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Institute
Plasma levels of myeloid differentiation factor-2 (MD-2), a co-receptor of toll-like-receptor 4 (TLR4), independently predict mortality in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). We tested whether monocyte activation by MD-2 contributes to immune activation and inflammatory status in DCM patients. We found increased MD-2 plasma levels in 25 patients with recent-onset DCM (1250 ± 80.7 ng/ml) compared to 25 age- and gender-matched healthy controls (793.4 ± 52.0 ng/ml; p < 0.001). Monocytes isolated from DCM patients showed a higher expression (141.7 ± 12.4%; p = 0.006 vs. controls) of the MD-2 encoding gene, LY96 and an increased NF-κB-activation. Further, the TLR4-activator lipopolysaccharide (LPS) caused a higher increase in interleukin (IL)-6 in monocytes from DCM patients compared to controls (mean fluorescence intensity: 938.7 ± 151.0 vs. 466.9 ± 51.1; p = 0.005). MD-2 increased IL-6 secretion in a TLR4/NF-κB-dependent manner in monocyte-like THP-1-cells as demonstrated by TLR4-siRNA and NF-κB-inhibition. Since endothelial cells (ECs) are responsible for recruiting monocytes to the site of inflammation, ECs were treated with MD-2 leading to an activation of Akt and increased secretion of monocyte-chemoattractant-protein-1 (MCP-1). Activation of ECs by MD-2 was accompanied by an increased expression of the adhesion molecules CD54, CD106 and CD62E, resulting in an increased monocyte recruitment, which was attenuated by CD54 inhibition. In addition, in murine WT but not LY96-KO bone marrow-derived macrophages LPS increased the amount of CD54 and CD49d/CD29. MD-2 facilitates a pro-inflammatory status of monocytes and EC-mediated monocyte recruitment via TLR4/NF-κB. Elevated MD-2 plasma levels are possibly involved in monocyte-related inflammation-promoting disease progression in DCM. Our results suggest that MD-2 contributes to increasing monocytic inflammatory activity and triggers the recruitment of monocytes to ECs in DCM.
The therapeutic efficacy of a cardiovascular device after implantation is highly dependent on the host-initiated complement and coagulation cascade. Both can eventually trigger thrombosis and inflammation. Therefore, understanding these initial responses of the body is of great importance for newly developed biomaterials. Subtle modulation of the associated biological processes could optimize clinical outcomes. However, our failure to produce truly blood compatible materials may reflect our inability to properly understand the mechanisms of thrombosis and inflammation associated with biomaterials. In vitro models mimicking these processes provide valuable insights into the mechanisms of biomaterial-induced complement activation and coagulation. Here, we review (i) the influence of biomaterials on complement and coagulation cascades, (ii) the significance of complement-coagulation interactions for the clinical success of cardiovascular implants, (iii) the modulation of complement activation by surface modifications, and (iv) in vitro testing strategies.
Abstract: The main purpose of new stent technologies is to overcome unfavorable material-related
incompatibilities by producing bio- and hemo-compatible polymers with anti-inflammatory and antithrombogenic properties. In this context, wettability is an important surface property, which has a
major impact on the biological response of blood cells. However, the influence of local hemodynamic
changes also influences blood cell activation. Therefore, we investigated biodegradable polymers
with different wettability to identify possible aspects for a better prediction of blood compatibility.
We applied shear rates of 100 s−1 and 1500 s−1 and assessed platelet and monocyte activation as
well as the formation of CD62P+ monocyte-bound platelets via flow cytometry. Aggregation of
circulating platelets induced by collagen was assessed by light transmission aggregometry. Via
live cell imaging, leukocytes were tracked on biomaterial surfaces to assess their average velocity.
Monocyte adhesion on biomaterials was determined by fluorescence microscopy. In response to
low shear rates of 100 s−1
, activation of circulating platelets and monocytes as well as the formation
of CD62P+ monocyte-bound platelets corresponded to the wettability of the underlying material
with the most favorable conditions on more hydrophilic surfaces. Under high shear rates, however,
blood compatibility cannot only be predicted by the concept of wettability. We assume that the
mechanisms of blood cell-polymer interactions do not allow for a rule-of-thumb prediction of the
blood compatibility of a material, which makes extensive in vitro testing mandatory.
Die Bedeutung der endothelialen Mechanotransduktion für vaskuläre Implantate: Das Apelin/APJ-System.
(2014)
Bei der Behandlung atherosklerotischer Gefäße mit vaskulären Implantaten spielt nicht nur die endotheliale Dysfunktion eine wichtige Rolle. Auch die Fähigkeit des Implantatmaterials, sich an die Gefäßwand anzupassen und dessen Biokompatibilität, sind von großer Bedeutung. Die Entwicklung von wirkstofffreisetzenden Stents (DES) konnte die Risiken nach Stentimplantation signifikant reduzieren. Jedoch gibt es Hinweise darauf, dass diese polymerbeschichteten DES Ursache für die Entstehung von Stent Thrombosen (ST) sein können - eine potentiell tödliche Komplikation. Die mechanischen Eigenschaften eines Materials, das in ein Gefäß eingebracht wird, können einen großen Einfluss auf die umliegenden Zellen haben. Die Bedeutung einer solchen Veränderung in der Umgebung einer Zelle und der Einfluss auf deren mechanische Eigenschaften und biologische Funktionen wird immer häufiger als Ursache für die Entstehung von In-Stent-Restenose (ISR) und ST diskutiert. Das Endothel dient als einzigartige Barriere zwischen dem fließenden Blut und der Gefäßwand, wodurch es permanent mechanischen Reizen ausgesetzt ist. Mechanosensitive Strukturen auf der Zelloberfläche übersetzen diese Stimuli in biochemische Signale. Die anschließende Translation in downstream Effekte moduliert die Zellfunktion. Zu dem mechanosensorischen Komplex um PECAM-1 gehören auch G-Protein-gekoppelte Rezeptoren (GPCRs), welche an der flussabhängigen Regulation der NO-Freisetzung beteiligt sind. Im kardiovaskulären System werden der GPCR APJ und sein spezifischer Ligand Apelin vor allem von Endothelzellen und endokardialen Zellen exprimiert. Die Apelin-Isoformen Apelin-12 und Apelin-13 wurden in diesem Zusammenhang bisher als bioaktiv beschrieben. Obwohl das apelinerge System in vielen vaskulären Endothelzellen exprimiert wird, wurde es bisher nicht als Überträger mechanischer Reize in Betracht gezogen. In diesem Kontext ist das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit, zunächst die physiologische Rolle des Apelin/APJ-Systems als Mechanotransducer in humanen Endothelzellen in einem in vitro Zellperfusionsystem zu charakterisieren. Weiterhin soll der Einfluss von Stentpolymeren auf die Zellfunktion und die endotheliale Mechanotransduktion untersucht werden.