überzeugungen (Wimmer & Perner, 1983) untersucht. Den Kindern wurde die Originalgeschichte entweder live oder als Videofilm präsentiert. Erstmalig konnte ein signifikanter Effekt des Darbietungsmodus in einer Aufgabe zur ToM nachgewiesen werden. Dieser ergab sich in der Altersgruppe der 4-Jährigen. Unabhängig vom Darbietungsmodus antworteten 3-Jährige überzufällig falsch und 5-Jährige überzufällig korrekt. Der nachgewiesene Effekt des Darbietungsmodus wird auf dem Hintergrund bereits bestehender Theorien zum so genannten Videodefiziteffekt (VDE) diskutiert.
The fear of somatic sensations is highly relevant in the etiology and maintenance of various disorders. Nevertheless, little is known about this fear of body symptoms and many questions are yet unanswered. Especially physiological studies on interoceptive threat are rare. Therefore, the present thesis investigated defensive mobilization, autonomic arousal, and brain activation during the anticipation of, exposure to, and recovery from unpleasant body sensations. Symptoms were provoked using a standardized hyperventilation procedure in a sample of high (and as controls: low) anxiety sensitive individuals - a population high at risk for developing a panic disorder and high in fear of internal body symptoms.
In study one, anxious apprehension was investigated during anticipation of interoceptive threat (somatic sensations evoked by hyperventilation) and exteroceptive threat (electric shock). Symptom reports, autonomic arousal, and defensive mobilization assessed by the startle eyeblink response were analyzed. Extending the knowledge on anticipation of interoceptive threat, study two investigated the neural networks activated during anxious apprehension of unpleasant body sensations. Symptom reports and startle response data were collected during a learning session after which participants high and low in fear of somatic symptoms attended a fMRI session anticipating threat (hyperventilation – learned to provoke unpleasant symptoms) or safety (normal breathing). Study three examined the actual exposure to internal body symptoms, investigating symptoms reports, autonomic arousal, and the startle eyeblink response during guided breathing (hyperventilation and, as a non-provocative comparison condition, normoventilation) and during recovery. And finally, study four addressed changes in the defensive mobilization during repeated interoceptive exposure via a hyperventilation procedure. High and low anxiety sensitive persons went through two guided hyperventilation and normoventilation procedures that were spaced one week apart while symptom reports, breathing parameters, and startle response magnitudes were measured.
In study one it was demonstrated that the anticipation of exteroceptive threat led to a defensive and autonomic mobilization in high and low anxiety sensitive individuals, while during interoceptive threat only high anxiety sensitive participants were characterized by a potentiated startle response and autonomic activation. Imaging data of study two revealed that 1) during anticipation of hyperventilation all participants were characterized by an increased activation of a fear network consisting of anterior insula/ orbitofrontal cortex and rostral parts of the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex/ dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, 2) high fear individuals showed higher anxious apprehension than low fear controls during the entire context (safe and threat conditions), indexed by an overall stronger activation of the described network, and 3) while low fear controls learned that (undisclosed to all participants) in the fMRI scanner the threat cue was not followed by an unpleasant hyperventilation task, high fear participants continued to show stronger fear network activation to this cue. In study three it was demonstrated, that the hyperventilation procedure led to a marked increase in somatic symptoms and to autonomic arousal. While high and low anxiety sensitive groups did not differ during hyperventilation, in the early recovery only high anxiety sensitive individuals showed defensive mobilization, indicated by potentiated startle response magnitudes, and increased autonomic arousal after hyperventilation as compared to after normoventilation. Substantiating these findings, in study four all participants reported more symptoms during hyperventilation than during normoventilation, in both sessions. Nevertheless, only high anxiety sensitive participants displayed a potentiation of startle response magnitudes after the first hyper- vs. normoventilation. One week later, when the exercise was repeated this potentiation was no longer present and thus both groups no longer differed in their defensive mobilization. Even more, the number of reported baseline symptoms decreased from session one to session two in the high-AS group. While high anxiety sensitive persons reported increased baseline anxiety symptoms in session one, groups did not anymore differ in session two.
These data indicate that the standardized hyperventilation procedure is a valid paradigm to induce somatic symptoms. Moreover, it induces anxious apprehension especially in persons highly fearful of internal body symptoms. The repetition of interoceptive exposure, however, reduces associated fear in highly fearful individuals. Thus, this paradigm might provide an innovative method to study anxious apprehension and also treatment effects in patients with panic disorder. The present findings are integrated and discussed in the light of the current literature.
Two decades of research indicate that visual processing is typically enhanced for items that are in the space near the hands (near-hand space). Enhanced attention and cognitive control have been thought to be responsible for the observed effects, amongst others. As accumulating experimental evidence and recent theories of dual-tasking suggest an involvement of cognitive control and attentional processes during dual tasking, dual-task performance may be modulated in the near-hand space. Therefore, we performed a series of three experiments that aimed to test if the near-hand space affects the shift between task-component processing in two visual-manual tasks. We applied a Psychological Refractory Period Paradigm (PRP) with varying stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) and manipulated stimulus-hand proximity by placing hands either on the side of a computer screen (near-hand condition) or on the lap (far-hand condition). In Experiment 1, Task 1 was a number categorization task (odd vs. even) and Task 2 was a letter categorization task (vowel vs. consonant). Stimulus presentation was spatially segregated with Stimulus 1 presented on the right side of the screen, appearing first and then Stimulus 2, presented on the left side of the screen, appearing second. In Experiment 2, we replaced Task 2 with a color categorization task (orange vs. blue). In Experiment 3, Stimulus 1 and Stimulus 2 were centrally presented as a single bivalent stimulus. The classic PRP effect was shown in all three experiments, with Task 2 performance declining at short SOA while Task 1 performance being relatively unaffected by task-overlap. In none of the three experiments did stimulus-hand proximity affect the size of the PRP effect. Our results indicate that the switching operation between two tasks in the PRP paradigm is neither optimized nor disturbed by being processed in near-hand space.
Recent research suggests that the P3b may be closely related to the activation of the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine (LC-NE) system. To further study the potential association, we applied a novel technique, the non-invasive transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), which is speculated to increase noradrenaline levels. Using a within-subject cross-over design, 20 healthy participants received continuous tVNS and sham stimulation on two consecutive days (stimulation counterbalanced across participants) while performing a visual oddball task. During stimulation, oval non-targets (standard), normal-head (easy) and rotated-head (difficult) targets, as well as novel stimuli (scenes) were presented. As an indirect marker of noradrenergic activation we also collected salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) before and after stimulation. Results showed larger P3b amplitudes for target, relative to standard stimuli, irrespective of stimulation condition. Exploratory post hoc analyses, however, revealed that, in comparison to standard stimuli, easy (but not difficult) targets produced larger P3b (but not P3a) amplitudes during active tVNS, compared to sham stimulation. For sAA levels, although main analyses did not show differential effects of stimulation, direct testing revealed that tVNS (but not sham stimulation) increased sAA levels after stimulation. Additionally, larger differences between tVNS and sham stimulation in P3b magnitudes for easy targets were associated with larger increase in sAA levels after tVNS, but not after sham stimulation. Despite preliminary evidence for a modulatory influence of tVNS on the P3b, which may be partly mediated by activation of the noradrenergic system, additional research in this field is clearly warranted. Future studies need to clarify whether tVNS also facilitates other processes, such as learning and memory, and whether tVNS can be used as therapeutic tool.
In the present study, we investigated whether inter-individual differences in vagally mediated heart rate variability (vmHRV) would be associated with inter-individual differences in empathy and alexithymia. To this end, we determined resting state HF-HRV in 90 individuals that also completed questionnaires assessing inter-individual differences in empathy and alexithymia. Our categorical and dimensional analyses revealed that inter-individual differences in HF-HRV were differently associated with inter-individual differences in empathy and alexithymia. We found that individuals with high HF-HRV reported more empathy and less alexithymia than individuals with low HF-HRV. Moreover, we even found that an increase in HF-HRV was associated with an increase in empathy and a decrease in alexithymia across all participants. Taken together, these findings indicate that individuals with high HF-HRV are more empathetic and less alexithymic than individuals with low HF-HRV. These differences in empathy and alexithymia may explain why individuals with high HF-HRV are more successful in sharing and understanding the mental and emotional states of others than individuals with low HF-HRV.
Der vorliegende Übersichtsartikel belegt zunächst, warum das Extinktionslernen als ein zentraler Wirkmechanismus der Expositionsbehandlung angesehen wird. Nach Darstellung der lerntheoretischen Grundlagen wird ein Modell präsentiert, das die Grundlagen der Ausformung, Konsolidierung und des Abrufs des Extinktionsgedächtnisses beschreibt. Dieses Gedächtnismodell der Extinktion liefert die Basis für die Diskussion der aktuellen neurowissenschaftlichen Erkenntnisse zum Extinktionslernen. Durch diese Befunde im Tier-, aber auch im Humanbereich ist es gelungen, die neuronalen Schaltkreise der Extinktion relativ gut zu beschreiben. Der Übersichtsartikel gibt eine Zusammenfassung dieser aktuellen Befunde und geht außerdem auf einige Neurotransmittersysteme dieser Schaltkreise ein, zumindest in dem Maße, wie sie für die Befunde zur pharmakologischen Unterstützung des Extinktionslernens relevant sind. Anschließend wird ein integratives Modell vorgestellt, das den Ausgangspunkt für die Optimierung der Extinktion in der Expositionstherapie liefert. Den Abschluss bildet eine Kasuistik, in der diese Optimierungsstrategien nochmals am Beispiel der Behandlung einer Patientin mit Emetophobie für die Praxis verdeutlicht werden.
Body sensations play a crucial role in the etiology and maintenance of diverse anxiety and health problems (e.g., in panic disorder or respiratory diseases) as they may be perceived as threatening and consequently elicit anxious responses. The factors that may affect the perception of bodily sensations as a threat and thus modulate the anxious response to body sensations have so far rarely been studied. Therefore, the present thesis targeted at elucidating the effect of contextual (i.e., the predictability, expectation, and proximity of a threat) and dispositional factors (i.e., tendency to fear arousal sensations or trait fear of suffocation) on the defensive response to body sensations.
In study 1, it was investigated how a personality factor, that is, fear of suffocation, affects the acquisition of fear to body sensations (i.e., mild dyspnea induced by inspiratory resistive loads) and contexts when faced with a predictable and unpredictable respiratory threat (i.e., severe dyspnea). Study 2 aimed at examining the main and interactive effects of the tendency to fear arousal sensations, again a personality trait factor, and current arousal expectations as varied by situational variables on anxious responding to arousal sensations. In this study, expected and unexpected arousal sensations were induced by administering caffeine in coffee or bitter lemon soda, respectively. Moreover, in study 3, it was explored how subjective anxiety, bodily symptoms, and defensive respiratory responses change and might culminate into active defense behavior (i.e., escape/active avoidance) during increasing dyspnea that was evoked by inspiratory resistive loads increasing in intensity. For a detailed analysis of the factors that contribute to the initiation and maintenance of avoidance of or escape from increasing dyspnea, in study 4 changes in subjective, autonomic, somatic reflex and brain responses were analyzed during repeated avoidance of increasing dyspnea.
In study 1, it was demonstrated that only individuals who fear suffocation learned to fear mild dyspnea preceding the onset of severe dyspnea and developed anxiety during a context of unpredictable respiratory threat. Moreover, the data from study 2 indicate that individuals who fear arousal sensations show an increased attention allocation towards unexpected arousal sensations and higher threat appraisal when expecting arousal sensations. Increasing intensity of dyspnea as provoked in study 3 led to increased defensive respiratory responses that were associated with increased symptom reports in individuals with high compared to low fear of suffocation. Moreover, culminating dyspnea elicited repeated avoidance behavior preceded by increases in defensive respiratory mobilization. The analysis of repeated avoidance of increasing dyspnea in study 4 revealed that physiological fear responses might be involved in the initial initiation of this avoidance behavior while no indication of response preparation and physiological arousal was related to persistent avoidance.
Taken together, the present data suggest that the fear of suffocation, as well as the tendency to fear arousal sensations along with the predictability, expectation, or proximity of interoceptive threat, may increase the perceived threat and thus the anxious response to body sensations. Therefore, contextual and dispositional factors may set the stage for the culmination of body sensations into defensive action and might contribute to the development of pathological anxiety and fear of body sensations. The present findings are integrated into the current literature and discussed in relation to the development and maintenance of pathological anxiety and fear of body sensations.
Psychological health is a result of the effective interplay between explicit and implicit attempts to regulate ones’ emotions (Koole & Rothermund, 2011). Emotion regulation refers to processes that influence the intensity, the duration and the type of emotion experienced (Gross & Thompson, 2007). While explicit emotion regulation comprises effortful mental processes, implicit emotion regulation refers to processes that require no monitoring and terminate automatically (Gyurak, Gross, & Etkin, 2011).
In the present thesis, explicit and implicit strategies to regulate emotions were investigated. In Study 1, a well-established paradigm (Gross & Levenson, 1993) was adapted to examine the up- and down-regulation of positive and negative emotions using two different explicit emotion regulation strategies. To infer on the neurobiological correlates, blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) brain activity was recorded using functional magnetic resonance tomography. Furthermore, as a trait marker for the individual ability to regulate emotions, heart rate variability (HRV) was acquired during rest. In Study 2, implicit emotion regulation was examined. Therefore, a well-established fear extinction paradigm was compared to a novel approach based on the integration of new information during reconsolidation (Schiller et al., 2010). Autonomic arousal was measured via the skin conductance response during fear acquisition, fear extinction and after fear reinstatement. In Study 3, two dysfunctional emotion regulation strategies —worrying and rumination— were investigated. Excessive worrying and rumination are pathogenic characteristics of psychological disorders. Behavioral, autonomic and BOLD activity was recorded during worried and ruminative thinking as well as during neutral thinking.
The results showed that explicit emotion regulation was associated with modulated BOLD activity in the amygdala according to the regulation direction independent of the applied strategy and the valence of the emotion. In addition, increased dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) activity was observed during regulation compared to passively viewing emotional pictures. The findings are in line with previous research (Eippert etal., 2007; Kim &Hamann, 2007; Ochsner etal., 2004) and support the key role of the dlPFC during the explicit regulation of emotions. Similarly, implicit emotion regulation was associated with a decreased autonomic fear response, which was sustained after fear extinction during reconsolidation. The findings underscore the notion, that this novel technique might alter the initial fear memory resulting in a permanently diminished fear response (Nader, Schafe, & LeDoux, 2000; Schiller et al., 2010). Dysfunctional emotion regulation was associated with increased autonomic activity and fear potentiated startle (during worry) as well as increased BOLD activity in the insula (during worry and rumination) and increased BOLD activity in the amygdala (during rumination). In addition, neural activity in brain areas associated with the default mode network was observed. These findings stress the preserved negative emotional activity and the self-referential nature of the examined dysfunctional strategies. The results of all three studies are integrated into a neuro-biological model of emotion regulation focusing on the interplay between subcortical and prefrontal brain areas.
Interoceptive sensations, that means, perceptions of the physiological body state, play an important role in the generation and expression of emotion. The focus of the research presented here is on respiratory sensations as specific interoceptive signals. Such respiratory sensations (like the feeling of dyspnea) play an important role in symptom perception in somatic (e.g., asthma) as well as in mental disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders). There are several different ways to manipulate respiratory sensations in an experimental environment, but many of them did not equal sensations in daily life. Here, stimuli (inspiratory resistive loads, caffeine) were used that trigger nearly naturally occurring interoceptive sensations. Taking into account that the elicited interoceptive experience also induces an unpleasant feeling state it is most likely that individuals show defensive physiological responding to such cues and try to avoid them. According to a bidirectional motivational system defensive behaviors are regulated by a defensive motivational system that is activated by threatening cues. From research with exteroceptive stimuli it is known that defensive responding is typically characterized by heightened autonomic arousal, increased respiration, and a potentiated startle eyeblink response. In contrast, only a few studies using interoceptive stimuli have incorporated the measurement of physiological data in their experimental designs. If included, studies show also heightened autonomic responding, whilst a heterogeneous respiratory as well as startle eyeblink responding is observed. Thus, the studies presented here were designed to clarify the factors that mediate defensive responding to interoceptive sensations. Study 1 investigated the influence of anxiety on the subjective, respiratory, and autonomic response to an individually determined inspiratory resistive load, while study 2 focuses on the effect of attentional modulation of the startle eyeblink response to a mild respiratory threat. In study 3 the modulation of subjective, respiratory and autonomic reactions by arousal expectations was examined. Therefore, caffeine, a respiratory stimulant, or a placebo were administered without the participants’ knowledge. The fourth study examined the influence of the process of worrying, a strategy to deal with unpleasant body symptoms, on defensive responding. Depending on the study design subjective, respiratory and autonomic (skin conductance level, heart rate) parameters were assessed as marker for defensive mobilization. In study 2 and 4 the startle eyeblink response was measured as further index of defensive activation. Besides that in study 2 also the P3 component of the event-related potential, as an index for attentional allocation, was recorded. The main findings of the presented dissertation are the following: Study 1 revealed that 1) only high anxiety sensitive individuals reporting also high suffocation fear respond to lower stimulus intensities with stronger defensive responding, and 2) that this group demonstrated a maladaptive compensatory breathing pattern. Additionally, study 2 exhibited that 1) the startle eyeblink response is relatively inhibited during a mild interoceptive threat, and 2) this inhibition corresponds to an attention allocation towards breathing as indicated by a reduced P3 amplitude to the startle noise as well as subjective report. Furthermore, highly anxiety sensitive individuals showed a more pronounced defensive responding if the interoceptive sensations were unexpected (study 3). Recently, study 4 demonstrated that worry led to an increased defensive response mobilization. All studies are discussed in the context of the theoretical background of the defensive response modulation to exteroceptive and interoceptive sensations with respect to mediating factors. Showing exaggerated defensive responding and maladaptive adaptation processes in high anxious individuals the results point towards the important role of interoceptive sensations in the etiology, maintenance and therapy of mental disorders, especially the anxiety disorders.
Welche Rolle Emotionen in unserem Leben spielen, kann nicht überschätzt werden. Um Emotionen als Teil unserer Persönlichkeit zu beschreiben, muss auch in Betracht gezogen werden, wie wir unsere Emotionen regulieren. Mit dem Ziel Emotionen zu beeinflussen, bedienen wir uns verschiedener Emotionsregulationsstrategien. Die Emotionsregulationsstrategie Reappraisal beinhaltet die (Re-)Konstruktion einer potenziell emotionsauslösenden Situation, die deren emotionale Auswirkungen verändert. Basierend auf Mischels Konzept der „construction competencies“ wurde der Reappraisal Inventiveness Test entwickelt (RIT, Weber, Loureiro de Assunção, Martin, Westmeyer, & Geisler, 2014). Der Test misst die Fähigkeit, möglichst viele verschiedene kognitive Umbewertungen für ärgerauslösende Situationen zu generieren. Bisherige Ergebnisse zur Validierung des RIT zeigen Zusammenhänge mit Offenheit für Erfahrung (NEO-FFI, Borkenau & Ostendorf, 2008) sowie Maßen für Einfallsreichtum (BIS, Jäger, Süß, & Beauducel, 1997). Ergebnisse zur diskriminanten Validität konnten in Hinblick auf Fragebogen zur habituellen Emotionsregulation (CERQ; Garnefski, Kraaij, & Spinhoven, 2001; ERQ, Abler & Kessler, 2009) mehrfach repliziert werden. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist, die psychometrische Überprüfung des RIT voranzutreiben sowie das Verfahren weiterzuentwickeln. Zu diesem Zweck wurden vier korrelative Studien durchgeführt. Aus den Befunden der Studien 1a und 1b kann auf geringe Zusammenhänge von Reappraisal Inventiveness mit ausgewählten exekutiven Funktionen, z.B. verbale Flüssigkeit, geschlossen werden. In Studie 2 wurde der RITÄrger für die Emotion Angst weiterentwickelt um zu prüfen, ob Reappraisal Inventiveness eine emotionsspezifische oder –unspezifische Fähigkeit ist. Ein eindimensionales Modell bewährte sich gegenüber einem zweidimensionalen Modell – demnach kann Reappraisal Inventiveness als eine emotionsübergreifende Fähigkeit mit emotionsspezifischen Ausprägungen verstanden werden. Im Rahmen der dritten Studie wurde der RITÄrger um ein Maß für die Motivation, Reappraisal Inventiveness zu nutzen, erweitert. Somit konnte der angenommene aber bisher fehlende Zusammenhang von Reappraisal Inventiveness und Neurotizismus als Indikator für emotionale Stabilität gezeigt werden. Zukünftige Studien sollten sich vor allem auf die praktische Anwendungsmöglichkeiten des RIT konzentrieren.
There is multiple evidence that emotionally arousing events are preferentially processed, and better remembered than neutral events. In the present dissertation I investigated whether those strong emotional memories are affected by acute and chronic stress. Moreover, I was interested in whether already established emotional memories can be changed by behavioral intervention. According to the modulation hypothesis, emotionally arousing events promote attention and memory processes via noradrenergic and glucocorticoid actions. Recent models suggest that stress hormones differentially impact mnemonic processing, namely encoding, (re-) consolidation and memory retrieval, depending on timing and duration of the stressor relative to the learning experience. Acute stress around the time of encoding has been found to enhance memory, whereas chronic stress has been associated with memory impairments. Furthermore, consolidated memories are not resistant to modifications. Following reactivation, memories can turn into an unstable state and undergo a process called reconsolidated in order to persist. During this vulnerable state, memories are prone to modification, for instance by pharmacological blockade or interference learning. Here, the modulation of newly formed emotional and neutral memories as well as existing emotional and neutral memories was investigated in a well-established picture viewing and recognition memory paradigm using behavioral and neurophysiological measures (event-related potential, ERPs). More elaborative processing of emotional, relative to neutral stimuli has been related to the late positive potential (LPP). During encoding of emotional and neutral pictures, enhanced LPPs (starting at about 400 ms after stimulus onset) are usually observed for emotionally arousing relative to neutral pictures, indicating preferential attention allocation and processing. During recognition, correctly recognized old items evoke larger ERP amplitudes than correctly identified new items. This difference, the ERP old/new effect, was used to measure mnemonic processing during retrieval. The ERP old/new effect over centro-parietal sensor sites (400-800 ms) has been associated with recollection processes, and is enhanced for emotional, compared to neutral materials. Three studies are presented, that investigated 1) the influence of acute stress prior to encoding on long-term memory and its neural correlates, 2) the impact of chronic stress on encoding and memory, and 3) the influence of interference on already established memories (reconsolidation), always contrasting emotionally arousing and neutral scenes. Study 1 investigated subsequent recognition memory after encoding following acute stress using a socially evaluated cold pressure test, while study 2 tested the influence of chronic stress investigating breast cancer survivors about two years after cancer treatment. In study 3, one day after encoding, reconsolidation of the reactivated picture memory was targeted with an interfering learning task. In all three studies, recognition memory was tested one week later. High-density electroencephalograms (EEGs; 257 electrodes) were recorded to measure brain potentials. The results showed, in line with previous research, that emotionally arousing scenes were preferentially processed, as indicated by larger LPPs, and were better remembered than neutral scenes, as indicated by enhanced memory performance and larger ERP old/new differences. Experiencing acute stress prior to encoding enhanced the centro-parietal ERP old/new effect for emotionally arousing pictures at recognition, corroborating that acute stress facilitates memory for emotional scenes (Study 1). In contrast, attenuated LPPs for unpleasant pictures and impaired memory performance for arousing pictures were observed in breast cancer survivors (Study 2), indicating altered attention to emotion and subsequent emotional memory storage in chronically stressed individuals. When memory reactivation was followed by an interfering learning task, recognition memory and ERP old/new differences were attenuated for emotionally arousing scenes, selectively, showing the possibility that emotional memories might be modulated by behavioral interventions (Study 3). The results of all three studies are discussed and integrated into a model of memory modulation by stress and interference. The results highlight the importance of understanding the role of emotional arousal in the processes of memory formation, retrieval and reconsolidation. Moreover, shedding light on the differential effects of acute and chronic stress, interference and their possible interactions might help to prevent and even modify impairing memories that are one of the major concerns in stress- and fear-related mental disorders.
Prüfungsangst stellt eine schwerwiegende und häufig auftretende psychische Störung dar. In der klinischen Praxis war die Abgrenzung klinisch relevanter Prüfungsangst von subklinischer Prüfungsaufregung lange Zeit schwierig und die psychische Störung wurde uneinheitlich als soziale oder als spezifische Phobie kodiert, weil es an eindeutigen Diagnosekriterien mangelte. In den vergangenen Jahrzehnten intensiver Beforschung des Themenkomplexes Prüfungsangst, insbesondere durch die Pädagogische Psychologie, wurden vielfältige Variablen mit Prüfungsangst in Verbindung gebracht und als direkte oder indirekte Prädiktoren diskutiert. Bislang fehlte es jedoch an der Integration dieser unterschiedlichen Erklärungsansätze in ein geeignetes Rahmenmodell. Zunächst wurde untersucht, ob sich das „Test Anxiety Inventory“ (TAI) eignet, klinisch unauffällige von klinisch relevanter Prüfungsangst abzugrenzen. Dazu wurden eine Stichprobe 47 prüfungsängstlicher Patienten einer Psychotherapieambulanz und eine Gruppe von 41 Studenten mit gesunden Ausmaßen an Prüfungsangst verglichen. Dabei wurde auch untersucht, mittels welcher Diagnose die Prüfungsangst der Patienten von den behandelnden Therapeuten kodiert wurde und ob sich objektivierbare Unterschiede zwischen unterschiedlich klassifizierten Patienten finden lassen. Im zweiten Schritt wurden in Anlehnung an das Prüfungsangstmodell von Zeidner und Matthews (2007) die wichtigsten Prüfungsangstprädiktoren hinsichtlich ihrer prädiktiven Validität für die Unterscheidung pathologischer und gesunder Prüfungsangstintensitäten analysiert. Im dritten und letzten Arbeitsschritt wurde eine Stichprobe von 22 Prüfungsangstpatienten im Längsschnittverlauf einer kognitiv-verhaltenstherapeutischen Behandlung unter realistischen Therapiebedingungen betrachtet. Ziel war es dabei zu überprüfen, ob die bisherigen Erkenntnisse auch für die Vorhersage des Therapieerfolgs bedeutsam sind. Ein Cut-Off-Wert von 80 Punkten im TAI scheint sich zur Unterscheidung klinischer und nicht-klinischer Ausmaße an Prüfungsangst zu eignen. Das Krankheitsbild der untersuchten Prüfungsangstpatienten zeigt sich sehr einheitlich und ist unabhängig von der vergebenen Störungsdiagnose des Therapeuten. Das Vorliegen einer komorbiden depressiven Erkrankung beeinflusst nicht die Schwere der Prüfungsangst. Selbst bei Beachtung des Einflusses der grundsätzlichen psychischen Belastung ist eine Unterscheidung pathologischer und nicht-pathologischer Prüfungsangst anhand der Konstrukte Lernzielorientierung, Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept, Selbstbeschuldigung, Elaboration im Lernen und Perfektionismus möglich. Diese Variablen mit der höchsten diskriminierenden Validität entspringen allen drei Erklärungsebenen des Prüfungsangstmodells von Zeidner und Matthews, welches sich offensichtlich zur Untersuchung der Bedeutung der unterschiedlichen Prüfungsangstprädiktoren eignet. Im Rahmen der psychotherapeutischen Behandlung der Prüfungsangst kam es zwar insgesamt zur Reduktion prüfungsängstlicher, depressiver und sozialängstlicher Symptome sowie der grundsätzlichen psychischen Belastung, jedoch haben die Patienten sehr unterschiedlich auf die Behandlung angesprochen. Nahezu 50 Prozent der behandelten Betroffenen weisen auch nach dem Therapieende noch immer klinisch relevante Werte an Prüfungsangst und nur unerhebliche Verbesserungen der anderen interessierenden Variablen auf. Die Bedeutung der Variablen Elaboration, Lernzielorientierung, Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept und Selbstbeschuldigung bestätigt sich auch in der Längsschnittanalyse. Der empfohlene Cut-Off-Wert im TAI sollte in repräsentativen Stichproben repliziert und das Instrument konventionell zur Diagnostik von Prüfungsangst verwendet werden um die Identifikation pathologischer Prüfungsangst zu erleichtern und dem Screening sowie der Differentialdiagnostik der Störung zu dienen. Schwere und Generalisierungsgrad sozialängstlicher Symptome sollten in der Prüfungsangstdiagnostik stärker beachtet werden. Die Möglichkeit, Prüfungsangst wie im DSM-5 als Sozialphobie mit dem Spezifikator „Nur in Leistungssituationen“ zu diagnostizieren, sollte zukünftig auch im ICD Anwendung finden um die Kodierung der Prüfungsangst zu vereinheitlichen. Parallel vorliegende psychische Erkrankungen sollten frühzeitig im Verlauf der Diagnostik in ihrer Bedeutung als Ursache oder Folge von Prüfungsangst identifiziert werden um entsprechende Ableitungen für den Behandlungsplan vornehmen zu können. Die klinische Forschung sollte sich stärker auf das Prüfungsangstmodell von Zeidner und Matthews und bei Replikation unserer Ergebnisse auf die zentralen Prüfungsangstprädiktoren Lernzielorientierung, Fähigkeitsselbstkonzept, Selbstbeschuldigung, Elaboration und Perfektionismus konzentrieren. Entsprechende Behandlungsansätze sollten gezielt auf ihren Therapieeffekt hin untersucht werden. Zudem sollte genau analysiert werden, welche weiteren Faktoren es gibt, die über das Therapieansprechen entscheiden.
Aufgrund des Fortschritts in der Entwicklung von innovativen medizinisch-diagnostischen Technologien wie z. B. lab-on-a-chip Systemen, steht der Allgemeinbevölkerung eine Vielzahl an Selbsttests rezeptfrei und frei verkäuflich insbesondere über das Internet beziehbar zur Verfügung. Selbsttests werden definiert als Tests von Körperproben (z. B. Blut, Urin, Stuhl, Speichel), die auf die eigene Initiative des Konsumenten und ohne die Anwesenheit von medizinischem Personal zur Untersuchung von Erkrankungen bzw. Erkrankungsrisiken durchgeführt werden können. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit war es die psychologischen, situativen und anwendungsbezogenen Prädiktoren der Nutzung von medizinisch-diagnostischen Selbsttests zu untersuchen. Es wurden vier Studien durchgeführt, die auf den folgenden drei Erhebungen basierten: (1) einer Repräsentativerhebung von 2.527 Personen in Deutschland, (2) einem faktoriellen Survey mit 1248 Vignetten, die durch 208 Studenten beantwortet wurden sowie (3) einer On-line-Befragung von 505 Selbsttestern und 512 Nicht-Selbstestern, die repräsentativ im Hinblick auf die Verteilung von Alter und Geschlecht zur Teilnahme an der Studie einge-laden wurden. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Nutzung von Selbsttests durch die traditionellen gesundheitspsychologischen Prädiktoren, d.h. Selbstwirksamkeit, wahrgenommene Vulnerabilität, wahrgenommener Schweregrad und Handlungs-Ergebnis-Erwartung, vorhergesagt werden konnte. Nichtsdestotrotz war jedoch eine Adaptation der allgemeinen Konstrukte (z.B. allgemeine Selbstwirksamkeit) an die Situation „Selbsttestung“ notwendig, um die Vorhersagekraft zu verbessern (z.B. selbsttestbezogene Selbstwirksamkeit). Die klassischen Gesundheitsmodelle werden traditionell genutzt, um Gesundheit zu verbessern (z.B. Steigerung der sportlichen Tätigkeit), Krankheiten vorzubeugen (z.B. durch die Einschränkung von Alkohol- und Rauchverhalten) oder Krankheiten zu begrenzen (z.B. Gesundheitsscreenings, Selbstabtastung) und Gesundheit wieder aufzubauen (z.B. Verbesserung der Ernährung). Durch die Aufnahme von (a) Technikaffinität und (b) antizipiertem Affekt bzgl. der Anwendung eines Selbsttests konnte die Vorhersage der Nutzung eines Selbsttests verbessert werden. Darüber hinaus wurde eine Vielfalt an unterschiedlichen persönlichen Gründen für die Nutzung eines Selbsttests genannt. Die häufigsten Gründe waren zur Beruhigung bzw. Bestätigung bei Unsicherheit und Zweifel sowie eine höhere wahrgenommene Vulnerabilität für eine Krankheit. Der Hauptgrund für die Selbsttestung hing insbesondere von der Indikation ab, die untersucht wurde. Schließlich wurden als Grund für die Bevorzugung eines Selbsttests gegenüber der konventionellen Untersuchung bei einem Arzt vor allem praktische Gründe der Anwendung von Selbsttests genannt (z.B. schneller Erhalt der Testergebnisse, Vermeidung von Wartezeiten für Arzttermine). Die persönlichen Gründe für die Selbsttestung könnten die unterschiedlichen Häufigkeiten für die Nutzung von Selbsttests in Deutschland (8,5%) im Vergleich zu den Niederlanden (16%) und dem Vereinigten Königreich (13%) erklären. Beispielsweise wurden in den Niederlanden Präventionskampagnen (z.B. von der Kidney Association oder Municipal Health) durchgeführt, in denen die Nutzung von Selbsttests für die Untersuchung einer Nierenerkrankung und Chlamydien empfohlen und Tests kostenfrei an Laien versendet wurden. Demgegenüber wurden in Deutschland bislang noch keine solchen Kampagnen durchgeführt. Nichtsdestotrotz könnte der Bedarf an und die tatsächliche Nutzung von Selbsttests auch in Deutschland steigen, da die Verfügbarkeit von Selbsttests auf deutschsprachigen Internetseiten steigt und es einen Fachärztemangel insbesondere in ländlichen Gebieten gibt. Darüber hinaus spiegelt sich die große praktische und soziopolitische Relevanz des Themas “Selbsttestung” etwa auch in aktuellen Studien zur selbstständigen Behandlung von Krankheiten mit nicht verschreibungspflichtigen Medikamenten (sog. „Selbstmedikation“) wieder. Aus diesem Grund sollte in zukünftigen Studien das Verhalten sowie das emotionale Befinden der Tester nach Erhalt ihrer Testergebnisse genau exploriert werden. Schließlich gaben die Anwender von Selbsttests an, diese insbesondere genutzt zu haben, um sich selbst bzgl. ihres allgemeinen Gesundheitszustandes zu beruhigen. Da vergangene Studien jedoch bereits aufgezeigt haben, dass Informationen zur Sensitivität und Spezifität nur begrenzt in den Anwendungsbeschreibungen von Selbsttests zu finden sind, sollte die Allgemeinbevölkerung im Hinblick auf potentiell falsch-positive und falsch-negative Testergebnisse sowie weitere Handlungsmöglichkeiten besser aufgeklärt werden, um die Anwender nicht in falscher Gewissheit zu belassen.
Theoretischer Hintergrund Panikattacken (PA) sind ein in der Bevölkerung häufig auftretendes Phänomen, wie repräsentative epidemiologische Studien zeigen: Bis zu 20% der Personen erleben mindestens einmal im Leben einen Angstanfall oder eine Panikattacke; davon erfüllen aber nicht alle die geforderten Symptomkriterien einer klinisch relevanten »vollständigen Panikattacke«. Ein Teil der betroffenen Personen (ca. 2 – 4 %) erlebt weitere Panikattacken und erfüllt zudem die weiteren Diagnosekriterien einer Panikstörung. Lerntheoretische Modelle sehen eine besonders intensive, sogenannte initiale Panikattacke (iPA) als entscheidendes konditionierendes Ereignis für die Entwicklung einer Panikstörung. Dabei wird angenommen, dass neben der symptomatischen Schwere der Panikattacke weitere Faktoren die Krankheitsentwicklung beeinflussen. Relevant scheinen in dem vermuteten multifaktoriellen ätiologischen Geschehen u. a. sowohl Belastungen durch kritische Lebensereignisse als auch in zeitlicher Nähe zur iPA vorliegende psychische Erkrankungen zu sein. Eine weitere wichtige Rolle scheinen Charakteristika der iPA selbst sowie die Verarbeitung der Attacke und die Reaktion auf sie zu spielen. Die vorliegende Arbeit dient der vergleichenden Untersuchung initialer Panikattacken in einer bevölkerungsbasierten und in einer klinischen Stichprobe. Sie zielt auf die Identifizierung und Differenzierung möglicher, die Entwicklung einer Panikstörung begleitender Faktoren ab. Methode Die vorliegende Untersuchung basiert auf zwei Stichproben. Befragungsdaten der Study of Health in Pomerania – Life-Events and Gene-Environment Interaction in Depression (SHIPLEGENDE) bilden die Grundlage der bevölkerungsbasierten Stichprobe (N = 2400). Die Daten der klinischen Stichprobe (N = 234) wurden einerseits der Studie Mechanism of Action in CBT (MAC) entnommen; andererseits stammen sie von Patienten des ZPP des Instituts für Psychologie an der Universität Greifswald. Für die Untersuchung wurden übereinstimmende Erhebungsinstrumente und Auswertungsmethoden verwendet. Die iPA wurde mit dem neu entwickelten Interview zur Erfassung der initialen Panikattacke (iPA-Interview) erhoben. Psychische Störungen wurden strukturiert mittels der computergestützten Version des Münchener Composite International Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI) erfasst. Die Stralsunder Ereignisliste (SEL) diente zur strukturierten Erhebung kritischer Lebensereignisse. Ergebnisse Rund 16 % der Befragten gaben an, mindestens einmal im Leben anfallartige Ängste erlebt zu haben. Knapp die Hälfte dieser Personen (7.6% aller Befragten) erlebte vollständige PA. Von diesen erfüllten ca. 46% die Kriterien einer Panikstörung (PD), ca. 18.4% im Zusammenhang mit einer komorbiden Agoraphobie. Initiale Panikattacken am Beginn einer Panikstörung waren nicht nur symptomatisch schwerer, sondern auch häufiger von einem Gefühl der Hilflosigkeit und Todesangst begleitet – insbesondere, wenn sie außerhalb des eigenen Zuhauses au traten. Sie verunsicherten anhaltend, initiierten als Bewältigungsversuche Selbstbeobachtung, häufige Arztbesuche und – sofern eine komorbide Agoraphobie vorlag – die Vermeidung von Situationen. Bereits im Vorfeld, aber auch nach der iPA, zeigte sich in beiden Stichproben eine erhöhte Komorbiditätsrate – vor allem bei Personen, die die Kriterien von PD und Agoraphobie erfüllten. Kritische Lebensereignisse traten häufiger im Vorfeld der Entwicklung von PD auf. Anhaltend belastende Lebensbedingungen schienen die Entwicklung einer komorbiden Agoraphobie zu begünstigen. Schlussfolgerungen Auf der Basis der vergleichenden Untersuchung einer bevölkerungsbasierten und einer klinischen Stichprobe unter Verwendung einer übereinstimmenden Methodik konnte bestätigt werden, dass initiale Panikattacken ausschlaggebende Ereignisse in der Entwicklung von PD darstellen, was im Einklang mit lerntheoretischen Modellen der PD steht. Zudem konnte gezeigt werden, dass nicht nur die iPA an sich, sondern auch Faktoren im zeitlichen Umfeld der iPA Einfluss auf die Krankheitsentwicklung haben können. Die erhöhte Komorbiditätsrate bei Vorliegen sowohl isolierter PA als auch PD zeigt, dass Panik häufig im Umfeld weiterer psychischer Auffälligkeiten auftritt. Diese Erkenntnis sowie der Befund, dass besonders anhaltende Belastungen schweren Formen der Panik vorausgehen, könnte als Ansatzpunkt zur Prävention und (Früh-)Intervention genutzt werden. Die Befunde dieser Untersuchung dürfen aufgrund der Erhebung im Querschnitt nicht kausal interpretiert werden und müssen noch durch eine Erhebung im Längsschnitt bestätigt werden. Dennoch sprechen die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit für ein multifaktorielles Bedingungsgefüge der Ätiologie der Panikstörung.
Mit der demographischen Entwicklung gehen enorme Herausforderungen für die Gesellschaft einher. Eine dieser Herausforderungen liegt im wirtschaftlichen Bereich. Viele Unternehmen befinden sich im globalen Wettbewerb und, um dort bestehen zu können, sind sie gezwungen, ihre Produkte oder Dienstleistungen fortwährend zu verbessern. Gerade kleinere Unternehmen stehen vor dem Problem, dass sie bereits heute und in Zukunft noch verstärkt, für bestimmte Aufgaben nicht immer die passenden Mitarbeiter mit den benötigten Qualifikationen zur Verfügung haben. Vor dem Hintergrund der demographischen Entwicklung wird die Besetzung von Innovationsteams in Zukunft eine entscheidende Aufgabe für viele Unternehmen werden. Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht in zwei Experimenten unter Laborbedingungen, ob sich homogene und heterogenen Teams in ihrer Innovationsleistung unterscheiden.
Theoretischer Hintergrund: Studien, die eine kultursensible Notfallversorgung thematisieren, beziehen sich vorwiegend auf den Bereich der Notaufnahme und berichten eine höhere Inanspruchnahme durch Migranten sowie eine geringere Versorgungszufriedenheit von Migranten, jeweils im Vergleich zur Mehrheitsbevölkerung. Für den Bereich der präklinischen Notfallversorgung existieren vereinzelte Studien, deren Ergebnisse im Kontext des anglo-amerikanischen Modells zu interpretieren sind. Die vorliegenden Studien dieser Dissertation beziehen sich auf die präklinische Notfallversorgung in Deutschland und werden damit einhergehend im Kontext des hier praktizierten franko-germanischen Modells interpretiert. Studie 1: Als ursächlich für eine überproportional häufige Inanspruchnahme von Notaufnahmen durch Migranten werden u.a. Wissensdefizite über das Gesundheitssystem und Sprachbarrieren angeführt. Für den Bereich der präklinischen Notfallversorgung wurde vereinzelt berichtet, dass Sprachbarrieren hemmend auf die Inanspruchnahme des Notrufes wirken. Migrationsspezifische Einflussfaktoren auf die Inanspruchnahme präklinischer Notfallversorgung wurden bisher nicht untersucht. Studie 2: Erfahrungen des Personals im präklinischen Bereich deuten auf Herausforderungen infolge kulturbedingt unterschiedlicher Verhaltensweisen hin. Um diesen Herausforderungen angemessen zu begegnen, wird eine Vermittlung interkultureller Kompetenzen befürwortet. Inwiefern konzeptionelle Grundlagen der in der medizinischen Versorgung/Pflege vorhandenen Ansätze für den Bereich der präklinischen Notfallversorgung relevant sind, wurde bisher nicht eruiert. Studie 3: Studien mit Bezug zur Zufriedenheit mit der Notaufnahme implizieren u.a. migrationsspezifische und servicebezogene Einflussfaktoren. Vergleiche zwischen Migranten und der Mehrheitsbevölkerung ergaben, dass Erstere das Personal in Notaufnahmen als weniger freundlich/fürsorglich beurteilten. Für den präklinischen Bereich sind vereinzelte Daten, ohne Berücksichtigung migrationsspezifischer Faktoren vorhanden. Methode: Studie 1 und Studie 3 basieren auf einem querschnittlichen Design. Die verwendeten Fragebögen wurden jeweils in einem konsekutiven Prozess entwickelt. Studie 2 basiert auf einem qualitativen Design. Ergebnisse: Die Untersuchung der Inanspruchnahme präklinischer Notfallversorgung ergab, dass ein niedriger/mittlerer Bildungsabschluss signifikant positiv mit dieser assoziiert war. Weiterhin wurde festgestellt, dass Migranten, die nicht in Deutschland geboren sind, präklinische Notfallversorgung weniger häufig in Anspruch nehmen als Migranten, deren Geburtsland Deutschland ist. Bezogen auf die Vermittlung Interkultureller Kompetenzen wurde übergreifend häufig von Migranten und von Experten die Aneignung kulturellen Wissens befürwortet. Darüber hinaus thematisierten v.a. Migranten soziale/emotionale und kommunikative Kompetenzen des Rettungsdienstpersonals. Vorrangig von Experten wurde auf die Achtsamkeit gegenüber der eigenen Kultur hingewiesen, die gleichsam als Voraussetzung für die Entwicklung einer Achtsamkeit gegenüber kulturellen Unterschieden angesehen wurde. Ferner zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass personenbezogene Faktoren 7.1% der Varianz von Zufriedenheit mit der präklinischen Notfallversorgung aufklären. Ungeachtet dessen sind keine/geringe Kenntnisse der deutschen Sprache signifikant negativ mit der Versorgungszufriedenheit assoziiert. Die servicebezogenen Faktoren hingegen klären 47.3% der Varianz von Zufriedenheit mit der präklinischen Notfallversorgung auf. Diskussion: Bzgl. des Einflusses der Variable Immigration auf die Inanspruchnahme liegt die Vermutung einer Orientierung an Versorgungsstrukturen aus dem Herkunftsland nahe. Die Ergebnisse der Studie 2 weisen darauf hin, dass die im Zusammenhang mit sozialen/emotionalen Kompetenzen genannten Umgangsformen im Einklang mit den Ergebnissen der Studie 3 stehen, die den maßgeblichen Einfluss genannter Kompetenzen auf die präklinische Versorgungszufriedenheit unterstreichen. Vergleichbar mit Ergebnissen aus dem Bereich Notaufnahme wurde in Studie 3 eine signifikant negative Assoziation zwischen keinen/geringen Sprachkenntnissen und der präklinischen Versorgungszufriedenheit festgestellt. Limitationen: Trotz mehrsprachig eingesetzter Befragungsinstrumente sind Migranten mit begrenzten Sprachkenntnissen in den vorliegenden Studien unterrepräsentiert. Des Weiteren wurden Daten über Notfallereignisse in Form von Selbstberichten erfasst, so dass Erinne-rungsverzerrungen bei der Beantwortung der Fragen nicht auszuschließen sind. Fazit/Ausblick: Mit Hilfe der vorliegenden Studien konnten grundlegende Aspekte der präklinischen Notfallversorgungsforschung unter Berücksichtigung migrationsspezifischer Faktoren identifiziert werden. Weiterführende Studien sollten v.a. Migranten einbeziehen, die aufgrund begrenzter Sprachkenntnisse größeren Herausforderungen gegenüberstehen, insbesondere die Inanspruchnahme präklinischer Notfallversorgung betreffend.
High-Frequency Binaural Beats Increase Cognitive Flexibility: Evidence from Dual-Task Crosstalk
(2016)
Increasing evidence suggests that cognitive-control processes can be configured to optimize either persistence of information processing (by amplifying competition between decision-making alternatives and top-down biasing of this competition) or flexibility (by dampening competition and biasing). We investigated whether high-frequency binaural beats, an auditory illusion suspected to act as a cognitive enhancer, have an impact on cognitive-control configuration. We hypothesized that binaural beats in the gamma range bias the cognitive-control style toward flexibility, which in turn should increase the crosstalk between tasks in a dual-task paradigm. We replicated earlier findings that the reaction time in the first-performed task is sensitive to the compatibility between the responses in the first and the second task—an indication of crosstalk. As predicted, exposing participants to binaural beats in the gamma range increased this effect as compared to a control condition in which participants were exposed to a continuous tone of 340 Hz. These findings provide converging evidence that the cognitive-control style can be systematically biased by inducing particular internal states; that high-frequency binaural beats bias the control style toward more flexibility; and that different styles are implemented by changing the strength of local competition and top-down bias.