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Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease. The aim of this explorative study was to investigate the role of Interleukin-(IL)-1, IL-4, GATA-3 and Cyclooxygenase-(COX)-2 polymorphisms after non-surgical periodontal therapy with adjunctive systemic antibiotics (amoxicillin/metronidazole) and subsequent maintenance in a Caucasian population. Analyses were performed using blood samples from periodontitis patients of a multi-center trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00707369=ABPARO-study). Polymorphisms were analyzed using quantitative real-time PCR. Clinical attachment levels (CAL), percentage of sites showing further attachment loss (PSAL) ≥1.3 mm, bleeding on probing (BOP) and plaque score were assessed. Exploratory statistical analysis was performed. A total of 209 samples were genotyped. Patients carrying heterozygous genotypes and single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNP) on the GATA-3-IVS4 +1468 gene locus showed less CAL loss than patients carrying wild type. Heterozygous genotypes and SNPs on the IL-1A-889, IL-1B +3954, IL-4-34, IL-4-590, GATA-3-IVS4 +1468 and COX-2-1195 gene loci did not influence CAL. In multivariate analysis, CAL was lower in patients carrying GATA-3 heterozygous genotypes and SNPs than those carrying wild-types. For the first time, effects of different genotypes were analyzed in periodontitis progression after periodontal therapy and during supportive treatment using systemic antibiotics demonstrating a slight association of GATA-3 gene locus with CAL. This result suggests that GATA-3 genotypes are a contributory but non-essential risk factor for periodontal disease progression.
We are currently facing an antimicrobial resistance crisis, which means that a lot of bacterial pathogens have developed resistance to common antibiotics. Hence, novel and innovative solutions are urgently needed to combat resistant human pathogens. A new source of antimicrobial compounds could be bacterial volatiles. Volatiles are ubiquitous produced, chemically divers and playing essential roles in intra- and interspecies interactions like communication and antimicrobial defense. In the last years, an increasing number of studies showed bioactivities of bacterial volatiles, including antibacterial, antifungal and anti-oomycete activities, indicating bacterial volatiles as an exciting source for novel antimicrobial compounds. In this review we introduce the chemical diversity of bacterial volatiles, their antimicrobial activities and methods for testing this activity. Concluding, we discuss the possibility of using antimicrobial volatiles to antagonize the antimicrobial resistance crisis.
Biocidal Agents Used for Disinfection Can Enhance Antibiotic Resistance in Gram-Negative Species
(2018)
Although the benefit of expedient antibiotic therapy remains unquestioned, little is known about the effects that are unrelated to their antimicrobial property but which the antibiotics may exert upon the septic microcirculation. Impairment of intestinal microcirculation has been recognized as an important factor in the pathogenesis of the septic syndrome (intestine = ¡°motor¡± of multiple organ failure). To examine the effects of various antibiotics on microcirculation is justified by the fact that one of major features of sepsis is disturbance of microcirculation. However, monitoring of pharmacological effects on intestinal blood flow is nearly impossible during acute therapy in humans and requires sophisticated equipment when applied to experimental animals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of common antibiotics on intestinal microcirculation using intravital microscopy (IVM) and on the release of the cytokines in septic and endotoxemic rats. In a first series of experiments we induced sepsis by using colon ascendens stent peritonitis (CASP) model in the rat (16 hours prior microscopy). We evaluated the effects of common antibiotics on intestinal microcirculation using intravital microscopy (functional capillary density (FCD) and leukocyte-endothelial interactions) and on the release of the cytokines TNF-¥á, IL-1©¬, IL-6 and IL-10. Metronidazole (MET) (10 mg/kg); imipenem (IMI) (20 mg/kg); tobramycin (TOB) (25 mg/kg); vancomycin (VAN) (70 mg/kg); and erythromycin (ERY) (5 mg/kg) were given intravenously 16 hours following sepsis induction. To differentiate antimicrobial from anti-inflammatory effects we performed a second series of experiments using endotoxin (LPS, i. v.) and intravital microscopic examination was performed 2 hours later. Cytokine release was estimated at the end of the experiments. In the CASP model, acute administration of metronidazole was associated with an improvement of markers of the intestinal microcirculation in septic rats (CASP). Our study showed that vancomycin stimulated leukocyte rolling, while erythromycin prevented the activation of leukocyte-endothelial interaction in postcapillary intestinal venules (V1) that occurred within 16 hours after CASP. TNF-¥á release in untreated CASP rats was twice as high in comparison to all antibiotic-treated CASP rats, except in CASP rats treated with tobramycin. Key findings of the present study are that MET and ERY were more potent than other antibiotics in improving the intestinal microcirculation in the CASP model. Protective effects of metronidazole, erythromycin and vancomycin upon the microcirculation were found in LPS model. The administration of MET or VAN or ERY led to significantly higher FCD values within the longitudinal muscular layers. Metronidazole and erythromycin significantly reduced the n umber of sticking leukocytes within the V1-venules of LPS-challenged animals. Leukocyte rolling flux was significant increased within the V1- and V3-venules of the endotoxemic rats treated with VAN. Some antibiotics showed immuno-modulatory effects: MET or IMI or VAN treated LPS rats showed increased IL-10 levels; while ERY treated LPS rats showed decreased IL-1©¬ and increased IL-6 concentrations. In conclusion, metronidazole and erythromycin exerted a positive influence upon the intestinal perfusion not only within septic microcirculation (anti-bacterial effect) but also in a pathogenically independent manner (anti-inflammatory effect); vancomycin had only anti-inflammatory actions in the endotoxin model without bacterial infection. Imipenem and tobramycin had no effect on intestinal microcirculation in septic and endotoxemic rats. The clinical usefulness of studies such as this is that they could provide important information about possible side effects or indicate some potential beneficial effects of the antibiotics. They can influence not only microcirculation but also inflammatory processes by some mechanisms that are probably unrelated to their antibiotic effect. However, these effects may be particularly relevant to the intestinal microcirculation which plays an essential role in the development of multi-organ failure in the instance of sepsis.
Im Klinikalltag sind das Auftreten neuer Antibiotikaresistenzen und die steigende Anzahl an chronisch infizierten Wunden ein Problem. Um dem zu begegnen, stehen derzeit die Entwicklung neuer antimikrobieller Chemotherapeutika sowie die kalkulierte, auf Antibiogrammen begründete Antibiotikatherapie im Fokus. Auch die kombinierte Anwendung von systemisch wirksamen Antibiotika und lokal wirksamen Antiseptika auf chronisch infizierten Wunden ist bereits gängige Praxis im Klinikalltag. Untersuchungen, die Kombinationen aus Antibiotika und Antiseptika auf Wechselwirkungen bzw. Interaktionspotenziale prüfen, sind trotz ihrer häufigen Anwendung bisher aber kaum durchgeführt worden. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde deshalb das Interaktionsverhalten von AB/AS-Kombinationen untersucht. Getestet wurden die Antibiotika Ciprofloxacin, Gentamicin, Amikacin, Vancomycin, Mupirocin und Linezolid in Kombination mit den Antiseptika Octenidindihydrochlorid, Chlorhexidindigluconat und Polihexanid. Die Auswahl der Bakterien orientierte sich an den in chronisch infizierten Wunden häufig nachzuweisenden Erregern Staphylokokken, Enterokokken, Pseudomonaden und E. coli [17][15]. An Nährmedien kamen Isosensitest-, Müller-Hinton-, CSA- und Blut-Agar zum Einsatz. Dem Blut-Agar wurde in Hinblick auf die Problematik im Klinikalltag die größte Bedeutung bezüglich der Ergebnisinterpretation beigemessen. In Vorversuchen wurden die für die in den Hauptversuchen notwendigen MHK’s der Antiseptika mittels Mikroagardilutionsmethode bestimmt. In den Hauptversuchen wurde mit Hilfe des Agardiffusions-Dilutions-Kombitests ermittelt, wie sich die Hemmhofdurchmesser der AB/AS-Kombinationen im Vergleich zu denen der Kontrollversuche (reiner Agardiffusionstest mit Antibiotika) verändern. Anhand des Änderungsverhaltens im Hemmhofdurchmesser konnte entweder „additives/synergistisches“, „antagonistisches“ oder „indifferentes“ Interaktionsverhalten nachgewiesen werden. Aus insgesamt 372 getesteten Kombinationen (aus Antibiotika, Antiseptika, Erreger und Agar) konnten 65 als (über-)additiv und 20 als antagonistisch bewertet werden. Die hohe Anzahl sich indifferent verhaltender AB/AS- Kombinationen begründet sich in der Größe des geschätzten Standardfehlers. Additives/synergistisches Interaktionsverhalten zeigte sich am häufigsten bei der Testung gegen Staphylokokken, gefolgt von Pseudomonaden. 68 Antagonistisches Interaktionsverhalten trat weder bei Staphylokokken noch bei Enterokokken auf. Gegen Pseudomonaden zeigten die Kombinationen CIP 5/Octenidin, CIP 5/Chlorhexidin und AK 30/Chlorhexidin ein hohes Interaktionspotenzial. Die Kombination CIP 5/Octenidin wirkte maßgeblich antagonistisch, CIP 5/ Chlorhexidin und AK 30/Chlorhexidin dagegen rein additiv/synergistisch. Bei der Testung gegen Enterokokken und E. coli traten kaum Interaktionen auf. Auf Blut-Agar fielen insbesondere die AB/AS-Kombinationen CIP 5/ Chlorhexidin, LZD 30/Chlorhexidin, LZD 30/Octenidin, LZD 30/Polihexanid und VA 30/Chlorhexidin auf. Alle fünf Kombinationen zeigten bei Staphylokokken ein additives/synergistisches Interaktionsverhalten. Kann ihr Interaktionsverhalten in größeren Studien bestätigt werden, könnten diese Kombinationen als neue Therapieoptionen in der Behandlung chronisch infizierter Wunden an Bedeutung erlangen. Antagonismus wurde nur durch eine sehr geringe Anzahl an AB/AS-Kombinationen auf Blut-Agar hervorgerufen. Das stärkste Potenzial wies CIP 5 in Verbindung mit Octenidin bei Pseudomonaden auf. Der Einsatz dieser Kombination sollte daher im Klinikalltag möglichst vermieden werden. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen, dass die Interaktionen nicht allein von der AB/AS-Kombination, sondern auch von der Art des Agars und Erregers abhängen. Dennoch sind sie richtungsweisend und sollten Anlass dazu geben, weitere Untersuchungen in der AB/AS-Kombinationstestung durchzuführen, um Fortschritte erzielen zu können.