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Background
Understanding how SARS-CoV-2 affects respiratory centres in the brainstem may help to preclude assisted ventilation for patients in intensive care setting. Viral invasion appears unlikely, although autoimmunity has been implicated, the responsible antigens remain unknown. We previously predicted the involvement of three epitopes within distinct brainstem proteins: disabled homolog 1 (DAB1), apoptosis-inducing-factor-1 (AIFM1), and surfeit-locus-protein-1 (SURF1).
Methods
Here, we used microarrays to screen serum from COVID-19 patients admitted to intensive care and compared those with controls who experienced mild course of the disease.
Findings
The results confirm the occurrence of IgG and IgM antibodies against the hypothesised epitopes in COVID-19 patients. Importantly, while IgM levels were similar in both groups, IgG levels were significantly elevated in severely ill patients compared to controls, suggesting a pathogenic role of IgG.
Interpretation
The newly discovered anti-neuronal antibodies might be promising markers of severe disease and the targeted peptide epitopes might be used for targeted immunomodulation. Further work is needed to determine whether these antibodies may play a role in long-COVID.
Funding
AF, CF and PR received support from the German Research Foundation (grants FL 379/22-1, 327654276-SFB 1315, FR 4479/1-1, PR 1274/8-1). SH, DR, and DB received support from the Ministry of Economy, State of Mecklenburg Western Pomerania, Germany (grant COVIDPROTECT: “Optimisation of diagnostic and therapeutic pathways for COVID-19 patients in MV”). SH received support from the Research Group Molecular Medicine University of Greifswald (FVMM, seed funding FOVB-2021-01). AV received support from the Else Kröner Fresenius Foundation and the Alzheimer Research Initiative.
The cortical silent period (CSP), assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), provides insights into motor cortex excitability. Alterations in the CSP have been observed in multiple sclerosis (MS), although a comparison of the sometimes contradictory results is difficult due to methodological differences. The aim of this study is to provide a more profound neurophysiological understanding of fatigue’s pathophysiology and its relationship to the CSP. Twenty-three patients with MS, along with a matched control group, underwent comprehensive CSP measurements at four intensities (125, 150, 175, and 200% resting motor threshold), while their fatigue levels were assessed using the Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions (FSMC) and its motor and cognitive subscore. MS patients exhibited a significantly increased CSP duration compared to controls (p = 0.02), but CSP duration was not associated with the total FSMC, or the motor or cognitive subscore. Our data suggest a systematic difference in MS patients compared to healthy controls in the CSP but no association with fatigue when measured with the FSMC. Based on these results, and considering the heterogeneous literature in the field, our study highlights the need for a more standardized approach to neurophysiological data collection and validation. This standardization is crucial for exploring the link between TMS and clinical impairments in diseases like MS.
Deteriorations in slow wave sleep (SWS) have been linked to brain aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD), possibly due to its key role in clearance of amyloid-beta and tau (Aß/tau), two pathogenic hallmarks of AD. Spermidine administration has been shown to improve sleep quality in animal models. So far, the association between spermidine levels in humans and parameters of SWS physiology are unknown but may be valuable for therapeutic strategies. Data from 216 participants (age range 50–81 years) of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania TREND were included in our analysis. We investigated associations between spermidine plasma levels, key parameters of sleep macroarchitecture and microarchitecture that were previously associated with AD pathology, and brain health measured via a marker of structural brain atrophy (AD score). Higher spermidine levels were significantly associated with lower coupling between slow oscillations and spindle activity. No association was evident for SWS, slow oscillatory, and spindle activity throughout non-rapid eye movement sleep. Furthermore, elevated spermidine blood levels were significantly associated with a higher AD score, while sleep markers revealed no association with AD score. The association between higher spermidine levels and brain health was not mediated by coupling between slow oscillations and spindle activity. We report that higher spermidine blood levels are associated not only with deteriorated brain health but also with less advantageous markers of sleep quality in older adults. Future studies need to evaluate whether sleep, spermidine, and Aß/tau deposition are interrelated and whether sleep may play a mediating role.
Manual sleep scoring for research purposes and for the diagnosis of sleep disorders is labor-intensive and often varies significantly between scorers, which has motivated many attempts to design automatic sleep stage classifiers. With the recent introduction of large, publicly available hand-scored polysomnographic data, and concomitant advances in machine learning methods to solve complex classification problems with supervised learning, the problem has received new attention, and a number of new classifiers that provide excellent accuracy. Most of these however have non-trivial barriers to use. We introduce the Greifswald Sleep Stage Classifier (GSSC), which is free, open source, and can be relatively easily installed and used on any moderately powered computer. In addition, the GSSC has been trained to perform well on a large variety of electrode set-ups, allowing high performance sleep staging with portable systems. The GSSC can also be readily integrated into brain-computer interfaces for real-time inference. These innovations were achieved while simultaneously reaching a level of accuracy equal to, or exceeding, recent state of the art classifiers and human experts, making the GSSC an excellent choice for researchers in need of reliable, automatic sleep staging.
Background:
Post-stroke delirium (PSD) is a modifiable predictor for worse outcome in stroke. Knowledge of its risk factors would facilitate clinical management of affected patients, but recently updated national guidelines consider available evidence insufficient.
Aims:
The study aimed to establish risk factors for PSD incidence and duration using high-frequency screening.
Methods:
We prospectively investigated patients with ischemic stroke admitted within 24 h. Patients were screened twice daily for the presence of PSD throughout the treatment period. Sociodemographic, treatment-related, and neuroimaging characteristics were evaluated as predictors of either PSD incidence (odds ratios (OR)) or duration (PSD days/unit of the predictor, b), using logistic and linear regression models, respectively.
Results:
PSD occurred in 55/141 patients (age = 73.8 ± 10.4 years, 61 female, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) = 6.4 ± 6.5). Age (odds ratio (OR) = 1.06 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.02–1.10), b = 0.08 (95% CI = 0.04–0.13)), and male gender (b = 0.99 (95% CI = 0.05–1.93)) were significant non-modifiable risk factors. In a multivariable model adjusted for age and gender, presence of pain (OR < sub > mvar </sub >= 1.75 (95% CI = 1.12–2.74)), urinary catheter (OR < sub > mvar </sub > = 3.16 (95% CI = 1.10–9.14)) and post-stroke infection (PSI; OR < sub > mvar </sub > = 4.43 (95% CI = 1.09–18.01)) were predictors of PSD incidence. PSD duration was impacted by presence of pain (b < sub > mvar </sub >= 0.49 (95% CI = 0.19–0.81)), urinary catheter (b < sub > mvar </sub > = 1.03 (95% CI = 0.01–2.07)), intravenous line (b < sub > mvar </sub >= 0.36 (95% CI = 0.16–0.57)), and PSI (b < sub > mvar </sub >= 1.60 (95% CI = 0.42–2.78)). PSD (OR = 3.53 (95% CI = 1.48–5.57)) and PSI (OR = 5.29 (95% CI = 2.92–7.66)) independently predicted inferior NIHSS at discharge. Insular and basal ganglia lesions increased the PSD risk about four- to eight-fold.
Discussion/Conclusion:
This study identified modifiable risk factors, the management of which might reduce the negative impact PSD has on outcome.
Introduction
Supplementation with spermidine may support healthy aging, but elevated spermidine tissue levels were shown to be an indicator of Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Methods
Data from 659 participants (age range: 21–81 years) of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania TREND were included. We investigated the association between spermidine plasma levels and markers of brain aging (hippocampal volume, AD score, global cortical thickness [CT], and white matter hyperintensities [WMH]).
Results
Higher spermidine levels were significantly associated with lower hippocampal volume (ß = −0.076; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −0.13 to −0.02; q = 0.026), higher AD score (ß = 0.118; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.19; q = 0.006), lower global CT (ß = −0.104; 95% CI: −0.17 to −0.04; q = 0.014), but not WMH volume. Sensitivity analysis revealed no substantial changes after excluding participants with cancer, depression, or hemolysis.
Discussion
Elevated spermidine plasma levels are associated with advanced brain aging and might serve as potential early biomarker for AD and vascular brain pathology.
Polypharmacy in patients with multiple sclerosis and the impact on levels of care and therapy units
(2023)
Background: The aim of this study was to examine the societal costs of polypharmacy in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). We therefore focused on the association between the number of medications on the level of care (LOC), the German classification of the need for care, and the number of therapy sessions (TTU).
Methods: In addition to demographic information and medication, 101 MS patients performed the Multiple Sclerosis Health Resource Utilization Survey (MS-HRS). Medications were subdivided into a total number of medications (TD), MS-related medication [MSD, i.e., disease-modifying drugs (DMDs) and symptomatic treatment (SD)], and medication for comorbidities (CDs). Multivariate linear regression models were performed to estimate if the amount of each medication type affects LOC or TTU.
Results: Polypharmacy appeared in 54 patients at the time of the survey. The relative risk (RR) of LOC 1 increased significantly by 2.46 (p = 0.001) per TD and by 2.55 (p = 0.004) per MSD, but not per CD (RR 1.44; p = 0.092). The effect of RR on MSD was driven by SD (RR 2.2; p = 0.013) but not DMD (RR 2.6; p = 0.4). RR of MSD remained significant for LOC 2 (1.77; p = 0.009) and LOC 3/4 (1.91; p = 0.015), with a strong trend in RR of SD, but not DMD. TTU increased significantly per MSD (p = 0.012), but not per TD (p = 0.081) and CD (p = 0.724).
Conclusion: The number of MSDs is related to the likelihood of a higher level of care and the number of therapy sessions and is therefore a good indication of the extent of the societal costs.
Multimorbidität ist die besondere Herausforderung der älter werdenden Gesellschaft. Der ältere Patient mit neu diagnostizierter Epilepsie trägt nicht nur die Bürde seiner Epilepsie, sondern ist mit zunehmendem Lebensalter dem Risiko komorbider chronischer Erkrankungen ausgesetzt. Die Übersichtsarbeit fokussiert auf kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen bei Epilepsie im höheren Lebensalter und ihren Beitrag zur vorzeitigen Mortalität. Es werden aktuelle Arbeiten zu medikamentösen Interaktionen bei Komedikation von Antiepileptika (AED) mit direkten oralen Antikoagulanzien (DOAK) und kardiovaskulären Medikamenten zusammengefasst.
The combination of repeated behavioral training with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) holds promise to exert beneficial effects on brain function beyond the trained task. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. We performed a monocenter, single-blind randomized, placebo-controlled trial comparing cognitive training to concurrent anodal tDCS (target intervention) with cognitive training to concurrent sham tDCS (control intervention), registered at ClinicalTrial.gov (Identifier NCT03838211). The primary outcome (performance in trained task) and secondary behavioral outcomes (performance on transfer tasks) were reported elsewhere. Here, underlying mechanisms were addressed by pre-specified analyses of multimodal magnetic resonance imaging before and after a three-week executive function training with prefrontal anodal tDCS in 48 older adults. Results demonstrate that training combined with active tDCS modulated prefrontal white matter microstructure which predicted individual transfer task performance gain. Training-plus-tDCS also resulted in microstructural grey matter alterations at the stimulation site, and increased prefrontal functional connectivity. We provide insight into the mechanisms underlying neuromodulatory interventions, suggesting tDCS-induced changes in fiber organization and myelin formation, glia-related and synaptic processes in the target region, and synchronization within targeted functional networks. These findings advance the mechanistic understanding of neural tDCS effects, thereby contributing to more targeted neural network modulation in future experimental and translation tDCS applications.
Background:
Epileptic seizures can occur throughout the course of multiple sclerosis (MS) and are associated with increasing disability progression over time. However, there are no data on whether epileptic seizures at the onset of MS also lead to increasing disability.
Objective:
To examine disease progression over time for MS patients with epileptic seizures at onset.
Methods:
We analyzed the data of 30,713 patients on the German Multiple Sclerosis Register in a case–control study for more than 15 years. MS patients with seizures at onset were further divided into subgroups with polysymptomatic and monosymptomatic onset to assess the impact of additional symptoms on disease progression.
Results:
A total of 46 patients had seizures as onset symptoms. Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) within the first year was lower in the group with seizures at onset compared to controls (0.75 versus 1.6, p < 0.05), which changed until the last reported visit (3.11 versus 3.0). Both subgroups revealed increased EDSS progression over time compared to controls.
Conclusion:
Epileptic seizures at MS onset are associated with a higher amount of disability progression over time. Additional longitudinal data are needed to further clarify the impact of seizures on the pathophysiology of MS disease progression.
Advances in spine surgery enable technically safe interventions in older patients with disabling spine disease, yet postoperative delirium (POD) poses a serious risk for postoperative recovery. This study investigates biomarkers of pro-neuroinflammatory states that may help objectively define the pre-operative risk for POD. This study enrolled patients aged ≥60 scheduled for elective spine surgery under general anesthesia. Biomarkers for a pro-neuroinflammatory state included S100 calcium-binding protein β (S100β), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), Gasdermin D, and the soluble ectodomain of the triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (sTREM2). Postoperative changes of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and C-reactive protein (CRP) were assessed as markers of systemic inflammation preoperatively, intraoperatively, and early postoperatively (up to 48 h). Patients with POD (n = 19, 75.7 ± 5.8 years) had higher pre-operative levels of sTREM2 (128.2 ± 69.4 pg/mL vs. 97.2 ± 52.0 pg/mL, p = 0.049) and Gasdermin D (2.9 ± 1.6 pg/mL vs. 2.1 ± 1.4 pg/mL, p = 0.29) than those without POD (n = 25, 75.6 ± 5.1 years). STREM2 was additionally a predictor for POD (OR = 1.01/(pg/mL) [1.00–1.03], p = 0.05), moderated by IL-6 (Wald-χ2 = 4.06, p = 0.04). Patients with POD additionally showed a significant increase in IL-6, IL-1β, and S100β levels on the first postoperative day. This study identified higher levels of sTREM2 and Gasdermin D as potential markers of a pro-neuroinflammatory state that predisposes to the development of POD. Future studies should confirm these results in a larger cohort and determine their potential as an objective biomarker to inform delirium prevention strategies.
Objective: The study aimed to test the reliability of a semi-structured telephone interview for the classification of headache disorders according to the ICHD-3.
Background: Questionnaire-based screening tools are often optimized for single primary headache diagnoses [e.g., migraine (MIG) and tension headache (TTH)] and therefore insufficiently represent the diagnostic precision of the ICHD-3, which limits epidemiological research of rare headache disorders. Brief semi-structured telephone interviews could be an effective alternative to improve classification.
Methods: A patient population representative of different primary and secondary headache disorders (n = 60) was recruited from the outpatient clinic (HSA) of a tertiary care headache center. These patients completed an established population-based questionnaire for the classification of MIG, TTH, or trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia (TAC). In addition, they received a semi-structured telephone interview call from three blinded headache specialists individually. The agreement of diagnoses made either using the questionnaires or interviews with the HSA diagnoses was evaluated.
Results: Of the 59 patients (n = 1 dropout), 24% had a second-order and 5% had a third-order headache disorder. The main diagnoses were as follows: frequent primary headaches with 61% MIG, 10% TAC, 9% TTH, and 5% rare primary and 16% secondary headaches. Second-order diagnosis was chronic migraine throughout, and third-order diagnoses were medication overuse headache and TTH. Agreement between main headaches from the HSA was significantly better for the telephone interview than for the questionnaire (questionnaire: κ = 0.330; interview: κ = 0.822; p < 0.001). Second-order diagnoses were not adequately captured by questionnaires, while there was a trend for good agreement with the telephone interview (κ = 0.433; p = 0.074). Headache frequency and psychiatric comorbidities were independent predictors of HSA and telephone interview agreement. Male sex, headache frequency, severity, and depressive disorders were independently predictive for agreement between the questionnaire and HSA. The telephone interview showed high sensitivity (≥71%) and specificity (≥92%) for all primary headache disorders, whereas the questionnaire was below 50% in either sensitivity or specificity.
Conclusion: The semi-structured telephone interview appears to be a more reliable tool for accurate diagnosis of headache disorders than self-report questionnaires. This offers the potential to improve epidemiological headache research and care even in underserved areas.
Neuroinflammatory mechanisms and maladaptive neuroplasticity underlie the progression of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), which is prototypical of central neuropathic pain conditions. While cortical maladaptive alterations are well described, little is known about the contribution of the brainstem to the pathophysiology. This study investigates the role of pain-modulatory brainstem pathways in CRPS using the nociceptive blink reflex (nBR), which not only provides a direct read-out of brainstem excitability and habituation to painful stimuli but may also be suitable for use as a diagnostic biomarker for CRPS. Thirteen patients with CRPS and thirteen healthy controls (HCs) participated in this prospective case-control study investigating the polysynaptic trigemino-cervical (R2) nBR response. The R2 area and its habituation were assessed following repeated supraorbital electrical stimulation. Between-group comparisons included evaluations of diagnostic characteristics as a potential biomarker for the disease. Patients with CRPS showed a substantial decrease in habituation on the stimulated (Cohen’s d: 1.3; p = 0.012) and the non-stimulated side (Cohen’s d: 1.1; p = 0.04). This is the first study to reveal altered nBR habituation as a pathophysiological mechanism and potential diagnostic biomarker in CRPS. We confirmed previous findings of altered nBR excitability, but the diagnostic accuracy was inferior. Future studies should investigate the nBR as a marker of progression to central mechanisms in CRPS and as a biomarker to predict treatment response or prognosis.
Neural mechanisms of behavioral improvement induced by repeated transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) combined with cognitive training are yet unclear. Previously, we reported behavioral effects of a 3-day visuospatial memory training with concurrent anodal tDCS over the right temporoparietal cortex in older adults. To investigate intervention-induced neural alterations we here used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) datasets available from 35 participants of this previous study, acquired before and after the intervention. To delineate changes in whole-brain functional network architecture, we employed eigenvector centrality mapping. Gray matter alterations were analyzed using DTI-derived mean diffusivity (MD). Network centrality in the bilateral posterior temporooccipital cortex was reduced after anodal compared to sham stimulation. This focal effect is indicative of decreased functional connectivity of the brain region underneath the anodal electrode and its left-hemispheric homolog with other “relevant” (i.e., highly connected) brain regions, thereby providing evidence for reorganizational processes within the brain's network architecture. Examining local MD changes in these clusters, an interaction between stimulation condition and training success indicated a decrease of MD in the right (stimulated) temporooccipital cluster in individuals who showed superior behavioral training benefits. Using a data-driven whole-brain network approach, we provide evidence for targeted neuromodulatory effects of a combined tDCS-and-training intervention. We show for the first time that gray matter alterations of microstructure (assessed by DTI-derived MD) may be involved in tDCS-enhanced cognitive training. Increased knowledge on how combined interventions modulate neural networks in older adults, will help the development of specific therapeutic interventions against age-associated cognitive decline.
Introduction
Given rapid global population aging, developing interventions against age-associated cognitive decline is an important medical and societal goal. We evaluated a cognitive training protocol combined with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on trained and non-trained functions in non-demented older adults.
Methods
Fifty-six older adults (65–80 years) were randomly assigned to one of two interventional groups, using age and baseline performance as strata. Both groups performed a nine-session cognitive training over 3 weeks with either concurrent anodal tDCS (atDCS, 1 mA, 20 minutes) over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (target intervention) or sham stimulation (control intervention). Primary outcome was performance on the trained letter updating task immediately after training. Secondary outcomes included performance on other executive and memory (near and far transfer) tasks. All tasks were administered at baseline, post-intervention, and at 1- and 7-month follow-up assessments. Prespecified analyses to investigate treatment effects were conducted using mixed-model analyses.
Results
No between-group differences emerged in the trained letter updating and Markov decision-making tasks at post-intervention and at follow-up timepoints. Secondary analyses revealed group differences in one near-transfer task: Superior n-back task performance was observed in the tDCS group at post-intervention and at follow-up. No such effects were observed for the other transfer tasks. Improvements in working memory were associated with individually induced electric field strengths.
Discussion
Cognitive training with atDCS did not lead to superior improvement in trained task performance compared to cognitive training with sham stimulation. Thus, our results do not support the immediate benefit of tDCS-assisted multi-session cognitive training on the trained function. As the intervention enhanced performance in a near-transfer working memory task, we provide exploratory evidence for effects on non-trained working memory functions in non-demented older adults that persist over a period of 1 month.
Socio-cognitive abilities and challenges change across the healthy lifespan and are essential for successful human interaction. Identifying effective socio-cognitive training approaches for healthy individuals may prevent development of mental or physical disease and reduced quality of life. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE Ovid, Web of Science Core Collection, CENTRAL, and PsycInfo databases. Studies that investigated different socio-cognitive trainings for healthy individuals across the human lifespan assessing effects on theory of mind, emotion recognition, perspective taking, and social decision making were included. A random-effects pairwise meta-analysis was conducted. Risk-of-Bias was assessed using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias-2-Tool. Twenty-three intervention studies with N = 1835 participants were included in the systematic review; twelve randomized controlled trials in the meta-analysis (N = 875). Socio-cognitive trainings differed regarding duration and content in different age groups, with theory of mind being the domain most frequently trained. Results of the meta-analysis showed that trainings were highly effective for improving theory of mind in children aged 3–5 years (SMD = 2.51 (95%CI: 0.48–4.53)), children aged 7–9 years (SMD = 2.71 (95%CI: − 0.28 to 5.71)), and older adults (SMD = 5.90 (95%CI: 2.77–9.02). Theory of mind training was highly effective in all investigated age-groups for improving theory of mind, yet, more research on transfer effects to other socio-cognitive processes and further investigation of training effects in other socio-cognitive domains (e.g., emotion recognition, visual perspective taking, social decision making) is needed. Identified characteristics of successful socio-cognitive trainings in different age groups may help designing future training studies for other populations.
Importance: Developing interventions against age-related memory decline and for older adults experiencing neurodegenerative disease is one of the greatest challenges of our generation. Spermidine supplementation has shown beneficial effects on brain and cognitive health in animal models, and there has been preliminary evidence of memory improvement in individuals with subjective cognitive decline.
Objective: To determine the effect of longer-term spermidine supplementation on memory performance and biomarkers in this at-risk group.
Design, Setting, and Participants: This 12-month randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled phase 2b trial (the SmartAge trial) was conducted between January 2017 and May 2020. The study was a monocenter trial carried out at an academic clinical research center in Germany. Eligible individuals were aged 60 to 90 years with subjective cognitive decline who were recruited from health care facilities as well as through advertisements in the general population. Data analysis was conducted between January and March 2021.
Interventions: One hundred participants were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to 12 months of dietary supplementation with either a spermidine-rich dietary supplement extracted from wheat germ (0.9 mg spermidine/d) or placebo (microcrystalline cellulose). Eighty-nine participants (89%) successfully completed the trial intervention.
Main Outcomes and Measures: Primary outcome was change in memory performance from baseline to 12-month postintervention assessment (intention-to-treat analysis), operationalized by mnemonic discrimination performance assessed by the Mnemonic Similarity Task. Secondary outcomes included additional neuropsychological, behavioral, and physiological parameters. Safety was assessed in all participants and exploratory per-protocol, as well as subgroup, analyses were performed.
Results: A total of 100 participants (51 in the spermidine group and 49 in the placebo group) were included in the analysis (mean [SD] age, 69 [5] years; 49 female participants [49%]). Over 12 months, no significant changes were observed in mnemonic discrimination performance (between-group difference, −0.03; 95% CI, −0.11 to 0.05; P = .47) and secondary outcomes. Exploratory analyses indicated possible beneficial effects of the intervention on inflammation and verbal memory. Adverse events were balanced between groups.
Conclusions and Relevance: In this randomized clinical trial, longer-term spermidine supplementation in participants with subjective cognitive decline did not modify memory and biomarkers compared with placebo. Exploratory analyses indicated possible beneficial effects on verbal memory and inflammation that need to be validated in future studies at higher dosage.
Der Blepharospasmus ist eine Erkrankung, bei der es zu häufig wiederkehrenden Kontraktionen der Lidmuskulatur beider Augen kommt und gehört zu den fokalen Dystonien. Die Pathophysiologie dieser Bewegungsstörung ist noch nicht vollständig geklärt. Die Ursachenforschung und damit ein besseres Verständnis des Blepharospasmus ist wichtig, da der Blepharospasmus für die Patienten sehr behindernd sein kann. Die bisherigen Therapien des Blepharospasmus sind sicher, aber aktuell lediglich symptomorientiert. Auch deshalb sind Untersuchungen zur Pathophysiologie des Blepharospasmus sinnvoll. Derzeitige Vorstellungen zur Pathophysiologie des Blepharospasmus legen nahe, dass Veränderungen in einem Netzwerk vorliegen, welches aus den Basalganglien, dem Kleinhirn, dem Thalamus und dem sensomotorischen Kortex besteht. Zudem sind wahrscheinlich andere Strukturen wie die peripheren Schmerzrezeptoren und der visuelle Kortex beim Blepharospasmus betroffen. Während die Basalganglien, das Kleinhirn, der Thalamus und den sensomotorischen Kortex vorrangig für die Verarbeitung der sensorischen und motorischen Informationen verantwortlich sind, deuten mehrere Hinweise darauf hin, dass diese Strukturen auch bei der Verarbeitung von Informationen im Zusammenhang mit dem Riechen und dem Schmecken von Bedeutung sind. Basierend auf diesen Überschneidungen der beteiligten neuroanatomischen Strukturen stellt sich die Frage, ob Veränderungen des Riech- und Schmeckvermögens bei Patienten mit Blepharospasmus gefunden werden. Ferner wurde im Rahmen dieser Studie der Frage nachgegangen, ob die Behandlung mit Botulinumtoxin eine Auswirkung auf das Riechen und Schmecken bei Patienten mit Blepharospasmus hat.
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden 19 Patienten mit einem Blepharospasmus (Alter 66.6 ± 8.7 Jahren, 14 Frauen und 5 Männer) und 15 gesunde Kontrollpersonen (Alter 65.9 ± 8.4 Jahren, 9 Frauen und 6 Männer) untersucht. Davon wurden zehn Patienten mit und ohne die Wirkung vom Botulinumtoxin untersucht und dazu passend zehn Kontrollpersonen im Abstand von vier Wochen zweimal untersucht. Die Erfassung der Riechschwelle, Geruchsidentifikation und -diskrimination fand mit den Sniffin‘ Sticks statt. Zudem wurden die Taste Strips verwendet, um den Geschmackssinn der Probanden zu bewerten. Des Weiteren wurden kognitive Funktionen und psychiatrische Veränderungen als bekannte Komorbiditäten des Blepharospasmus erfasst und mit den Ergebnissen beim Riechen und Schmecken korreliert.
Patienten mit einem Blepharospasmus hatten eine signifikant geringere Riechschwelle als die Kontrollpersonen. Ferner war der Anteil der Patienten, die eine Hyposmie aufwiesen, höher als bei den Kontrollpersonen. Die motorischen, die nicht-motorischen sowie die psychiatrischen Symptome korrelierten nicht mit den Defiziten bei der Riechschwelle. Es fand sich keine Schmeckstörungen und auch die Geruchsdiskriminierung sowie die Geruchsidentifikation waren bei den Patienten mit Blepharospasmus unauffällig. Auch fand sich kein wesentlicher Unterschied beim Riechen oder Schecken bei der Behandlung der Patienten mit Botulinumtoxin.
Die gefundenen Riechstörung sind weniger ausgeprägt als bei der zervikalen Dystonie, können aber zum besseren Verständnis der Erkrankung des Blepharospasmus beitragen. Vergleichend mit Befunden von Läsionsstudien deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass der Thalamus und das Kleinhirn eventuell in der Pathophysiologie des Blepharospasmus beteiligt sein könnten. Eine genaue Benennung der Ursachenlokalisation ist schwierig, da es sich beim Blepharospasmus wahrscheinlich um eine Netzwerkerkrankung handelt und somit verschiedene Strukturen betroffen sein können. Die Behandlung der Patienten mit Blepharospasmus mit Botulinumtoxin beeinflusst wahrscheinlich nicht das Riechen und Schmecken und ist damit auch aus dieser Sicht als eine eher sichere Behandlungsmöglichkeit anzusehen. Weitere Untersuchungen auf diesem Gebiet, zum Beispiel mittels neurophysiologischer Untersuchungsverfahren zum Riechen und Schmecken oder bildgebenden Untersuchungsverfahren, sind mit Spannung zu erwarten.
Background: Intact socio-cognitive abilities, such as theory of mind (ToM), facial emotion recognition (FER), social decision making (SDM) and visual perspective taking (VPT), are essential for human well-being and quality of life. Impairment in social cognition can have major implications for health in affected individuals and society as a whole. Evidence for changes in social cognition in healthy and pathological aging processes, such as subjective cognitive decline (SCD) and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), is currently either sparse or inconclusive. It is important to determine how social cognition changes in healthy and pathological aging and provide grounds for targeted and early assessment and intervention. The aims of this thesis were to investigate social cognition across four domains, in particular, ToM, FER, SDM and VPT, in healthy young and older individuals, as well as in individuals with cognitive deficits, such as SCD and MCI. In the case of a decline, further goals were to investigate the degree of impairment and the domains affected.
Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in four major academic databases, MEDLINE, Web of Science Core Collection, CENTRAL, and PsycInfo, for studies investigating social cognition in healthy young and old individuals as well as individuals affected by SCD and MCI which met the inclusion criteria. The primary outcome was ToM and secondary outcomes were FER, SDM and VPT. After a systematic review was performed, studies eligible for meta-analysis were divided according to comparison groups and outcomes. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted using standardized mean differences (SMD). Risk of Bias was assessed using the “Tool to assess risk of bias in cohort studies” modified for the present study design.
Results: After a thorough systematic literature search, 86 studies containing 88 comparisons were included in the systematic review, of which 47 were eligible for quantitative analysis. The meta-analysis revealed a progressive decline in ToM and FER abilities from young adulthood to MCI. Varying effect sizes demonstrated different trajectories of change for specific domains. Due to a lack of research, data investigating SDM and VPT, as well as SCD were insufficient for quantitative analysis.
Conclusion: ToM and FER decline gradually from healthy to pathological aging. Therefore, assessment of social cognition is important and should be incorporated in routine neurocognitive testing, so that targeted interventions can be introduced when needed. With this information in mind, future research should focus on the development of new assessment tools, as well as preventive and treatment strategies. This review also identified research gaps in certain populations (e.g. SCD, middle age, MCI-subtypes) as well as domains (VPT and SDM) that need to be addressed in the future.
Die ex-vivo Wirkung von Spermin und Spermidin auf T-Lymphozyten bei Patienten mit kognitivem Defizit
(2021)
Demenzerkrankungen stellen die Medizin und die Wissenschaft vor eine der größten Herausforderungen des 21. Jahrhunderts. Aufgrund des Fehlens kausaler Therapien werden neue Therapieansätze dringend für die Bewältigung dieser medizinisch herausfordernden Erkrankung benötigt. Vielversprechende Ergebnisse im Hinblick auf ein neues Therapeutikum liefert eine Klinische Studie (Smart-Age) mit einem polyaminreichen Pflanzenextrakt als Nahrungsergänzungsmittel, eingesetzt bei Patienten mit Subjektiver kognitiver Verschlechterung (engl. Subjective Cognitive Decline).
Da die genauen Wirkmechanismen der Polyamine Spermin und Spermidin auf die kognitive Gesundheit noch unzureichend verstanden sind und das Immunsystem eine zentralen Rolle in der Pathogenese der Alzheimer-Demenz einnimmt, war es das Ziel in der vorliegenden Dissertation die Wirkung der beiden genannten Polyamine auf die Aktivierung und Autophagie von T-Lymphozyten und die Zytokinsekretion von PBMC durchflusszytometrisch, anhand einer Studienkohorte kognitiv beeinträchtigter Patienten (Subjektive kognitive Verschlechterung SCD, milde kognitive Beeinträchtigung MCI, milde Alzheimer-Demenz) (n=22) und gesunder, altersäquivalente Kontrollprobanden (n=12), zu untersuchen.
Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zeigen, dass Spermin und Spermidin die Aktivierung und die Autophagie von T-Lymphozyten dosisabhängig in der Patienten- und der Kontrollkohorte steigert. Spermin führte zu einer dosisabhängig verminderten Zytokinexpression aller 11 untersuchten Zytokine in der Patienten- und der Kontrollkohorte. Spermidin hingegen führte sowohl zu einer vermehrten als auch einer verminderten Expression einzelner Zytokine im Zellkulturüberstand.
In der vorliegenden explorativen Studie konnte somit erstmals prospektiv der Einfluss der Polyamine Spermin und Spermidin auf die T-Lymphozyten Aktivierung, Autophagie und die Zytokinexpression von Patienten im Frühstadium kognitiver Erkrankungen in in-vitro Experimenten gezeigt werden. Verglichen mit einer Kontrollkohorte kognitiv gesunder, altersentsprechender Probanden zeigten sich ähnliche Effekte von Spermin und Spermidin auf die untersuchten Parameter, wobei für einzelne Parameter der Untersuchung eine höhere Sensitivität der Polyaminbehandlung von T-Lymphozyten kognitiv erkrankter Patienten nachzuvollziehen war.
Die Daten dieser Dissertation liefern somit einen ersten Beitrag zur umfassenden Beleuchtung zellulärer Wirkmechanismen einer Polyaminsubstitution in humanen, peripheren Immunzellen bezüglich kognitiver Gesundheit, um hierdurch neue therapeutische Ansätze zur Behandlung dementieller Erkrankungen zu entwickeln.
Bei einem seit vielen Jahren bekannten erhöhten Risiko für MS-Patient:innen epileptische Anfälle zu erleiden, untersuchten wir eine Gruppe von Patient:innen mit diesen beiden Voraussetzungen. Die epileptischen Anfälle können hier als Folge der MS auftreten, aber auch durch Erkrankungen in der Vorgeschichte der Patient:innen begünstigt werden. Für unsere Studie wählten wir einen retrospektiven populationsbasierten Ansatz.
Die finale Studiengruppe bestand aus 59 Personen mit epileptischen Anfällen und MS aus insgesamt 2285 MS-Patient:innen, die in den Zentren Greifswald und Rostock in diesem Zeitraum behandelt wurden. Es zeigte sich eine Prävalenz epileptischer Anfälle bei Patient:innen mit MS-Diagnose von 2,6%. Eine Aufteilung in zwei Subgruppen mit epileptischen Anfällen vor/nach MS-Diagnose, mit 22 vs. 37 Patient:innen, wurde anschließend durchgeführt. Die Patient:innen in der Subgruppe MS-E Gruppe waren durchschnittlich 9 Jahre älter und wiesen einen höheren EDSS aus, verglichen mit der Subgruppe E-MS. Bei 16,9% der Kohorte wurde der epileptische Anfall rückblickend als erstes MS-Symptom gewertet. In 50,8% der Studienpopulation bestanden epileptogene Risikofaktoren in der Vorgeschichte, mit 40,9% (9/22) vs. 56,8% (21/37) in den Subgruppen vor/nach MS-Diagnose. Die häufigsten konkurrierenden Ursachen bestanden in abgelaufenen Schädel-Hirn-Traumata und cerebralen Ischämien, zusammen in mehr als 30% der Fälle. Die Diagnosestellung der epileptischen Anfälle und Epilepsie erfolgte bei 18,6% ohne EEG-Diagnostik, bei erfolgter EEG-Diagnostik bestanden in 58,3% pathologische EEG-Muster. Bei einem Drittel der Patient:innen erfolgte die Diagnosestellung ohne direkte Beobachtung oder EEG-Auffälligkeiten.
Im Vergleich zur Normalbevölkerung zeigt sich in unserer Studienpopulation eine erhöhte Prävalenz epileptischer Anfälle. Die Bedeutung einer adäquaten Diagnostik der epileptischen Anfälle, auch wenn einmalig aufgetreten, stellt sich in unserer Studie dar. Hierbei ist es entscheidend, dass eine EEG-Diagnostik erfolgt und zusätzlich eine ausführliche semiologische Anamnese. Diese sollte idealerweise von Ärzt:innen oder Neurolog:innen mit epileptologischer Erfahrung durchgeführt werden um die Befunde gut einordnen zu können, am besten im Rahmen eines strukturierten Work-ups. Die epileptischen Anfälle können sowohl vor, als auch nach dem Beginn der MS-Symptomatik auftreten und auch die erste Manifestation der Erkrankung darstellen. Alternative Risikofaktoren für epileptische Anfälle sollten sorgfältig erfragt und dokumentiert werden, die Diagnosestellung und Behandlung einer Epilepsie aber nicht verzögern. Es stellte sich in unserer Kohorte kein signifikanter Unterschied in bestehenden Risikofaktoren zwischen den Sub¬gruppen vor/nach MS-Diagnose heraus. Dies spricht dafür, epileptische Anfälle als einen Teil der MS-Erkrankung zu betrachten, der durch Risikofaktoren aber auch die MS-Erkrankung selbst verursacht werden kann.
Stigmatisierung tritt bei psychischen, körperlichen sowie chronisch neurologischen Erkrankungen auf. Stigma kann vielfältige Auswirkungen auf Betroffene haben: Es vergrößert Gesundheitsunterschiede, verringert Lebensqualität und schafft Hürden, Gesundheitsleistungen zu nutzen. Internationale Studien zu diesem Thema zeig-ten, dass Stigma bei MS-Patient*innen u.a. die Lebensqualität, das psychische Wohlbefinden, das Offenlegen der Erkrankung und die Einhaltung von Therapien beeinflusst. Hinsichtlich der Stigmatisierung bei chronisch neurologischen Erkran-kungen, wie Multipler Sklerose (MS), gibt es in Deutschland bisher keine Studien. Ziel dieser Arbeit war eine erstmalige Datenerhebung zu Stigmatisierung bei MS. Endpunkte der Erhebung sind, welche Formen von Stigma in dieser Kohorte vorlie-gen und ob es psychische Komponenten, krankheitsspezifische Eigenschaften o-der soziodemographische Daten gibt, die im Zusammenhang mit Stigma stehen. Diese Daten wurden daraufhin in Vergleich zu internationalen Daten gestellt. Auch bisher noch kaum erforschte Assoziationen zu Stigma und Fatigue wurden näher betrachtet.
Die Studie wurde als prospektive Kohortenstudie in Form validierter Fragebögen an der Universität Greifswald (Klinik für Psychiatrie und Klinik für Neurologie) durchge-führt. Zur Auswertung unserer Daten wurden zunächst Basistabellen mit Angaben aus Mittelwert, Standardabweichung, Median und Interquartilenabstand verwendet. Um einen monotonen Zusammenhang zwischen den Variablen zu untersuchen, wurde der Rangkorrelationskoeffizient nach Spearman angewandt; um Assoziatio-nen aufzuzeigen die negative binomiale Regression.
Die Zusammensetzung der Kohorte mit dem Anteil an Männern (26%) und Frauen (74%) ist repräsentativ für MS. Alter und Erkrankungsdauer sind heterogen verteilt. 88 Personen hatten den schubförmig remittierenden MS-Typ, 11 den sekundär pro-gredienten und ein Patient den primär progredienten Verlaufstyp. Der Stigmatisie-rungsgrad in dieser MS-Kohorte ist gering. Der Modalwert für beide Stigma-Skalen liegt jeweils beim Minimum. Stigmatisierung korreliert signifikant auf hohem zweisei-tigen Signifikanzniveau (p>0,05) mit Depression (Korrelationskoeffizient 0,55), Fati-gue (0,51) und Behinderung (0,34). Für Lebensqualität liegt eine negative Korrelati-on vor (-0,54). Bei hohem Signifikanzniveau (p=0,001) erhöhen Behinderung und Depression das Risiko für MS-bezogene Stigmatisierung im Vergleich zu einer ge-sunden Referenzgruppe: Behinderung erhöht es jährlich um 38% und Depression um 5%. Mit jedem weiteren Lebensjahr der Patient*innen sinkt das Stigma-Risiko um 2,7 %. Bei Menschen mit Fatigue steigt das Risiko stigmatisiert zu werden jähr-lich um 2%.
Durch die vorliegende Arbeit konnten Ergebnisse internationaler Studien hinsicht-lich der Zusammenhänge zwischen Depression und Behinderung zu Stigma bestä-tigt werden. Ebenfalls konnte bestätigt werden, dass der Stigmatisierungsgrad bei MS eher gering ist. Der Grad der Behinderung beeinflusst das Stigmatisierungser-leben am stärksten, was sich häufiger in Form von internalisiertem statt öffentlichem Stigma äußert. Dass Jüngere eher betroffen sind, kann mit dem Vorkommen von erwartetem Stigma bei Unvorhersagbarkeit der Diagnose erklärt werden. Das erwar-tete Stigma kann schließlich besonders bei jüngeren Patient*innen zur Verheimli-chung der Erkrankung führen. Dies wurde im Prozess dieser Arbeit herausgearbei-tet und sollte in weiteren Studien noch eingehender untersucht werden. Da im Alter Stigmatisierung vorliegt und Behinderung ebenso wie behinderungsbezogenes Stigma mit dem Alter zunehmen, liegt die Vermutung nahe, dass im Alter andere Formen von Stigma eine Rolle spielen.
Separating EEG correlates of stress: Cognitive effort, time pressure, and social‐evaluative threat
(2022)
Abstract
The prefrontal cortex is a key player in stress response regulation. Electroencephalographic (EEG) responses, such as a decrease in frontal alpha and an increase in frontal beta power, have been proposed to reflect stress‐related brain activity. However, the stress response is likely composed of different parts such as cognitive effort, time pressure, and social‐evaluative threat, which have not been distinguished in previous studies. This distinction, however, is crucial if we aim to establish reliable tools for early detection of stress‐related conditions and monitoring of stress responses throughout treatment. This randomized cross‐over study (N = 38) aimed to disentangle EEG correlates of stress. With linear mixed models accounting for missing values in some conditions, we found a decrease in frontal alpha and increase in beta power when performing the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT; cognitive effort; n = 32) compared to resting state (n = 33). No change in EEG power was found when the PASAT was performed under time pressure (n = 29) or when adding social‐evaluative threat (video camera; n = 29). These findings suggest that frontal EEG power can discriminate stress from resting state but not more fine‐grained differences of the stress response.
Abstract
Objective
This study was undertaken to calculate epilepsy‐related direct, indirect, and total costs in adult patients with active epilepsy (ongoing unprovoked seizures) in Germany and to analyze cost components and dynamics compared to previous studies from 2003, 2008, and 2013. This analysis was part of the Epi2020 study.
Methods
Direct and indirect costs related to epilepsy were calculated with a multicenter survey using an established and validated questionnaire with a bottom‐up design and human capital approach over a 3‐month period in late 2020. Epilepsy‐specific costs in the German health care sector from 2003, 2008, and 2013 were corrected for inflation to allow for a valid comparison.
Results
Data on the disease‐specific costs for 253 patients in 2020 were analyzed. The mean total costs were calculated at €5551 (±€5805, median = €2611, range = €274–€21 667) per 3 months, comprising mean direct costs of €1861 (±€1905, median = €1276, range = €327–€13 158) and mean indirect costs of €3690 (±€5298, median = €0, range = €0–€11 925). The main direct cost components were hospitalization (42.4%), antiseizure medication (42.2%), and outpatient care (6.2%). Productivity losses due to early retirement (53.6%), part‐time work or unemployment (30.8%), and seizure‐related off‐days (15.6%) were the main reasons for indirect costs. However, compared to 2013, there was no significant increase of direct costs (−10.0%), and indirect costs significantly increased (p < .028, +35.1%), resulting in a significant increase in total epilepsy‐related costs (p < .047, +20.2%). Compared to the 2013 study population, a significant increase of cost of illness could be observed (p = .047).
Significance
The present study shows that disease‐related costs in adult patients with active epilepsy increased from 2013 to 2020. As direct costs have remained constant, this increase is attributable to an increase in indirect costs. These findings highlight the impact of productivity loss caused by early retirement, unemployment, working time reduction, and seizure‐related days off.
IntroductionWith the worldwide increase of life expectancy leading to a higher proportion of older adults experiencing age-associated deterioration of cognitive abilities, the development of effective and widely accessible prevention and therapeutic measures has become a priority and challenge for modern medicine. Combined interventions of cognitive training and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have shown promising results for counteracting age-associated cognitive decline. However, access to clinical centres for repeated sessions is challenging, particularly in rural areas and for older adults with reduced mobility, and lack of clinical personnel and hospital space prevents extended interventions in larger cohorts. A home-based and remotely supervised application of tDCS would make the treatment more accessible for participants and relieve clinical resources. So far, studies assessing feasibility of combined interventions with a focus on cognition in a home-based setting are rare. With this study, we aim to provide evidence for the feasibility and the effects of a multisession home-based cognitive training in combination with tDCS on cognitive functions of healthy older adults.Methods and analysisThe TrainStim-Home trial is a monocentric, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Thirty healthy participants, aged 60–80 years, will receive 2 weeks of combined cognitive training and anodal tDCS over left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (target intervention), compared with cognitive training plus sham stimulation. The cognitive training will comprise a letter updating task, and the participants will be stimulated for 20 min with 1.5 mA. The intervention sessions will take place at the participants’ home, and primary outcome will be the feasibility, operationalised by two-thirds successfully completed sessions per participant. Additionally, performance in the training task and an untrained task will be analysed.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was granted by the ethics committee of the University Medicine Greifswald. Results will be available through publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at national and international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT04817124.
IntroductionA substantial number of patients diagnosed with COVID-19 experience long-term persistent symptoms. First evidence suggests that long-term symptoms develop largely independently of disease severity and include, among others, cognitive impairment. For these symptoms, there are currently no validated therapeutic approaches available. Cognitive training interventions are a promising approach to counteract cognitive impairment. Combining training with concurrent transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) may further increase and sustain behavioural training effects. Here, we aim to examine the effects of cognitive training alone or in combination with tDCS on cognitive performance, quality of life and mental health in patients with post-COVID-19 subjective or objective cognitive impairments.Methods and analysisThis study protocol describes a prospective randomised open endpoint-blinded trial. Patients with post-COVID-19 cognitive impairment will either participate in a 3-week cognitive training or in a defined muscle relaxation training (open-label interventions). Irrespective of their primary intervention, half of the cognitive training group will additionally receive anodal tDCS, all other patients will receive sham tDCS (double-blinded, secondary intervention). The primary outcome will be improvement of working memory performance, operationalised by an n-back task, at the postintervention assessment. Secondary outcomes will include performance on trained and untrained tasks and measures of health-related quality of life at postassessment and follow-up assessments (1 month after the end of the trainings).Ethics and disseminationEthical approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the University Medicine Greifswald (number: BB 066/21). Results will be available through publications in peer-reviewed journals and presentations at national and international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT04944147.
Background:
Epilepsy development during the course of multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered to be the result of cortical pathology. However, no long-term data exist on whether epilepsy in MS also leads to increasing disability over time.
Objective:
To examine if epilepsy leads to more rapid disease progression.
Methods:
We analyzed the data of 31,052 patients on the German Multiple Sclerosis Register in a case–control study.
Results:
Secondary progressive disease course (odds ratio (OR) = 2.23), age (OR = 1.12 per 10 years), and disability (OR = 1.29 per Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) point) were associated with the 5-year prevalence of epilepsy. Patients who developed epilepsy during the course of the disease had a higher EDSS score at disease onset compared to matched control patients (EDSS 2.0 vs 1.5), progressed faster in each dimension, and consequently showed higher disability (EDSS 4.4 vs 3.4) and lower employment status (40% vs 65%) at final follow-up. After 15 years of MS, 64% of patients without compared to 54% of patients with epilepsy were not severely limited in walking distance.
Conclusion:
This work highlights the association of epilepsy on disability progression in MS, and the need for additional data to further clarify the underlying mechanisms.
ObjectiveTo evaluate individual and group long-term efficacy and safety of erenumab in individuals with episodic migraine (EM) for whom 2–4 prior preventatives had failed.MethodsParticipants completing the 12-week double-blind treatment phase (DBTP) of the LIBERTY study could continue into an open-label extension phase (OLEP) receiving erenumab 140 mg monthly for up to 3 years. Main outcomes assessed at week 112 were: ≥50%, ≥75% and 100% reduction in monthly migraine days (MMD) as group responder rate and individual responder rates, MMD change from baseline, safety and tolerability.ResultsOverall 240/246 (97.6%) entered the OLEP (118 continuing erenumab, 122 switching from placebo). In total 181/240 (75.4%) reached 112 weeks, 24.6% discontinued, mainly due to lack of efficacy (44.0%), participant decision (37.0%) and adverse events (AEs; 12.0%). The ≥50% responder rate was 57.2% (99/173) at 112 weeks. Of ≥50% responders at the end of the DBTP, 36/52 (69.2%) remained responders at ≥50% and 22/52 (42.3%) at >80% of visits. Of the non-responders at the end of the DBTP, 60/185 (32.4%) converted to ≥50% responders in at least half the visits and 24/185 (13.0%) converted to ≥50% responders in >80% of visits. Change from baseline at 112 weeks in mean (SD) MMD was −4.2 (5.0) days. Common AEs (≥10%) were nasopharyngitis, influenza and back pain.ConclusionsEfficacy was sustained over 112 weeks in individuals with difficult-to-treat EM for whom 2–4 prior migraine preventives had failed. Erenumab treatment was safe and well tolerated, in-line with previous studies.Trial registration number
NCT03096834
BackgroundWhile meta-analyses confirm treatment for chronic post-stroke aphasia is effective, a lack of comparative evidence for different interventions limits prescription accuracy. We investigated whether Constraint-Induced Aphasia Therapy Plus (CIAT-plus) and/or Multimodality Aphasia Therapy (M-MAT) provided greater therapeutic benefit compared with usual community care and were differentially effective according to baseline aphasia severity.MethodsWe conducted a three-arm, multicentre, parallel group, open-label, blinded endpoint, phase III, randomised-controlled trial. We stratified eligible participants by baseline aphasia on the Western Aphasia Battery-Revised Aphasia Quotient (WAB-R-AQ). Groups of three participants were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to 30 hours of CIAT-Plus or M-MAT or to usual care (UC). Primary outcome was change in aphasia severity (WAB-R-AQ) from baseline to therapy completion analysed in the intention-to-treat population. Secondary outcomes included word retrieval, connected speech, functional communication, multimodal communication, quality of life and costs.ResultsWe analysed 201 participants (70 in CIAT-Plus, 70 in M-MAT and 61 in UC). Aphasia severity was not significantly different between groups at postintervention: 1.05 points (95% CI −0.78 to 2.88; p=0.36) UC group vs CIAT-Plus; 1.06 points (95% CI −0.78 to 2.89; p=0.36) UC group vs M-MAT; 0.004 points (95% CI −1.76 to 1.77; p=1.00) CIAT-Plus vs M-MAT. Word retrieval, functional communication and communication-related quality of life were significantly improved following CIAT-Plus and M-MAT. Word retrieval benefits were maintained at 12-week follow-up.ConclusionsCIAT-Plus and M-MAT were effective for word retrieval, functional communication, and quality of life, while UC was not. Future studies should explore predictive characteristics of responders and impacts of maintenance doses.Trial registration numberACTRN 2615000618550.
Background
The Symbol Digit Modalities Test (SDMT) is most frequently used to test processing speed in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Functional imaging studies emphasize the importance of frontal and parietal areas for task performance, but the influence of frontoparietal tracts has not been thoroughly studied. We were interested in tract-specific characteristics and their association with processing speed in MS patients.
Methods
Diffusion tensor imaging was obtained in 100 MS patients and 24 healthy matched controls to compare seed-based tract characteristics descending from the superior parietal lobule [Brodman area 7A (BA7A)], atlas-based tract characteristics from the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), and control tract characteristics from the corticospinal tract (CST) and their respective association with ability on the SDMT.
Results
Patients had decreased performance on the SDMT and decreased white matter volume (each p < 0.05). The mean fractional anisotropy (FA) for the BA7A tract and CST (p < 0.05), but not the SLF, differed between MS patients and controls. Furthermore, only the FA of the SLF was positively associated with SDMT performance even after exclusion of the lesions within the tract (r = 0.25, p < 0.05). However, only disease disability and total white matter volume were associated with information processing speed in a linear regression model.
Conclusions
Processing speed in MS is associated with the structural integrity of frontoparietal white matter tracts.
Background
Fatigue is a common symptom in patients with multiple sclerosis. Several studies suggest that outdoor temperature can impact fatigue severity, but a systematic study of seasonal variations is lacking.
Methods
Fatigue was assessed with the Fatigue Scale for Motor and Cognitive Functions (FSMC) in a temperate climatic zone with an average outdoor temperature of 8.8°C. This study included 258 patients with multiple sclerosis from 572 visits temporally distributed over the year. The data were adjusted for age, sex, cognition, depression, disease severity, and follow-up time. Linear regression models were performed to determine whether the temporal course of fatigue was time-independent, linearly time dependent, or non-linearly time dependent.
Results
Fatigue was lowest during January (mean FSMC: 49.84) and highest during August (mean FSMC: 53.88). The regression analysis showed the best fit with a model that included months + months2, which was a non-linear time dependency. Mean FSMC per month correlated significantly with the average monthly temperature (ρ = 0.972; p < 0.001).
Conclusion
In multiple sclerosis, fatigue showed a natural temporal fluctuation. Fatigue was higher during summer compared to winter, with a significant relationship of fatigue with outdoor temperature. This finding should be carefully taken into account when clinically monitoring patients over time to not interpret higher or lower scores independent of seasonal aspects.
Metrological methods for word learning list tests can be developed with an information theoretical approach extending earlier simple syntax studies. A classic Brillouin entropy expression is applied to the analysis of the Rey’s Auditory Verbal Learning Test RAVLT (immediate recall), where more ordered tasks—with less entropy—are easier to perform. The findings from three case studies are described, including 225 assessments of the NeuroMET2 cohort of persons spanning a cognitive spectrum from healthy older adults to patients with dementia. In the first study, ordinality in the raw scores is compensated for, and item and person attributes are separated with the Rasch model. In the second, the RAVLT IR task difficulty, including serial position effects (SPE), particularly Primacy and Recency, is adequately explained (Pearson’s correlation R=0.80) with construct specification equations (CSE). The third study suggests multidimensionality is introduced by SPE, as revealed through goodness-of-fit statistics of the Rasch analyses. Loading factors common to two kinds of principal component analyses (PCA) for CSE formulation and goodness-of-fit logistic regressions are identified. More consistent ways of defining and analysing memory task difficulties, including SPE, can maintain the unique metrological properties of the Rasch model and improve the estimates and understanding of a person’s memory abilities on the path towards better-targeted and more fit-for-purpose diagnostics.
Most children use their fingers when learning to count and calculate. These sensorimotor experiences were argued to underlie reported behavioral associations of finger gnosis and counting with mathematical skills. On the neural level, associations were assumed to originate from overlapping neural representations of fingers and numbers. This study explored whether finger-based training in children would lead to specific neural activation in the sensorimotor cortex, associated with finger movements, as well as the parietal cortex, associated with number processing, during mental arithmetic. Following finger-based training during the first year of school, trained children showed finger-related arithmetic effects accompanied by activation in the sensorimotor cortex potentially associated with implicit finger movements. This indicates embodied finger-based numerical representations after training. Results for differences in neural activation between trained children and a control group in the IPS were less conclusive. This study provides the first evidence for training-induced sensorimotor plasticity in brain development potentially driven by the explicit use of fingers for initial arithmetic, supporting an embodied perspective on the representation of numbers.
Background: Oligoclonal bands represent intrathecal immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis and play an important role in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Kappa free light chains (KFLC) are increasingly recognized as an additional biomarker for intrathecal Ig synthesis. However, there are limited data on KFLC in neurological diseases other than MS. Methods: This study, conducted at two centers, retrospectively enrolled 346 non-MS patients. A total of 182 patients were diagnosed with non-inflammatory and 84 with inflammatory neurological diseases other than MS. A further 80 patients were classified as symptomatic controls. Intrathecal KFLC production was determined using different approaches: KFLC index, Reiber’s diagram, Presslauer’s exponential curve, and Senel’s linear curve. Results: Matching results of oligoclonal bands and KFLC (Reiber’s diagram) were frequently observed (93%). The Reiber’s diagram for KFLC detected intrathecal KFLC synthesis in an additional 7% of the patient samples investigated (4% non-inflammatory; 3% inflammatory), which was not found by oligoclonal band detection. Conclusions: The determination of both biomarkers (KFLC and oligoclonal bands) is recommended for routine diagnosis and differentiation of non-inflammatory and inflammatory neurological diseases. Due to the high sensitivity and physiological considerations, the assessment of KFLC in the Reiber’s diagram should be preferred to other evaluation methods.
Neuronal cells are specialists for rapid transfer and translation of information. Their electrical properties relay on a precise regulation of ion levels while their communication via neurotransmitters and neuropeptides depends on a high protein and lipid turnover. The endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) is fundamental to provide these necessary requirements for optimal neuronal function. Accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER lumen, reactive oxygen species and exogenous stimulants like infections, chemical irritants and mechanical harm can induce ER stress, often followed by an ER stress response to reinstate cellular homeostasis. Imbedded between glial-, endothelial-, stromal-, and immune cells neurons are constantly in communication and influenced by their local environment. In this review, we discuss concepts of tissue homeostasis and innate immunity in the central and peripheral nervous system with a focus on its influence on ER stress, the unfolded protein response, and implications for health and disease.
The Role of Vascular Risk Factors in Post-Stroke Delirium: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
(2022)
Vascular risk factors may predispose to post-stroke delirium (PSD). A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed by searching PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. The primary outcome was the prevalence of vascular risk factors in PSD vs. non-PSD patients. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and mean differences (MDs) with 95% CIs were calculated for categorical and continuous variables, respectively. Fixed effects or random effects models were used in case of low- or high-statistical heterogeneity, respectively. We found an increased prevalence of atrial fibrillation (OR = 1.74, p = 0.0004), prior stroke (OR = 1.48, p < 0.00001), coronary artery disease (OR = 1.48, p < 0.00001), heart failure (OR = 2.01, p < 0.0001), and peripheral vascular disease (OR = 2.03, p < 0.00001) in patients with vs. without PSD. PSD patients were older (MD = 5.27 y, p < 0.00001) compared with their non-PSD counterparts. Advanced age, atrial fibrillation, prior stroke, coronary artery disease, heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease appeared to be significantly associated with PSD.
Background and aim
To report the six-month safety analyses among patients enrolled in the “Physical Fitness Training in Subacute Stroke—PHYS-STROKE” trial and identify underlying risk factors associated with serious adverse events.
Methods
We performed a pre-specified safety analysis of a multicenter, randomized controlled, endpoint-blinded trial comprising 200 patients with moderate to severe subacute stroke (days 5–45 after stroke) that were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive either aerobic, bodyweight supported, treadmill-based training (n = 105), or relaxation sessions (n = 95, control group). Each intervention session lasted for 25 min, five times weekly for four weeks, in addition to standard rehabilitation therapy. Serious adverse events defined as cerebro- and cardiovascular events, readmission to hospital, and death were assessed during six months of follow-up. Incident rate ratios (IRR) were calculated, and Poisson regression analyses were conducted to identify risk factors for serious adverse events and to test the association with aerobic training.
Results
Six months after stroke, 50 serious adverse events occurred in the trial with a higher incidence rate (per 100 patient-months) in the training group compared to the relaxation group (6.31 vs. 3.22; IRR 1.70, 95% CI 0.96 to 3.12). The association of aerobic training with serious adverse events incidence rates were modified by diabetes mellitus (IRR for interaction: 7.10, 95% CI 1.56 to 51.24) and by atrial fibrillation (IRR for interaction: 4.37, 95% CI 0.97 to 31.81).
Conclusions
Safety analysis of the PHYS-STROKE trial found a higher rate of serious adverse events in patients randomized to aerobic training compared to control within six months after stroke. Exploratory analyses found an association between serious adverse events occurrence in the aerobic training group with pre-existing diabetes mellitus and atrial fibrillation which should be further investigated in future trials.
Data access statement
The raw data and analyses scripts are provided by the authors on a secure online repository for reproduction of reported findings.
In der Vergangenheit ergaben sich aus zahlreichen Untersuchungen vermehrt Hinweise für eine wichtige Rolle von Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) für das Überleben, den Erhalt, sowie das Differenzierungsverhalten von verschiedenen Zelltypen. Hierbei wurden Effekte von IGF-1 auf Zellen unterschiedlicher Gewebearten, u. a. auch des Zentralen Nervensystems, festgestellt. Für viele der beobachteten IGF-1-Wirkungen konnte eine Vermittlung über den PI3-Kinase/Akt/NF-κB-Signalweg bestätigt werden. Aber auch der ERK-Signal- weg scheint an der IGF-1-vermittelten Signaltransduktion beteiligt zu sein.
Aus früheren Untersuchungen der eigenen Arbeitsgruppe mit dem auch in der vorliegenden Arbeit verwendeten Zellsystem ist bekannt, dass der PI3-Kinase/Akt/NF-κB-Signalweg die astrogliale Differenzierung der fetalen mesenzephalen neuralen Precursorzellen („fetal mesencephalic precursor cells“ [fmNPCs]) maßgeblich beeinflusst.
Hingegen wird die durch Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) induzierte dopaminerge Differenzierung von fmNPCs über den ERK/MAP-Kinase-Signalweg vermittelt und durch die Hemmung des PI3-Kinase/Akt/NF-κB-Signalweges erleichtert.
Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigte sich vor diesem Hintergrund mit dem Einfluss von IGF-1 auf langzeitexpandierte fmNPCs der Ratte. Dazu wurde das in vitro-Modell der primären Dissoziationskultur aus mesenzephalem Gewebe 14 Tage alter embryonaler Ratten herangezogen. Es wurde der Frage nachgegangen, inwieweit IGF-1 die Überlebensfähigkeit, das Proliferationspotenzial, die Expression des IGF-1-Rezeptors, sowie das neuronale, astrogliale und oligodendrogliale Differenzierungsverhalten dieser fmNPCs der Ratte beeinflussen kann. Weiterhin sollten an der Differenzierung beteiligte intrazelluläre Signaltransduktionsmechanismen näher charakterisiert werden.
Bei der Untersuchung der Überlebensfähigkeit der Zellen zeigte sich, dass die Behandlung mit IGF-1 (50 ng/ml) sowohl während der Expansion als auch während der Differenzierung über 24 h und 72 h im Vergleich zur unbehandelten Kontrollreihe zu einer signifikanten Steigerung der Überlebensrate führte. Dieser überlebenssteigernde Effekt von IGF-1 auf die fmNPCs konnte durch die gleichzeitige Behandlung mit AG 1024 – einem Inhibitor des IGF-1-Rezeptors – während der Differenzierung, nicht jedoch während der Expansion, aufgehoben werden. Dies spricht für eine besondere Rolle von IGF-1 für den Differenzierungsprozess der fmNPCs, welche folglich während ihrer Differenzierung in höherem Maße auf die Expression des IGF-1-Rezeptors angewiesen sind als während der Expansion. Übereinstimmend mit diesem Ergebnis zeigte sich bei den Untersuchungen zur Expression des IGF-1-Rezeptors eine signifikante Hochregulierung der IGF-1-Rezeptor-Expression während der Differenzierung im Vergleich zur Expansion der Zellen. Weiterhin konnte unter IGF-1-Behandlung und Differenzierung der Zellen wiederum eine signifikante Hochregulierung der IGF-1-Rezeptor-Expression im Vergleich zur Differenzierung unter Kontrollbedingungen beobachtet werden.
Bei den Untersuchungen zum Einfluss von IGF-1 auf den Erhalt des Proliferationspotentials der fmNPCs konnte bezüglich der Ki-67-markierten Zellen nach der Expansion über 72 h ein signifikanter Effekt von IGF-1 beobachtet werden, mit einer höheren Anzahl Ki-67-positiver Zellen im Vergleich zur Kontrollreihe. Allerdings konnte dieser, das Proliferationspotential steigernde, Effekt nach der Expansion über 24 h und anschließender Markierung der Zellen mit BrdU nicht beobachtet werden. Trotzdem zeigten sich im Vergleich zur Kontrolle mehr Zellen mit Proliferationspotential (BrdU-positiv) und somit eine Tendenz in Richtung des Ergebnisses nach der Expansion über 72 h.
Ein weiterer Fokus der vorliegenden Arbeit lag auf der Untersuchung des Einflusses von IGF-1 auf das neuronale und gliale Differenzierungsverhalten von fmNPCs. Hierbei zeigte sich, dass die Behandlung der Zellen mit IGF-1 über einen Differenzierungszeitraum von 7 d zu signifikant mehr Zellen mit neuronalem Phänotyp (MAP2-positiv) im Vergleich zur Kontrollreihe führte. Bezüglich der astroglialen und oligodendroglialen Differenzierung der fmNPCs konnte eine Behandlung mit IGF-1 keine signifikanten Ergebnisse zeigen.
Schließlich beschäftigte sich die vorliegende Arbeit auch damit, die an der Differenzierung beteiligten intrazellulären Signaltransduktionsmechanismen näher zu charakterisieren. Dazu wurden ELISA-Experimente durchgeführt, um die Aktivierung ausgewählter Kinasen und Transkriptionsfaktoren in der Frühphase der Differenzierung der fmNPCs zu bestimmen. Hierbei zeigte sich unter IGF-1-Behandlung, im Vergleich zur unbehandelten Kontrollreihe, ein Abfall der Aktivität der PI3-Kinase, Akt und von NF-κB mit signifikanten Werten nach 0 h, 3 h und 6 h für die PI3-Kinase, nach 1 h und 6 h für Akt und nach 0,5 h für NF-κB. Im Gegensatz dazu konnte die Aktivität der ERK unter IGF-1-Behandlung nach 1 h, 3 h und 6 h signifikant gesteigert werden. Für die p38 MAP-Kinase zeigte sich nach 3 h Behandlung mit IGF-1 eine signifikante Reduktion der Aktivität im Vergleich zur Kontrollreihe. Auf die JNK-Aktivität zeigte die Behandlung mit IGF-1 hingegen keinen signifikanten Effekt.
Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit lassen folgende Schlussfolgerungen zu:
• IGF-1 erhöht die Überlebensrate von fmNPCs während deren Expansion und Differenzierung in vitro über 24 h und 72 h.
• AG 1024 inhibiert diesen überlebenssteigernden Effekt während der Differenzierung von fmNPCs, nicht aber während deren Expansion.
• IGF-1 steigert das Proliferationspotenzial von fmNPCs in vitro.
• IGF-1 induziert die Neurogenese von fmNPCs in vitro.
• Effekte von IGF-1 auf die fmNPCs werden vermittelt über den IGF-1-Rezeptor, welcher während der Differenzierung durch die Behandlung mit IGF-1 hochreguliert wird.
• IGF-1 führt in der weiteren zellulären Signaltransduktion während der Differenzierung von fmNPCs zu einer Herunterregulierung des PI3-Kinase/Akt/NF-κB-Signalwegs und zu einer Hochregulierung von ERK1/2 des MAP-Kinase-Signalwegs.
MRI-based vessel size imaging (VSI) allows for in-vivo assessment of cerebral microvasculature and perfusion. This exploratory analysis of vessel size (VS) and density (Q; both assessed via VSI) in the subacute phase of ischemic stroke involved sixty-two patients from the BAPTISe cohort (‘Biomarkers And Perfusion--Training-Induced changes after Stroke’) nested within a randomized controlled trial (intervention: 4-week training vs. relaxation). Relative VS, Q, cerebral blood volume (rCBV) and –flow (rCBF) were calculated for: ischemic lesion, perilesional tissue, and region corresponding to ischemic lesion on the contralateral side (mirrored lesion). Linear mixed-models detected significantly increased rVS and decreased rQ within the ischemic lesion compared to the mirrored lesion (coefficient[standard error]: 0.2[0.08] p = 0.03 and −1.0[0.3] p = 0.02, respectively); lesion rCBF and rCBV were also significantly reduced. Mixed-models did not identify time-to-MRI, nor training as modifying factors in terms of rVS or rQ up to two months post-stroke. Larger lesion VS was associated with larger lesion volumes (β 34, 95%CI 6.2–62; p = 0.02) and higher baseline NIHSS (β 3.0, 95%CI 0.49–5.3;p = 0.02), but was not predictive of six-month outcome. In summary, VSI can assess the cerebral microvasculature and tissue perfusion in the subacute phases of ischemic stroke, and may carry relevant prognostic value in terms of lesion volume and stroke severity.
Free light chains (FLC) are a promising biomarker to detect intrathecal inflammation in patients with inflammatory central nervous system (CNS) diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The diagnostic use of this biomarker, in particular the kappa isoform of FLC (“KFLC”), has been investigated for more than 40 years. Based on an extensive literature review, we found that an agreement on the correct method for evaluating KFLC concentrations has not yet been reached. KFLC indices with varying cut-off values and blood-CSF-barrier (QAlbumin) related non-linear formulas for KFLC interpretation have been investigated in several studies. All approaches revealed high diagnostic sensitivity and specificity compared with the oligoclonal bands, which are considered the gold standard for the detection of intrathecally synthesized immunoglobulins. Measurement of KFLC is fully automated, rater-independent, and has been shown to be stable against most pre-analytic influencing factors. In conclusion, the determination of KFLC represents a promising diagnostic approach to show intrathecal inflammation in neuroinflammatory diseases. Multicenter studies are needed to show the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of KFLC in MS by using the latest McDonald criteria and appropriate, as well as standardized, cut-off values for KFLC concentrations, preferably considering non-linear formulas such as Reiber’s diagram.
One of the great challenges the world faces in terms of health care is the increasing number of
people living with neuro-disabilities that affect their ability to participate in societal activities.
Various neurological conditions such as stroke, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson’s disease, to name
just a few, change cognitive, sensory, or motor capacities, alter the emotional well-being of those
affected, and lead to disability in their everyday lives.
Over the last few decades, aging populations and reduced mortality in many regions of the world
have increased the number of people living with neuro-disabilities considerably, an effect that is
still ongoing (1): for 2017, the worldwide prevalence of stroke (thousands) has been estimated to
be as high as 104178.7 (95% confidence interval, 95% CI 98454.0–110125.0), and years lived with
disabilities (YLD) (counts in thousands) caused by stroke were reported to amount to 18695.4
(95% CI 13,574–23686.9). The stroke-related increase in YLD (percentage change in counts)
was 40% (95% CI 38.4–41.4) from 1990 to 2007 and another 43.6% (39.6–47.8) during only 10
years from 2007 to 2017. The numbers are similarly impressive for other neurological disorders
(i.e., dementias, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, motor neuron disease, headache
disorders, and others). Taken together, their worldwide prevalence (in thousands) in 2017 was
3121435.3 (95% CI 2951124.5–3316268.0), while YLD (thousands) in 2017 were 3121435.3 (95%
CI 2951124.5–3316268.0), with an increase in YLD by 35.1% (95% CI 31.9–38.1) from 1990 to 2007
and by a further 17.8% (95% CI 15.8–20.2) from 2007 to 2017.
These numbers not only demonstrate the huge global burden of disease and prevailing
neuro-disabilities, but they indicate a considerable increase in the number of people living with
neuro-disabilities with an accelerating dynamic over time (for stroke).
Epileptische Anfälle zählen weltweit zu den häufigsten neurologischen Symptomen. Obwohl bereits sehr viele Daten belegen, dass andere neurologische, akut die Hirnfunktion beein-trächtigende Erkrankungen, wie der Schlaganfall, zu einer systemisch peripheren Immunal-teration führen, existieren bisher wenige humane Daten über den Einfluss epileptischer An-fälle auf das erworbene und angeborene Immunsystem. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es herauszufinden, ob ein epileptischer Anfall ebenfalls zu Veränderungen der erworbenen und angeborenen Immunantwort führt.
Im Rahmen dieser explorativ prospektiven Kohortenstudie wurden Immunparameter im EDTA-Blut von 31 Patient*innen an Tag 0 und 1 nach einem gesicherten epileptischen An-fall (fokale Anfälle oder generalisiert tonisch-klonische Anfälle) analysiert. Als Kontroll-gruppe (n = 18) dienten mehrheitlich Patient*innen mit Kopfschmerzen ohne entzündliche Genese sowie Patient*innen vor einer Katarakt Operation. Die Analyse von Quantitäts-, Charakterisierungs- und Aktivierungszustand der Lymphozyten, Monozyten und Granulozy-ten erfolgte mittels fluoreszenzmarkierter Antikörper (verwendete Marker: CD3, CD4, CD8, HLA-DR, CD32, CD14, CD16 und CD62-L). Zusätzlich wurden die Werte mit bereits publizierten Daten von Patient*innen nach einem Mediainfarkt, die nach demselben Protokoll untersucht wurden, verglichen. Die Auswertung der Facs-Rohdaten erfolgte mittels der Flow-Jo10-Software. Als statistische Tests dienten der Kruskal-Wallis-Test sowie der Dunns-Test als Post-Hoc-Test. (GraphPad Prism 6.0).
Parallel zum Schlaganfall traten nach einem epileptischen Anfall eine Reduktion der Lym-phozytenzahl, eine Monozytose, eine reduzierte monozytäre HLA-DR-Expressionsdichte sowie eine erhöhte Expressionsdichte des Rezeptors CD32 auf. Unterschiede in der Immun-antwort nach Schlaganfall und epileptischem Anfall bestanden in der zeitlichen Dauer der Veränderungen sowie der Zusammensetzung der Monozyten-Subpopulationen.
Diese Studie liefert Daten zu strukturellen und molekularen Veränderungen der unmittelba-ren Immunantwort nach einem epileptischen Anfall. Die erworbene und angeborene postik-tale Immunreaktion ist abhängig von der Art der Anfälle. Sie scheint aber unabhängig davon zu sein, ob ein erstmaliger Anfall oder eine bereits diagnostizierte Epilepsie vorliegt. Lym-phozyten, Monozyten und Granulozyten sind essentielle Elemente der humanen Immunab-wehr. Gezeigte Immunalterationen durch epileptische Anfälle könnten bei Patient*innen zu einer passager reduzierten Abwehrlage führen. Ausgehend von diesen grundlegenden Er-kenntnissen können in Folgestudien umfassendere Zellfunktionsanalysen durchgeführt wer-den, um die tatsächliche klinische Relevanz und Folgen dieser beobachteten Immunalterati-onen zu prüfen.
Der Schlaganfall hat Auswirkungen auf das Immunsystem. Die schlaganfallassoziierte Immunsuppression führt zu einer erhöhten Rate an Infektionen, was das Outcome für die Patienten verschlechtert. Die Abwehrfunktionen von Neutrophilen Granulozyten und Monozyten sind in diesem Zusammenhang beeinträchtigt. Bisher war weitgehend unklar, wie sich rtPA auf die Abwehrfunktionen von Neutrophilen Granulozyten und Monozyten auswirkt. Mithilfe der Blutproben von gesunden Spendern wurden Phagozytose, oxidativer Burst und NETose nach Inkubation mit rtPA untersucht. Während die Phagozytose und der oxidative Burst durch rtPA herabgesetzt waren, zeigte sich bezüglich der NETose kein Einfluss durch rtPA.
MPO und NE tragen entscheidend zur Funktion der Abwehrmechanismen von Neutrophilen Granulozyten und Monozyten bei. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass nach Inkubation mit rtPA die freigesetzte Menge von NE, nicht aber die von MPO zunimmt. rtPA hat keinen Einfluss auf die intrazellulär detektierte Menge beider Enzyme. Die Effekte von rtPA auf Phagozytose und oxidativen Burst scheinen somit NE- und MPO- unabhängig zu sein.
Nach dem Schlaganfall sind der oxidative Burst und die NETose bei Schlaganfallpatienten beeinträchtigt. MPO ist in Neutrophilen Granulozyten von Schlaganfallpatienten vermindert. Im Rahmen der hier durchgeführten Versuche konnte gezeigt werden, dass NE nach dem Schlaganfall intrazellulär nicht vermindert ist. Die Effekte des Schlaganfalls auf oxidativen Burst und NETose sind somit wahrscheinlich nicht abhängig von NE.
MPO und NE sind nach dem Schlaganfall vermehrt im Serum nachweisbar. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass nicht allein die erhöhte Zahl Neutrophiler Granulozyten nach dem Schlaganfall hierfür verantwortlich ist.
Die Frage, ob rtPA in vivo Einfluss auf MPO und NE hat, konnte nicht abschließend beantwortet werden und bedarf weiterer Klärung.
Insgesamt sollte die Rolle von rtPA als Immunmodulator bei der Therapie von Schlaganfallpatienten und in der Auswertung von entsprechenden Studien Berücksichtigung finden. Die Mechanismen der Schlaganfall-assoziierten Immunsuppression bedürfen weiterer Aufklärung.
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) infection affects millions of individuals worldwide and can lead to severe leukemia, myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, and numerous other disorders. Pursuing a safe and effective immunotherapeutic approach, we compared the viral polyprotein and the human proteome with a sliding window approach in order to identify oligopeptide sequences unique to the virus. The immunological relevance of the viral unique oligopeptides was assessed by searching them in the immune epitope database (IEDB). We found that HTLV-1 has 15 peptide stretches each consisting of uniquely viral non-human pentapeptides which are ideal candidate for a safe and effective anti-HTLV-1 vaccine. Indeed, experimentally validated HTLV-1 epitopes, as retrieved from the IEDB, contain peptide sequences also present in a vast number of human proteins, thus potentially instituting the basis for cross-reactions. We found a potential for cross-reactivity between the virus and the human proteome and described an epitope platform to be used in order to avoid it, thus obtaining effective, specific, and safe immunization. Potential advantages for mRNA and peptide-based vaccine formulations are discussed.
BACKGROUND Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare, acquired demyelination syndrome that causes cognitive impairment and
focal neurological deficits and may be fatal. The potentially reversible disease mainly affects children, often after vaccination or viral infection, but may
be seen rarely in adults.
OBSERVATIONS A 50-year-old woman presented with loss of visual acuity of the left eye. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an intra- and
suprasellar mass, which was removed successfully. On postoperative day 1, MRI showed gross total resection of the lesion and no surgery-related
complications. On postoperative day 2, the patient presented with a progressive left-sided hemiparesis, hemineglect, and decline of cognitive
performance. MRI showed white matter edema in both hemispheres. Cerebrospinal fluid analysis revealed mixed pleocytosis (355/mL) without further
evidence of infection. In synopsis of the findings, ADEM was diagnosed and treated with intravenous immunoglobulins. Shortly thereafter, the patient
recovered, and no sensorimotor deficits were detected in the follow-up examination.
LESSONS Pituitary gland pathologies are commonly treated by transsphenoidal surgery, with only minor risks for complications. A case of ADEM after
craniopharyngioma resection has not been published before and should be considered in case of progressive neurological deterioration with multiple
white matter lesions.
Der ischämische Schlaganfall ist die zweithäufigste Todesursache weltweit und eine der führenden Ursachen für Behinderung im Erwachsenenalter. Adipositas ist eine weltweite Epidemie mit steigender Prävalenz und einhergehender Komorbiditäten und Einschränkung der Lebensqualität. Sowohl ein Schlaganfall als auch Adipositas verändert den Aktivierungsstatus des Immunsystems.
Um den Zusammenhang zwischen Schlaganfall, Körpergewicht, Immunsystem und Adipositas zu untersuchen wurde die LIPS-Studie konzipiert. Von Juli 2015 bis Juni 2016 wurden 40 Schlaganfallpatient*innen und 16 Kontrollproband*innen an der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald eingeschlossen zur Untersuchung des Fett- und Immunstatus. An Tag 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 und 7 wurde das Körpergewicht, der Körperfettgehalt und die Armfaltendicke gemessen, der NIHSS bestimmt und Blut- und Urinentnahmen erfolgten. Außer an Tag 0 erfolgte außerdem eine indirekte Kalorimetrie. Das abdominelle Fett, der Leberfettgehalt und die Infarktgröße wurden mittels MRT an zwei Zeitpunkten zu Beginn und Ende des stationären Aufenthalts gemessen. In einer Langzeitstudie erfolgten Körpergewichts-, Körperfettgehalts- und Armfaltenmessung, sowie Blut- und Urinentnahme und Bestimmung des NIHSS an Tag 30, 90, 180. Die Langzeitstudie und die indirekte Kalorimetrie wurden im Verlauf abgebrochen.
In der Gesamtkohorte und in der Unterteilung in Untergruppen zeigt sich eine statistisch signifikante Veränderung des Körpergewichts und teilweise des Körperfettgehalts. Die Armfaltendicke und Messungen des abdominellen Fetts mittels MRT ergaben zu keinem Zeitpunkt eine Veränderung. Die Auswertung bezüglich des Immunstatus sind einer weiteren Dissertation von Dr. med. Carl Witt zu entnehmen.
Die größte Limitation der Studie ist der geringe Stichprobenumfang, sowie eingeschränkte Vergleichbarkeit der Daten von Tag 0 auf Tag 1. Die Hypothese des kurzfristigen Gewichtsverlusts nach Schlaganfall konnte bestätigt werden. Weiterhin zeigte sich ein Einfluss des BMI auf den Gewichtsverlust, wonach dieser bei adipösen Patient*innen geringer ausfällt.
Die LIPS-Studie gibt Hinweise darauf, dass auch beim Menschen nach Schlaganfall eine frühe und schnelle Lipolyse stattfindet, ohne dass in dem kurzen Beobachtungszeitraum ein Effekt des Fettstatus auf den klinischen Verlauf bestätigt werden konnte.
Die Studie zielte darauf ab, mittels einer inhibitorischen TMS (cTBS-600) rechtshemisphärischer, temporoparietaler und frontaler Hirnareale (TPJ und pMFG) Einfluss auf die visuell-räumliche Wahrnehmungsleistung junger, gesunder Probanden zu nehmen und die Reversibilität potentieller Effekte durch eine konsekutive cTBS der homologen linkshemisphärischen Areale zu untersuchen. Auf Base-Line-Niveau zeigte sich bei den gesunden Probanden ein systematischer Links-Bias, sowohl für perceptiv/visuo-räumliche, als auch für explorativ/visuo-motorische Aufgaben. Das Ausmaß dieses Links-Bias reduzierte sich nach cTBS der rechten TPJ und weniger systematisch auch nach cTBS des rechten pMFGs. Eine konsekutive cTBS der linken TPJ führte zu einer Rückkehr auf das Base-Line-Niveau für perceptiv/visuo-räumliche Aufgaben. Die Ergebnisse sprechen für eine spezifische Beteiligung der rechten TPJ (und weniger konsistent auch des rechten pMFGs) an visuellen Raumwahrnehmungsleistungen. Weiterhin deuten die Ergebnisse darauf hin, dass eine inhibitorische Magnetstimulation der linken TPJ das Potential besitzt, einen Rechts-Bias infolge einer dysfunktionalen rechten TPJ aufzuheben. Diese Erkenntnis könnte für den therapeutischen Einsatz einer inhibitorischen cTBS der linken TPJ bei Patienten mit rechtshemisphärischem Schlaganfall und resultierender Neglectsymptomatik von Bedeutung sein.
Die hier berichteten Ergebnisse wurden in einem Peer-Review Journal publiziert (Platz et al., 2016).
Objectives: The significance of pre-motor (PMC) corticospinal projections in a frontoparietal motor network remains elusive. Temporal activation patterns can provide valuable information about a region's engagement in a hierarchical network. Navigated transcranial magnetic stimulation (nTMS)-induced virtual lesions provide an excellent method to study cortical physiology by disrupting ongoing activity at high temporal resolution and anatomical precision. We use nTMS-induced virtual lesions applied during an established behavioral task demanding pre-motor activation to clarify the temporal activation pattern of pre-motor corticospinal projections.
Materials and Methods: Ten healthy volunteers participated in the experiment (4 female, mean age 24 ± 2 years, 1 left-handed). NTMS was used to map Brodmann areae 4 and 6 for primary motor (M1) and PMC corticospinal projections. We then determined the stimulator output intensity required to elicit a 1 mV motor evoked potential (1 mV-MT) through M1 nTMS. TMS pulse were randomly delivered at distinct time intervals (40, 60, 80, 100, 120, and 140 ms) at 1 mV-MT intensity to M1, PMC and the DLPFC (dorsolateral pre-frontal cortex; control condition) before participants had to perform major changes of their trajectory of movement during a tracing task. Each participant performed six trials (20 runs per trial). Task performance and contribution of regions under investigation was quantified through calculating the tracing error induced by the stimulation.
Results: A pre-motor stimulation hotspot could be identified in all participants (16.3 ± 1.7 mm medial, 18.6 ± 1.4 mm anterior to the M1 hotspot). NTMS over studied regions significantly affected task performance at discrete time intervals (F(10, 80) = 3.25, p = 0.001). NTMS applied over PMC 120 and 140 ms before changes in movement trajectory impaired task performance significantly more than when applied over M1 (p = 0.021 and p = 0.003) or DLPFC (p = 0.017 and p < 0.001). Stimulation intensity did not account for error size (β = −0.0074, p = 1).
Conclusions: We provide novel evidence that the role of pre-motor corticospinal projections extends beyond that of simple corticospinal motor output. Their activation is crucial for task performance early in the stage of motor preparation suggesting a significant role in shaping voluntary movement. Temporal patterns of human pre-motor activation are similar to that observed in intracortical electrophysiological studies in primates.
Background: Although 20-30% of all strokes occur in the posterior circulation, few studies have explored the characteristics of patients with strokes in the posterior compared to the anterior circulation so far. Especially data on young patients is missing. Methods: In this secondary analysis of data of the prospective multi-centre European sifap1 study that investigated stroke and transient ischemic attack (TIA) patients aged 18-55 years, we compared vascular risk factors, stroke aetiology, presence of white matter hyperintensities (WMH) and cerebral microbleeds (CMB) between patients with ischaemic posterior circulation stroke (PCS) and those having suffered from anterior circulation stroke (ACS) based on cerebral MRI. Results: We diagnosed PCS in 612 patients (29.1%, 407 men, 205 women) and ACS in 1,489 patients (70.9%). Their age (median 46 vs. 47 years, p = 0.205) and stroke severity (modified Rankin Scale: both 2, p = 0.375, Barthel Index 90 vs. 85, p = 0.412) were similar. PCS was found to be more frequent among the male gender (66.5 vs. 60.1% with ACS, p = 0.003). Vertebral artery (VA) dissection was more often the cause of PCS (16.8%) than was carotid artery dissection of ACS (7.9%, p < 0.001). Likewise, small vessel disease (Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment [TOAST] = 3, PCS: 14.7%, ACS: 11.8%) and stroke of other determined aetiology (TOAST = 4, PCS: 24.5%, ACS: 16.0%) were more frequent in those with PCS. Furthermore, patent foramen ovale (PFO; PCS: 31.1%, ACS: 25.4%, p = 0.029) was more often detected in patients with PCS. In contrast, large-artery atherosclerosis (TOAST = 1, PCS: 15.4%, ACS: 22.2%) and cardio-embolic stroke (TOAST = 2, PCS: 15.6%, ACS: 18.0%) were less frequent in those with PCS (p < 0.001) as were preceding cerebrovascular events (10.1 vs. 14.1%, p = 0.014), TIA (4.8 vs. 7.7%, p = 0.016) and smoking (53.2 vs. 61.0%, p = 0.001). The presence, extent, and location of WMH and CMB did not differ between the 2 groups. Conclusions: Our data suggested a different pattern of aetiology and risk factors in young patients with PCS compared to those with ACS. These findings especially call for a higher awareness of VA dissection and potentially for more weight of a PFO as a risk factor in young patients with PCS. Clinical trial registration-URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov; NCT00414583.
Abstract
Background and purpose:Diagnosing a patient with headache as a migraineur is critical for state-of-the-art migrainemanagement. Screening tools are imperative means to improve the diagnostic yield in the primary care settings andspecialized clinics. This study aims to translate and assess the diagnostic accuracy of a German version of theID Migraine™as a widely used and efficient screening instrument.
Methods:
The Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy translation methodology was used to translate theoriginal three-itemID Migraine™, including a fourth question for aura, from the English language into the German language.Diagnostic accuracy of the GermanID Migraine™and predictors of false screening results were assessed among patientspresenting to a headache outpatient clinic of a tertiary care center in Germany over a 6-month period.
Results:
The translation procedure yielded a harmonized GermanID Migraine™and its diagnostic accuracy was assessedin 105 patients (80 female, 46.5+17.2 years of age), including 79 patients (75.2%) with migraine. The three-item GermanID Migraine™provides a sensitivity of 99%, specificity of 68%, and positive and negative predictive values of 90% and 95%,respectively, using a cutoff of2. Positive and negative predictive values in a general headache population are estimated tobe 74% and 98%, respectively. The aura question identified 18 out of 20 migraineurs with aura.
Conclusions:
The GermanID Migraine™is an accurate screening tool for migraine even in a challenging population of aspecialized outpatient clinic. Its diagnostic accuracy indicates a potential utility for screening in primary health care.