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Adipositas, eines der großen gesundheitlichen Risiken und Herausforderungen der heutigen
Zeit, kann in Folge von Essstörungen entstehen. Essstörungen, die mit einer übermäßigen
Aufnahme kaloriendichter Nahrung einhergehen, stellen ein erlerntes Verhaltensmuster dar,
welches den Zweck erfüllt, negative Emotionen zu reduzieren. Dieses erlernte Muster kann als eine maladaptive Copingstrategie auf traumatische Ereignisse in der Kindheit angesehen werden. Eine sichere Bindung in der Kindheit gilt als protektiver Faktor gegenüber der Entwicklung von Psychopathologien. Erfahren Kinder durch ihre Bezugsperson Vernachlässigung, emotionale Gewalt oder Missbrauch, so hat dies schädlichen Einfluss auf ihre Überzeugungen und ihre Erwartungen an sich selbst und andere (Teicher & Samson, 2013). Insbesondere emotionaler Missbrauch und emotionale Vernachlässigung scheinen hier eine große Rolle zu spielen: Emotionaler Missbrauch, ein Verhalten welches einem Kind durch Abwertung und Demütigung das Gefühl gibt, wertlos und mangelhaft zu sein und nur bei Erfüllung der Bedürfnisse anderer geschätzt zu werden, konnte mit Impulskontrollstörungen und einer verringerten Stresstoleranz in Verbindung gebracht werden (Burns et al., 2010; van Harmelen et al., 2010). Traumatisierungen in der Kindheit können zu Problemen der Emotionsregulation führen. Insbesondere beim Empfinden intensiv negativer Emotionen weisen traumatisierte Individuen gehäuft Probleme der Selbstkontrolle auf (Gilbert, 2009). Selbstlenkungsfähigkeit, als Maß für Selbstbestimmtheit und Willenskraft, wurde in bisherigen Studien mit einem hohen Selbstwertgefühl assoziiert (Cloninger et al., 1993; Sariyska et al., 2014). Einen hohen Selbstwert weisen Individuen auf, deren Eltern oder Bezugspersonen ihren Kindern eine sichere Bindung gewährleisten (Cassidy, 1988; Gecas & Schwalbe, 1986). An dieser Stelle möchte die vorliegende Arbeit ansetzen und in einem Patientenkollektiv in einer Klinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie die Zusammenhänge zwischen dem Vorliegen einer Adipositas, erfahrener Traumatisierung in der Kindheit und den möglichen Einfluss der Selbstlenkungsfähigkeit genauer untersuchen.
Da die Prävalenz von Übergewicht und Adipositas weiterhin ansteigt, wird die Prävention sowie die Behandlung von Adipositas und ihren Folgeerkrankungen in Zukunft eine entscheidende Rolle in der Medizin spielen.
Um jedoch passende Präventionsstrategien und Behandlungsmöglichkeiten zu entwickeln, ist es von großer Bedeutung, die pathophysiologischen Grundlagen dieser Volkskrankheit zu erforschen.
Da die Prävalenz erst in den letzten Jahren deutlich angestiegen ist, gibt es bislang nur wenige Langzeitstudien zu Adipositas und ihrem Effekt auf Hirnparameter.
Die vorliegende Studie verwendet jedoch einen Versuchsaufbau, der es ermöglicht strukturelle Adipositaseffekte des Gehirns über einen Zeitraum von durchschnittlich 4,9 Jahren zu dokumentieren. Gleichzeitig ermöglicht diese Arbeit die Beobachtung langfristiger Auswirkungen polygener Adipositas auf die graue Substanz.
Nach standardisierter Erhebung somatometrischer Daten von 502 Probanden, erfolgte die Durchführung von ebenfalls standardisierten MRT-Untersuchungen des Hirns an zwei Messzeitpunkten, jeweils unter den gleichen Bedingungen. Daraufhin erfolgte die statistische Auswertung dieser Daten unter Verwendung einer Zielregion- sowie Globalanalyse. Eine mögliche altersbedingte Verzerrung wurde durch die Adjustierung an das Alter verhindert. Es konnten strukturelle Unterschiede der grauen Substanz des Gehirns dokumentiert und bestätigt sowie eine mögliche Verbindung zwischen hohen BMI-Werten und einer konsekutiven Hirnatrophie formuliert werden.
Die Ergebnisse liefern erste Hinweise auf einen möglichen kausalen Zusammenhang struktureller Adipositas-Effekte auf das Gehirn.
Im Zuge dieser Arbeit wurde herausgefunden, dass hauptsächlich die kortikale Dicke sowie das Volumen des OFC und des AC-MPFC durch einen höheren Ausgangs-BMI-Wert negativ beeinflusst werden. Allerdings ergibt sich aus den vorliegenden Daten kein Hinweis auf einen Zusammenhang zwischen genetisch bedingter BMI-Erhöhung und Hirnatrophie.
Eine Vielzahl von unterschiedlichen Mechanismen könnten dabei eine mögliche Rolle bei der Entstehung einer Hirnatrophie bei adipösen Personen spielen. Um diese besser zu verstehen, sind weitere Studien notwendig und aufgrund der hohen Prävalenzen sicher auch von medizinischem, aber auch wirtschaftlichem Interesse.
Objective
Alexithymia is associated with various mental and physical disorders. Some rare evidence also suggested high alexithymia to affect the HPA axis based on small and selective samples. It was aimed to investigate the impact of alexithymia on basal cortisol levels in a large population-based cohort.
Methods
In a sample of N = 3444 individuals from the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-TREND-0), the effect of alexithymia on basal serum cortisol levels was investigated in a cross-sectional design.
Multiple linear regressions utilizing cortisol levels as the response variable and alexithymia as the predictor of interest were calculated, while adjusting for conven-tional confounding covariates including depression. Multiple stratified, moderation and mediation analyses were performed to validate the results.
Results
Alexithymia was not significantly associated with basal cortisol levels (b = 0.23, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) of [-0.24, 0.69]; sr2 = 0.00, CI: [-0.00, 0.00]).
Sex- and age-stratified regression analyses as well as dichotomized models of non-alexithymic and alexithymic individuals substantiated the non-significance.
Additional mediation analyses with (1) depression and (2) physical health (R2 > 1 in both cases) and moderation analysis regarding the interaction of physical health and alexithymia (b = -1.45, 95 percent confidence interval (CI) of [-6.13, 3.32]; sr2 = 0.00, CI: [-0.00, 0.00]) corroborated the results.
Conclusion
This study does not support previous findings as it shows no association between alexithymia and basal cortisol; however, a consideration of the circadian rhythm, stress exposure or specific sample compositions heeding the methodological design should be the subject of further research.
Orale Kontrazeptiva wurden 1960 zugelassen und erfreuen sich seitdem einer großen Beliebtheit. So gelten sie als eine der sichersten Verhütungsmethoden und haben auch weitere positive Effekte wie zum Beispiel eine Zyklusregulation und Abschwächen von Menstruationsbeschwerden. Nichtsdestotrotz leiden auch viele Nutzerinnen an Nebenwirkungen. In unserer und weiteren Studien konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Einnahme von oralen Kontrazeptiva die Serumcortisolkonzentration erhöht. Cortisol ist ein Steroidhormon, welches in Stresssituationen nötig ist, um die Homöostase beizubehalten und hat somit einen Einfluss auf den Stoffwechsel. Metabolite sind messbare Bestandteile des Stoffwechsels, da sie als Substrate und Produkte von Stoffwechselwegen Auskunft über die Prozesse des Körpers geben können. Sie unterliegen den vielfältigsten Einflussgrößen. Daher behandelt diese Dissertation den Einfluss von oralen Kontrazeptiva auf die Serumcortisolkonzentration und die Veränderung des Metaboloms. In einem weiteren Schritt wurde die Beeinflussung des Effekts von oralen Kontrazeptiva auf das Metabolom durch Cortisol berechnet.
Die Teilnehmerinnen der Studie waren prämenopausale Frauen, die im Rahmen einer Datenerhebung in der Durchschnittsbevölkerung im Nordosten Deutschlands rekrutiert wurden und zwei unabhängigen Stichproben angehörten (SHIP-TREND und SHIP-2).
Auch hier zeigten sich erhöhte Serumcortisolkonzentrationen bei Frauen, die orale Kontrazeptiva einnahmen. Des Weiteren konnten Metabolitveränderungen festgestellt werden, wie zum Beispiel 12 erhöhte Phosphatidylcholine, fünf erniedrigte und ein erhöhtes Lysophosphatidylcholine, fünf erniedrigte Aminosäuren und ein Carnitin, sowie ein erhöhtes Sphingomyelin. Auf den Großteil dieser Veränderungen hatte Cortisol einen signifikanten Einfluss in der Mediationsanalyse, wogegen die Menstruation nicht als Einflussfaktor nachgewiesen werden konnte.
Diese Studie stellt einen ersten Schritt zur Charakterisierung des Metaboloms bei der Einnahme von oralen Kontrazeptiva dar. Orale Kontrazeptiva haben einen systemischen Effekt und das Profil des Metaboloms könnte bei einer immer weiter individualisierten Medizin dazu beitragen, Frauen mit einem erhöhten Risiko für starke Nebenwirkungen der oralen Kontrazeptiva zu identifizieren, was zu einer Einnahme von besser geeigneten alternativen Verhütungsmethoden führen könnte.
The experience of abuse in the period of childhood and youth is a key stressor that has con-sequences on the developing brain and is associated with the genesis of mental disorders. Childhood abuse and depression often cooccur together and have both been associated with cortical thickness resulting in a difficulty to detangle the influence of each factor. In prior studies, childhood abuse and depression were inconsistently related to whole-brain cortical thickness. Thus, this thesis aims to investigate the link between childhood abuse, depres-sive symptoms, and alterations of the cortex.
Therefore, this study analyses 1,551 individuals of the general population. A significant in-teraction effect of childhood abuse and depressive symptoms is observed for whole-brain cortical thickness. Yet, the results indicate no influence of childhood abuse or depression alone. A thinner cortex was associated with more severe depressive symptoms in the abused, but not in the non-abused group. In non-depressed participants, an increased whole-brain cortex was found in the abused, compared to the non-abused group. Similar interaction effects were observed in 12 out of 34 cortical regions.
The results suggest, in line with prior findings, that depressed individuals with a history of childhood abuse are a specific ecophenotype which is also reflected in specific brain altera-tions. Cortical regions that are distinct associated with the interaction of depressive symp-toms and childhood abuse are involved in various fields such as sensory processing, self-conception, and memory. Greater cortical thickness in subjects with childhood abuse and without depressive symptoms might act compensatory and thus reflect resilience against depressive symptoms.
Practical implications concern the treatment and diagnostic system as well as the im-portance of early prevention programs. An individualised treatment is necessary as various studies found a less favourable outcome in depressive patients with a history of maltreat-ment. Therefore, it seems urgent to assess experiences of childhood abuse at the beginning of psychiatric and psychotherapeutic treatment. In addition, early prevention programs are in need to support vulnerable family systems and thereby strengthening the economic, health and social system.
Abstract
Purpose
Depressive disorders in children and adolescents have an enormous impact on their general quality of life. There is a clear need to effectively treat depression in this age group. Effects of psychotherapy can be enhanced by involving caregivers. In our systematic review and meta‐analysis, we examine for the first time the effects of caregiver involvement in depression‐specific interventions for children and adolescents.
Methods
We included randomized controlled trials examining the effects of interventions for children and adolescents with depression involving their caregivers or families compared to interventions without including caregivers. Primary outcome was the severity of childhood and adolescent depression.
Results
Overall, 19 randomized controlled trials could be included (N = 1553) that were highly heterogeneous regarding outcome measures or the extent of caregiver integration. We were able to include k = 17 studies in our meta‐analysis and find a small but significant effect for family‐involved interventions against active control conditions without family‐involvement at post intervention (α = 0.05, d = 0.34; [0.07; 0.60]; p = .01).
Conclusions
We detected an overall significant but small effect of family/caregivers’ involvement compared to control groups without it. Structured, guideline‐based research is urgently needed to identify for which children/adolescents with depression, under what circumstances, and in what form the family should be effectively involved in their psychotherapy.
Zur Messqualität des Beck-Depressionsinventars (BDI-II) in
unterschiedlichen klinischen Stichproben
(2022)
Zusammenfassung.
Theoretischer Hintergrund: Das BDI-II ist ein
Selbstbeurteilungsinstrument zur Erfassung des Schweregrads einer Depression. Es liegen
kaum Analysen mit Modellen aus der Item-Response-Theorie (IRT) vor.
Fragestellung: Wie hoch ist die Messgenauigkeit des BDI-II über
die unterschiedlichen Ausprägungen des latenten Traits (Depressivität) hinweg
und sind die Kategorien der Items jeweils aufsteigend geordnet? Methode:
Anhand von sechs großen Datensätzen aus verschiedenen klinischen Bereichen
wurden psychometrische Analysen mit dem Graded Response Model durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse: In allen Stichproben fand sich eine hohe interne
Konsistenz. Die Schwellenwerte waren mit Ausnahme von Item 6
(„Bestrafungsgefühle“) geordnet. Gemäß
Testinformationsfunktion misst das BDI-II im mittleren bis hohen Depressionsbereich sehr
gut (Reliabilität > .90) und im unteren Bereich gut.
Schlussfolgerung: Für das BDI-II ergibt sich eine hohe und relativ
gleichbleibende Messpräzision über einen weiten Bereich des latenten Traits,
weshalb es insbesondere im klinischen, aber auch im nicht klinisch relevanten Wertebereich
zur Erhebung des Schweregrades einer Depression gut geeignet ist.
Zusammenfassung. In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich durch
randomisiert-kontrollierte Studien (RCTs) eine breite Evidenzbasis von Psychotherapie mit
mittleren bis großen Effekten für verschiedene psychische Störungen
gebildet. Neben der Bestimmung dieser Wirksamkeit („Efficacy“) ebneten
Studien zur Wirksamkeit unter alltäglichen Routinebedingungen
(„Effectiveness“) historisch den Weg zur Entwicklung eines
praxisorientierten Forschungsparadigmas. Im Beitrag wird argumentiert, dass im Rahmen
dieses Paradigmas praxisbasierte Studien eine wertvolle Ergänzung zu RCTs darstellen,
da sie existierende Probleme in der Psychotherapieforschung adressieren können. In
der gegenwärtigen praxisorientierten Forschung liefern dabei neue Ansätze aus
der personalisierten Medizin und Methoden aus der ‚Computational Psychiatry‘
wichtige Anhaltspunkte zur Optimierung von Effekten in der Psychotherapie. Im Kontext der
Personalisierung werden bspw. klinische multivariable Prädiktionsmodelle entwickelt,
welche durch Rückmeldeschleifen an Praktiker_innen kurzfristig ein evidenzbasiertes
Outcome-Monitoring ermöglicht und langfristig das Praxis-Forschungsnetzwerk in
Deutschland stärkt. Am Ende des Beitrags werden zukünftige Richtungen für
die praxisorientierte Forschung im Sinne des ‘Precision Mental Health Care’
-Paradigmas abgeleitet und diskutiert.
Food craving (FC) peaks are highly context-dependent and variable. Accurate prediction of FC might help preventing disadvantageous eating behavior. Here, we examine whether data from 2 weeks of ecological momentary assessment (EMA) questionnaires on stress and emotions (active EMA, aEMA) alongside temporal features and smartphone sensor data (passive EMA, pEMA) are able to predict FCs ~2.5 h into the future in N = 46 individuals. A logistic prediction approach with feature dimension reduction via Best Item Scale that is Cross-Validated, Weighted, Informative and Transparent (BISCWIT) was performed. While overall prediction accuracy was acceptable, passive sensing data alone was equally predictive to psychometric data. The frequency of which single predictors were considered for a model was rather balanced, indicating that aEMA and pEMA models were fully idiosyncratic.
Complex problem solving (CPS) can be interpreted as the number of psychological mechanisms that allow us to reach our targets in difficult situations, that can be classified as complex, dynamic, non-transparent, interconnected, and multilayered, and also polytelic. The previous results demonstrated associations between the personality dimensions neuroticism, conscientiousness, and extraversion and problem-solving performance. However, there are no studies dealing with personality disorders in connection with CPS skills. Therefore, the current study examines a clinical sample consisting of people with personality and/or depressive disorders. As we have data for all the potential personality disorders and also data from each patient regarding to potential depression, we meet the whole range from healthy to impaired for each personality disorder and for depression. We make use of a unique operationalization: CPS was surveyed in a simulation game, making use of the microworld approach. This study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that personality traits are related to CPS performance. Results show that schizotypal, histrionic, dependent, and depressive persons are less likely to successfully solve problems, while persons having the additional behavioral characteristics of resilience, action orientation, and motivation for creation are more likely to successfully solve complex problems.
Objective
Obesity, often associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is characterized by an imbalance between energy expenditure and food intake, which is also reflected by desensitization of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). FGF21 is strongly influenced, among others, by TNFα, which is known to be upregulated in obesity-induced inflammation. Successful long-term treatments of NAFLD might be dietary modification, exercise, or fasting.
Materials and methods
Whether succeeded NAFLD recovery is linked with improved FGF21 sensitivity and finally reverted FGF21 resistance was the focus of the present study. For this purpose, mice received a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 months to establish obesity. Afterward, the mice were subjected to three different weight loss interventions, namely, dietary change to low-fat diet (LFD), treadmill training, and/or time-restricted feeding for additional 6 months, whereas one group remained on HFD.
Results
In addition to the expected decrease in NAFLD activity with dietary change, this was also observed in the HFD group with additional time-restricted feeding. There was also an associated decrease in hepatic TNFα and FGF21 expression and an increase in ß-klotho expression, demonstrated mainly by using principal component analysis. Pearson correlation analysis shows that independent of any intervention, TNFα expression decreased with improved NAFLD recovery. This was accompanied with higher FGF21 sensitivity, as expressed by an increase in β-klotho and FGFR1c expression and concomitantly decreased FGF21 levels.
Conclusion
In summary, we conclude that successful NAFLD therapy is associated with a reversion of the TNFα-triggered FGF21-resistant state or desensitization.
The early-life microbiome (ELM) interacts with the psychosocial environment, in particular during early-life adversity (ELA), defining life-long health trajectories. The ELM also plays a significant role in the maturation of the immune system. We hypothesised that, in this context, the resilience of the oral microbiomes, despite being composed of diverse and distinct communities, allows them to retain an imprint of the early environment. Using 16S amplicon sequencing on the EpiPath cohort, we demonstrate that ELA leaves an imprint on both the salivary and buccal oral microbiome 24 years after exposure to adversity. Furthermore, the changes in both communities were associated with increased activation, maturation, and senescence of both innate and adaptive immune cells, although the interaction was partly dependent on prior herpesviridae exposure and current smoking. Our data suggest the presence of multiple links between ELA, Immunosenescence, and cytotoxicity that occur through long-term changes in the microbiome.
Figural matrices tasks are one of the most prominent item formats used in intelligence tests, and their relevance for the assessment of cognitive abilities is unquestionable. However, despite endeavors of the open science movement to make scientific research accessible on all levels, there is a lack of royalty-free figural matrices tests. The Open Matrices Item Bank (OMIB) closes this gap by providing free and unlimited access (GPLv3 license) to a large set of empirically validated figural matrices items. We developed a set of 220 figural matrices based on well-established construction principles commonly used in matrices tests and administered them to a sample of N = 2572 applicants to medical schools. The results of item response models and reliability analyses demonstrate the excellent psychometric properties of the items. In the discussion, we elucidate how researchers can already use the OMIB to gain access to high-quality matrices tests for their studies. Furthermore, we provide perspectives for features that could additionally improve the utility of the OMIB.
Microbial metabolites measured using NMR may serve as markers for physiological or pathological host–microbe interactions and possibly mediate the beneficial effects of microbiome diversity. Yet, comprehensive analyses of gut microbiome data and the urine NMR metabolome from large general population cohorts are missing. Here, we report the associations between gut microbiota abundances or metrics of alpha diversity, quantified from stool samples using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, with targeted urine NMR metabolites measures from 951 participants of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP). We detected significant genus–metabolite associations for hippurate, succinate, indoxyl sulfate, and formate. Moreover, while replicating the previously reported association between hippurate and measures of alpha diversity, we identified formate and 4-hydroxyphenylacetate as novel markers of gut microbiome alpha diversity. Next, we predicted the urinary concentrations of each metabolite using genus abundances via an elastic net regression methodology. We found profound associations of the microbiome-based hippurate prediction score with markers of liver injury, inflammation, and metabolic health. Moreover, the microbiome-based prediction score for hippurate completely mediated the clinical association pattern of microbial diversity, hinting at a role of benzoate metabolism underlying the positive associations between high alpha diversity and healthy states. In conclusion, large-scale NMR urine metabolomics delivered novel insights into metabolic host–microbiome interactions, identifying pathways of benzoate metabolism as relevant candidates mediating the beneficial health effects of high microbial alpha diversity.
The Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP), a population-based study from a rural state in northeastern Germany with a relatively poor life expectancy, supplemented its comprehensive examination program in 2008 with whole-body MR imaging at 1.5 T (SHIP-MR). We reviewed more than 100 publications that used the SHIP-MR data and analyzed which sequences already produced fruitful scientific outputs and which manuscripts have been referenced frequently. Upon reviewing the publications about imaging sequences, those that used T1-weighted structured imaging of the brain and a gradient-echo sequence for R2* mapping obtained the highest scientific output; regarding specific body parts examined, most scientific publications focused on MR sequences involving the brain and the (upper) abdomen. We conclude that population-based MR imaging in cohort studies should define more precise goals when allocating imaging time. In addition, quality control measures might include recording the number and impact of published work, preferably on a bi-annual basis and starting 2 years after initiation of the study. Structured teaching courses may enhance the desired output in areas that appear underrepresented.
Zusammenfassung
Hintergrund: Craving wird als ein zentrales Merkmal der Sucht betrachtet und gilt
gleichzeitig als entscheidende Determinante für Rückfälle bei Personen mit
Abhängigkeitserkrankungen. Entsprechend wichtig ist daher die Bestimmung der individuellen
Craving-Ausprägung während der medizinischen und psychotherapeutischen Behandlung. Da
dies mit gängigen Selbstbeschreibungsfragebögen im Praxisalltag häufig wertvolle Zeit in
Anspruch nimmt und Patienten mitunter auf inadäquate Weise überfordern bzw. sogar
„triggern“ kann, wurde in der vorliegenden Studie statistisch geprüft, ob die Visuelle
Analogskala (VAS) eine äquivalente und effiziente Alternative zu einem der gängigsten
Fragebogenverfahren für die Bestimmung von Craving – der Obsessive Compulsive Drinking
Scale (OCDS) – darstellt.
Methode: Im Rahmen einer Äquivalenz- bzw. Noninferioritätsstudie basierend auf einer
Fragebogenerhebung beantworteten N = 68 alkoholabhängige Patienten eines landesklinischen
Zentrums für Psychiatrie in Baden-Württemberg die aus 14 Items bestehende OCDS und
stuften parallel dazu ihr Trinkverlangen zu drei verschiedenen Messzeitpunkten auf einer VAS
ein. Mithilfe der Statistiksoftware IBM® SPSS® Statistics und Minitab® wurden in einer
computergestützten Datenanalyse bivariate Korrelationen, parametrische und nonparametrische
Tests sowie Konfidenzintervalle berechnet, um statistisch evident zu zeigen, dass
die über die VAS erhobenen Werte und die Ergebnisse aus der OCDS statistisch nicht
voneinander abweichen bzw. nicht unterlegen sind.
Ergebnisse: Sowohl die Äquivalenz- als auch die Noninferioritätshypothese wurde bestätigt:
Das Konfidenzintervall 95% CI [– 0.38, 0.20] beim Test für verbundene Stichproben (Differenz
= – 0.09, SD = 1.44, SE = 0.17) lag mit t (67) = 2.10, p = .02 für die untere Äquivalenzgrenze
und t (67) = – 3.15, p < .01 für die obere Äquivalenzgrenze innerhalb des Äquivalenzintervalls.
Ferner konnte gezeigt werden, dass das auf der VAS gemessene Trinkverlangen nach
Bearbeitung der OCDS statistisch signifikant angestiegen war (p < .001, d = 0.12).
Schlussfolgerung: Mit ihren Ergebnissen schafft die vorliegende Inaugural-Dissertation
erstmals eine statistisch-wissenschaftliche Basis dafür, dass die VAS als effiziente Alternative
neben der umfangreicheren und zeitaufwändigeren Fragebogendiagnostik (OCDS) in der Praxis
nicht nur Anwendung finden kann, sondern auch zulässig ist.
Schlüsselwörter: Äquivalenz – Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS) – Visuelle
Analogskala (VAS) – Craving – Alkohol
ObjectivesTo investigate levels of distress, depression, anxiety, stress and perception of their current study situation during the COVID-19 pandemic among undergraduate dental and medical students.DesignObservational, cross-sectional study including two consecutive surveys (May and July 2020).SettingA large medical school in Germany.ParticipantsAll first year dental and medical students were invited. 132 participating first year students (44 dental, 88 medical) from the first survey and 150 students (50 dental, 100 medical) from the second were included in our analyses.Primary and secondary outcome measuresMental burden (distress thermometer, Patient Health Questionnaire-4, Perceived Stress Scale-4) and self-reported changes in mental health and perception of study situation during the COVID-19 pandemic (self-developed items) were compared. Open-ended questions were analysed by conventional content analyses.ResultsA considerable proportion of students (t1: May 2020: 84.1%; t2: July 2020: 77.3%) reported distress levels above cut-off. In July 2020, dental students reported significantly higher distress scores than medical students (dental: M=7.0, SD=2.3; medical: M=5.7; SD=2.1; p<0.001). More dental than medical students reported mild, moderate and severe levels of anxiety and depression symptoms. The majority stated that their mental health and study motivation had not changed during the pandemic. Logistic regression showed that being a dental student was significantly associated with a higher likelihood for serious worries regarding the study situation during COVID-19 at t1 (OR 4.0; 95% CI 1.1 to 14.2). At t2 higher distress was significantly associated with a higher likelihood for experiencing serious worries (OR 1.8; 95% CI 1.3 to 2.5). Regarding current concerns related to the pandemic, students most frequently reported difficulties with self-regulated learning (15.2%), study-related worries and uncertainty (14.4%), missing feedback of students and lecturers (11.4%) and lack of practical training (9.8%).ConclusionThe results suggest that high mental burden and the lack of practical training among medical and dental students is an increasing problem, with a possibly even higher urgency in dental students. Tailored psychological and educational support offers during and after the COVID-19 pandemic might help them as they progress through (medical and) dental school.
For the goal of individualized medicine, it is critical to have clinical phenotypes at hand which represent the individual pathophysiology. However, for most of the utilized phenotypes, two individuals with the same phenotype assignment may differ strongly in their underlying biological traits. In this paper, we propose a definition for individualization and a corresponding statistical operationalization, delivering thereby a statistical framework in which the usefulness of a variable in the meaningful differentiation of individuals with the same phenotype can be assessed. Based on this framework, we develop a statistical workflow to derive individualized phenotypes, demonstrating that under specific statistical constraints the prediction error of prediction scores contains information about hidden biological traits not represented in the modeled phenotype of interest, allowing thereby internal differentiation of individuals with the same assigned phenotypic manifestation. We applied our procedure to data of the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania to construct a refined definition of obesity, demonstrating the utility of the definition in prospective survival analyses. Summarizing, we propose a framework for the individualization of phenotypes aiding personalized medicine by shifting the focus in the assessment of prediction models from the model fit to the informational content of the prediction error.
Die Verhinderung und Behandlung von Myokardinfarkten nehmen aufgrund der zunehmenden Inzidenz in westlichen Industriegesellschaften einen immer bedeutenderen Stellenwert in der medizinischen Forschung ein. Weitgehend unbeachtet blieben bisher jedoch die damit einhergehenden mentalen Folgen für die Betroffenen. Obwohl bisherige Forschungsarbeiten eine Zunahme von akuten Belastungsstörungen, Anpassungsstörungen und Posttraumatischen Belastungsstörungen (PTBS) berichten, ist bisher wenig über deren Ursache und Entstehung in diesem Kontext bekannt. Einen ersten Ansatz liefern Vilchinsky und Kollegen (2017) mit ihrem Konzept der Cardiac-Disease-Induced Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (CDI-PTSD). Um die Zusammenhänge von Ursache und Entstehung besser zu verstehen und den Weg zur Entwicklung neuer Therapiekonzepte zu ebnen, hat die vorliegende Arbeit daher das Ziel, noch offene Fragen zur Entstehung der PTBS nach einem Myokardinfarkt zu untersuchen. Obwohl bereits nachgewiesen werden konnte, dass unter anderem subjektiven Faktoren (wie erlebter Schmerz, erfahrene Todesangst, wahrgenommene Hilflosigkeit während des Infarkts) die Entwicklung einer PTBS fördern können, weisen erste Studien darauf hin, dass auch negative Erfahrungen in der Kindheit eine entscheidende Rolle spielen könnten. Weitgehend unbeachtet ist bis heute jedoch der potenzielle Einfluss notwendiger und sehr invasiver medizinischer Eingriffe geblieben. Zudem deutet die bisherige Studienlage darauf hin, dass moderative Einflüsse von Persönlichkeitseigenschaften wie Resilienz und Alexithymie nicht vernachlässigt werden sollten. Zur Beantwortung der vorliegenden Fragen wurde eine 109 Probanden umfassende Stichprobe innerhalb einer deutschen Rehabilitationsklinik für Kardiologie und Onkologie unter Zuhilfenahme diverser Fragebögen (unter anderem PDS, ACEQ, CTS etc.) und eines strukturierten klinischen Interviews (CAPS-V) erhoben. Im Anschluss folgte die Auswertung der Daten mit Hilfe verschiedener quantitativer und qualitativer Analysemethoden. Wie die Ergebnisse zeigen, begünstigen traumatische Erfahrungen in der Kindheit nicht nur die Entstehung eines Myokardinfarkts, sondern auch die Entwicklung einer PTBS. Ein Einfluss durch die Operationsmethode ließ sich hingegen nicht feststellen. Obwohl sich ein moderativer Einfluss von Alexithymie und Resilienz ausschließen ließ, konnte dennoch mit Hilfe der Daten ein erstes Korrelationsmodell sowie Pfadmodell abgeleitet werden. Durch eine qualitative Auswertung der Daten der CAPS konnte zudem das Konzept der CDI-PTSD in einem ersten Ansatz nachgewiesen werden.
Die Schizophrenie und die bipolar affektive Störung zählen zu den schweren psychiatrischen Erkrankungen und gehen mit einem erheblichen Leidensdruck und einer stark erhöhten Suizidrate einher. Insbesondere die Resilienz und die Lebensqualität als zentrale Konstrukte des Wohlbefindens sind im Vergleich zur gesunden Bevölkerung häufig reduziert. Die genaue Erforschung der Einflussfaktoren ist daher von Relevanz. Kindheitstraumatisierungen und Medikamente treten dabei als kausale und moderierende Variablen immer mehr in den Fokus.
Diese Dissertation soll die genaue Analyse von Einfluss und Auswirkung der Kindheitstraumatisierungen und der Neuroleptikagruppe auf die Medikamentenadhärenz, Resilienz und Lebensqualität zum Ziel haben.
Im Rahmen der Tecla-Studie und der IMeS-Studie konnten insgesamt 130 Probanden in die Datenanalyse aufgenommen werden. Die Studienpopulation umfasste Erkrankungen des schizophrenen Formenkreises sowie die bipolar affektive Störung. Ein Teil der Probanden erhielt Follow-up-Erhebungen nach sechs Monaten sowie zusätzlich telemedizinische Betreuung. Zur Bearbeitung der Fragestellung wurden Regressionsanalysen durchgeführt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass Kindheitstraumatisierungen mit einer schlechteren Resilienz (stand. Beta= -,252; 95% KI= -,411- (-,002); p= ,048) und Lebensqualität (stand. Beta= -,331; 95% KI= -,404- (-,072); p= ,005) im Erwachsenenalter assoziiert sind. Darüber hinaus konnte nach sechs Monaten beobachtet werden, dass sich die Resilienz bei Probanden mit Traumatisierungen in einem geringeren Ausmaß verbesserte als bei Probanden ohne Traumatisierungen. Zusätzlich zu der geringeren Grundresilienz wird demnach auch der zeitliche Verlauf negativ beeinflusst. Für die Typika konnte ein positiver Einfluss auf die Lebensqualität gezeigt werden (stand. Beta= -,244; 95% KI= -,15,399- (-,861); p= ,029). Die Resilienz und Adhärenz blieben von der Wahl der Neuroleptikagruppe unbeeinflusst. Durch die telemedizinische Intervention im Rahmen der Tecla-Studie konnte eine Verbesserung der Adhärenz (OR= ,188; 95% KI= ,041- ,855; p= ,031) und Lebensqualität (stand. Beta= -,376; 95% KI= -13,482- (-1,469); p= ,016) erreicht werden.
Limitationen der Studie stellen die Stichprobengröße sowie die unterschiedliche Gruppengröße der Neuroleptikagruppen dar. Diese müssen, insbesondere bei der Evaluation des Einflusses der Neuroleptika, mit betrachtet werden.
Die vorliegende Arbeit unterstreicht die Dringlichkeit von adäquater Traumaprävention und effektiver Traumatherapie sowie die Notwendigkeit eines frühen Screenings auf Kindheitstraumatisierungen, insbesondere bei Schizophrenen und Patienten mit bipolar affektiver Störung.
Despite effective treatment approaches within the cognitive behavioral framework general treatment effects for chronic pain are rather small to very small. Translation from efficacy trials to naturalistic settings is questionable. There is an urgent need to improve the effectiveness of well-established treatments, such as cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT) and the investigation of mechanisms of change is a promising opportunity. We performed secondary data analysis from routine data of 1,440 chronic pain patients. Patients received CBT in a multidisciplinary setting in two inpatient clinics. Effect sizes and reliable change indices were computed for pain-related disability and depression. The associations between changes in the use of different pain coping skills (cognitive restructuring, activity despite pain, relaxation techniques and mental distraction) and changes in clinical outcomes were analyzed in structural equation models. Pre–post effect sizes range from g = 0.47 (disability) to g = 0.89 (depression). Changes in the use of cognitive restructuring, relaxation and to a lesser degree mental distraction were associated with changes in disability and depression. Effects from randomized trials can be translated to naturalistic settings. The results complement experimental research on mechanisms of change in the treatment of chronic pain and indicate an important role of cognitive change and relaxation as mechanisms of change. Our findings cautiously suggest that clinicians should optimize these processes in chronic pain patients to reduce their physical and emotional disability.
Abstract
During fear conditioning, a cue (CS) signals an inevitable distal threat (US) and evokes a conditioned response that can be described as attentive immobility (freezing). The organism remains motionless and monitors the source of danger while startle responses are potentiated, indicating a state of defensive hypervigilance. Although in animals vagally mediated fear bradycardia is also reliably observed under such circumstances, results are mixed in human fear conditioning. Using a single‐cue fear conditioning and extinction protocol, we tested cardiac reactivity and startle potentiation indexing low‐level defensive strategies in a fear‐conditioned (n = 40; paired presentations of CS and US) compared with a non‐conditioned control group (n = 40; unpaired presentations of CS and US). Additionally, we assessed shock expectancy ratings on a trial‐by‐trial basis indexing declarative knowledge of the previous contingencies. Half of each group underwent extinction under sham or active transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation (tVNS), serving as additional proof of concept. We found stronger cardiac deceleration during CS presentation in the fear learning relative to the control group. This learned fear bradycardia was positively correlated with conditioned startle potentiation but not with declarative knowledge of CS‐US contingencies. TVNS abolished differences in heart rate changes between both groups and removed the significant correlation between late cardiac deceleration and startle potentiation in the fear learning group. Results suggest, fear‐conditioned cues evoke attentive immobility in humans, characterized by cardiac deceleration and startle potentiation. Such defensive response pattern is elicited by cues predicting inevitable distal threat and resembles conditioned fear responses observed in rodents.
Background: Alexithymia is a personality trait characterized by difficulties in identifying and describing emotions and associated with various psychiatric disorders. Neuroimaging studies found evidence for morphological and functional brain alterations in alexithymic subjects. However, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying alexithymia remain incompletely understood. Methods: We study the association of alexithymia with cortical correlation networks in a large community-dwelling sample of the Study of Health in Pomerania. Our analysis includes data of n = 2,199 individuals (49.4% females, age = 52.1 ± 13.6 years) which were divided into a low and high alexithymic group by a median split of the Toronto Alexithymia Scale. Cortical correlation networks were constructed based on the mean thicknesses of 68 regions, and differences in centralities were investigated. Results: We found a significantly increased centrality of the right paracentral lobule in the high alexithymia network after correction for multiple testing. Several other regions with motoric and sensory functions showed altered centrality on a nominally significant level. Conclusions: Finding increased centrality of the paracentral lobule, a brain area with sensory as well as motoric features and involvement in bowel and bladder voiding, may contribute to explain the association of alexithymia with functional somatic disorders and chronic pain syndromes.
Depression und Adipositas sind weit verbreitet und eng miteinander verbunden. Brain-
derived neurotrophic factor und Vitamin D stehen in Diskussion an neuronaler Plastizität beteiligt zu sein, insbesondere bei Depression. Es wurde berichtet, dass niedrige BDNF und Vitamin D Spiegel auch mit Adipositas assoziiert. Auch bei Adipositas scheint Neuroplastizität eine Rolle zu spielen. Serum Neuronen-spezifische Enolase, wird als Marker für neuronale Schädigung diskutiert. Über das Zusammenspiel von BDNF und Vitamin D ist bisher wenig bekannt. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden die vermuteten Zusammenhänge und Interaktionen von BDNF und Vitamin D mit Depression und Adipositas in einer großen, bevölkerungsbasierten Kohorte untersucht. Dabei wird auch auf den Zusammenhang zwischen sNSE und Adipositas eingegangen. Die Daten kamen aus der epidemiologischen Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend. Die logistischen Regressionsmodelle erbrachten eine negative Assoziation von Vitamin D mit Depression und Adipositas. Zwischen BDNF und Depression oder Adipositas zeigte sich in der logistischen Regression kein signifikanter Zusammenhang. Allerdings erbrachten multivariable lineare Regressionsmodelle einen U-förmigen Zusammenhang zwischen BDNF und WHR. Die Interaktion von BDNF und Vitamin D in Bezug auf Depression zeigte keine statistische Signifikanz (p-Wert=0,065). sNSE Spiegel und BMI waren nicht linear assoziiert, es zeigte sich ein parabelförmiger Zusammenhang mit fallenden sNSE Werten ab einem BMI von >25 kg/m2. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass Vitamin D negativ mit Depression und Adipositas assoziiert war. BDNF zeigte einen Zusammenhang mit Adipositas, aber nicht mit Depression. In Übereinstimmung mit anderen Studien scheint es im Frühstadium von
Adipositas zu akuten neuronalen Schäden zu kommen, wobei die Auswirkungen auf das Gehirn mit steigendem Körperfett zunehmen. Um die Auswirkungen von Depression und Adipositas auf neuronale Schädigung und Differenzierung besser beurteilen zu können und BDNF, Vitamin D und sNSE als Biomarker für diese Prozesse einsetzen zu können, sind weitere Studien nötig. Im klinischen Alltag könnten sich so neue, wirksame Diagnostik- und Therapiestrategien ableiten lassen.
In Germany, large, population-based cohort studies have been implemented in order to identify risk and protective factors for maintaining health across the life span. The purpose of this systematic review is to analyse findings from three large ongoing cohorts and to identify sex-specific prevalence rates, risk and protective factors for mental health. Published studies from the Cooperative Health Research in the Region Augsburg (KORA), the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) and the Gutenberg Health Study (GHS)), representing the southern, north-eastern and middle parts of Germany, were identified through searches of the databases PubMed and Web of Science. A total of 52 articles was identified from the start of each cohort until June 2019. Articles reporting prevalence rates of mental health [N = 22], explanatory factors for mental health [N = 25], or both [N = 5] were identified. Consistent across cohorts, higher prevalence rates of internalizing disorders were found for women and more externalizing disorders for men. Risk and protective factors for mental health included social factors, lifestyle, physical health, body mass index (BMI), diabetes, genetic and biological factors. In all areas, differences and similarities were found between women and men. The most evident were the sex-specific risk profiles for depression with mostly external risk factors for men and internal risk factors for women. Gender was not assessed directly, therefore we examined whether socioeconomic and family-related factors reflecting gender roles or institutionalized gender could be used as a proxy for gender. Overall, this systematic review shows differences and similarities in prevalence rates and determinants of mental health indicators between women and men. They underline the importance of focussing on sex specific approaches in mental health research and in the development of prevention measures. Current research on mental health still lacks focus on gender aspects. Therefore, an increased focus on sex and gender in mental health research is of great importance.
Objective: Little is known about the specific psychological features that differentiate persistent depressive disorder (PDD) and episodic depression (ED). Thus, the present study aimed to investigate differences in social cognition and interpersonal problems between these two forms of depression and healthy controls. In addition, we aimed to examine childhood maltreatment (CM) as a possible origin of these alterations.
Methods: In a cross-sectional study, adult patients with a current PDD (n = 34) or in a current episode of ED (n = 38), and healthy controls (n = 39) completed questionnaires about depression severity, empathy, interpersonal problems, and CM, as well as tests of affective theory of mind and facial emotion recognition.
Results: Patients with PDD reported higher empathic distress than patients with ED and healthy controls. Both depressive groups recognized angry faces with higher accuracy and reported more interpersonal problems, with no differences between PDD and ED. Empathic distress and interpersonal problems mediated the link between CM and depression in the combined sample.
Limitations: Patient groups were not drug-naïve and antidepressant intake might have influenced social-cognitive functions. Self-report measures of empathy and interpersonal problems are vulnerable to bias. The cross-sectional design does not allow causal conclusions.
Conclusion: Depressed patients may not show deficits in decoding the affective states of others and in feeling with others. However, depressed individuals—in particular patients with PDD—may feel easily overwhelmed by emotionally tense situations, resulting in empathic distress and avoidant/submissive interpersonal behavior. Exposure to CM might be an origin of alterations in social cognition and interpersonal problems.
Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) refer to any report coming directly from patients about how they function or feel in relation to a health condition or its therapy. PROs have been applied in medicine for the assessment of the impact of clinical phenomena. Self-report scales and procedures for assessing physical pain in adults have been developed and used in clinical trials. However, insufficient attention has been dedicated to the assessment of mental pain. The aim of this paper is to outline the implications that assessment of mental pain may entail in psychiatry and medicine, with particular reference to a clinimetric index. A simple 10-item self-rating questionnaire, the Mental Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), encompasses the specific clinical features of mental pain and shows good clinimetric properties (i.e., sensitivity, discriminant and incremental validity). The preliminary data suggest that the MPQ may qualify as a PRO measure to be included in clinical trials. Assessment of mental pain may have important clinical implications in intervention research, both in psychopharmacology and psychotherapy. The transdiagnostic features of mental pain are supported by its association with a number of psychiatric disorders, such as depression, anxiety, eating disorders, as well as borderline personality disorder. Further, addressing mental pain may be an important pathway to prevent and diminish the opioid epidemic. The data summarized here indicate that mental pain can be incorporated into current psychiatric assessment and included as a PRO measure in treatment outcome studies.
Da schwere psychotische Erkrankungen wie Schizophrenie und Bipolare Störungen in vielen Fällen durch Rückfälle und unvollständige Remissionen gekennzeichnet sind, stellt die Lebensqualität ein wichtiges Outcome-Kriterium bei der Behandlung dieser Erkrankungen dar. Es konnte gezeigte werden, dass insbesondere psychosoziale Faktoren wie Resilienz und Soziale Unterstützung positive Effekte auf die subjektive Lebensqualität Betroffener haben. Dabei scheinen soziale Unterstützungssysteme über ihren direkten positiven Effekt auf die Lebensqualität hinaus auch wichtig zu sein für die Entwicklung und Aufrechterhaltung von individuellen Bewältigungsfähigkeiten der Patienten. Somit soll diese Arbeit nicht nur die jeweiligen Wechselwirkungen zwischen den genannten Variablen untersuchen, sondern insbesondere, inwieweit Soziale Unterstützung bei Patienten mit Schizophrenie und Bipolarer Störung den positiven Effekt von Resilienz auf Lebensqualität indirekt vermittelt.
Die in dieser Querschnittsanalyse verwendeten Daten resultierten aus einer Baseline-Befragung im Rahmen zweier klinischer Studien, die mithilfe von psychiatrischen Patienten aus Mecklenburg-Vorpommern durchgeführt wurden. Für die hier verwendete Erhebung wurden in klinischen Interviews folgende Messinstrumente verwendet: SKID, WHOQOL-BREF, RS-11, F-SozU K-14 und BPRS. Die Datenanalyse der Interviews von 87 Patienten beinhaltete deskriptive Statistik, Shapiro-Wilk-Test, Pearson-Korrelation, hierarchische lineare Regression und Mediationsanalyse.
Die Regressionsanalysen ergaben, dass sowohl Resilienz als auch Soziale Unterstützung einen positiven Effekt auf Lebensqualität haben, wobei der Effekt von Resilienz größer ist als der von Sozialer Unterstützung, und dass Soziale Unterstützung ebenfalls einen positiven Effekt auf Resilienz hat. Die Mediationsanalyse konnte zeigen, dass es sich bei Sozialer Unterstützung um einen partiellen Mediator für den Effekt von Resilienz auf Lebensqualität handelt.
Aus diesen Ergebnissen lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass Soziale Unterstützung für die Entwicklung von Resilienz und die Verbesserung der Lebensqualität bei der betrachteten Patientengruppe eine bedeutende Rolle spielt. Die Behandlung von Menschen mit psychotischen Erkrankungen sollte daher angemessene Maßnahmen anbieten um den Betroffenen zu helfen, effektive soziale Unterstützungssysteme für sich zu kultivieren und ihre Resilienz zu stärken, um somit ihre Lebensqualität zu verbessern.
Das Verhältnis zwischen der Internalisierung gewichtsbezogener Stigmatisierung und Alexithymie
(2020)
Hintergrund:
Die Internalisierung gewichtsbezogener Stigmatisierung ist eine spezielle Form der Selbststigmatisierung
bei adipösen und übergewichtigen Personen. In vorherigen Studien wurde
diese Form der Selbststigmatisierung in Zusammenhang mit einigen psychiatrischen
Erkrankungen, aber auch mit einer schlechteren selbstberichteten physischen und psychischen
Gesundheit und einem niedrigeren Selbstbewusstsein beschrieben. Das Konstrukt
der Alexithymie beschreibt die Unfähigkeit eigene Gefühle und Emotionen zu
identifizieren und zu beschreiben, besonders wenn sie positiven Ursprungs sind. Die vorliegende
Studie untersucht den Zusammenhang zwischen der Internalisierung gewichtsbezogener
Stigmatisierung und Alexithymie. Außerdem werden Psychopathologien des
Essverhaltens genauer beleuchtet. Insbesondere wird auf die Impulskontrolle, die interozeptive
Wahrnehmung, den Perfektionismus und das Misstrauen eingegangen.
Methode:
Es wurde mittels Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen die Internalisierung gewichtsbezogener
Selbststigmatisierung (WBIS), Alexithymie (TAS-20), Depressionen (BDI II) und Psychopathologien
des Essverhaltens, dabei insbesondere die interozeptive Wahrnehmung,
Misstrauen, Perfektionismus und Impulskontrolle (EDI II) bei allen übergewichtigen und
adipösen Patienten abgefragt, die sich zu einer stationären Behandlung in der Klinik
und Poliklinik für Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald
in einem Zeitraum von Mai 2015 bis Februar 2019 entschlossen haben. Nach Anwendung
unserer Ausschlusskriterien verblieben 103 Patienten (73 Frauen, 30 Männer), die
an unserer Studie teilnahmen und deren Selbstbeurteilungsfragebögen ausgewertet und
analysiert wurden. Die Datenerhebung erfolgte zu Beginn des stationären Aufenthaltes.
Ergebnisse:
Zunächst wurden die Patienten in zwei Gruppen aufgrund ihres Gesamtergebnisses bei
der TAS- 20 eingeteilt. Mittels Kruskal- Wallis- Test zeigte sich bei den alexithymen
Patienten ein signifikant höherer Wert bezüglich der Internalisierung gewichtsbezogener
Stigmatisierung, als in der nicht alexithymen Gruppe. Auch die Psychopathologien
bezüglich des Essverhaltens waren bei den alexithymen Patienten signifikant erhöht. Im
Anschluss wurden Korrelations- und Regressionsanalysen durchgeführt, um die Zusammenhänge
weitergehend zu analysieren. Dabei stellte sich heraus, dass die signifikanten
Zusammenhänge zwischen der Internalisierung gewichtsbezogener Stigmatisierung sich
aufheben, sobald wir für Depressionen kontrollierten. Dieses Phänomen zeigte sich auch
bei den Subskalen „Schwierigkeiten Gefühle zu erkennen“ und „zu beschreiben“. Interaktionseffekte
zwischen dem Gesamtergebnis der TAS- 20 und Depressionen waren nicht
vorhanden. Bezüglich der Psychopathologien im Essverhalten und der Internalisierung
gewichtsbezogener Selbststigmatisierung zeigten sich stark signifikante Zusammenhänge
in den Regressionsanalysen. Auch in den Subskalen interozeptive Wahrnehmung,
Perfektionismus und Impulskontrolle war dies der Fall.
Diskussion:
Patienten, die Schwierigkeiten beim Erkennen und Beschreiben der eigenen Gefühle
haben, neigen verstärkt zur Internalisierung gewichtsbezogener Stigmatisierung. Dies
unterstreicht die Vermutung, dass alexithyme Patienten durchaus Gefühle wahrnehmen
können; vornehmlich die negativen Emotionen dringen in ihr Bewusstsein. Patienten, die
verstärkt gewichtsbezogene Stigmatisierung internalisieren, weisen vermehrt Psychopathologien
im Essverhalten auf. Sie haben eine schlechtere interozeptive Wahrnehmung,
neigen zu perfektionistischen Persönlichkeitszügen und weisen Schwierigkeiten bei der
Impulskontrolle auf. Durch Berücksichtigung dieser Defizite im Therapiekonzept können
möglicherweise größere und lang anhaltendere Behandlungserfolge erzielt werden. Der
erhebliche Einfluss von Depressionen auf die Internalisierung gewichtsbezogener Stigmatisierung
im Zusammenhang mit Alexithymie Bedarf weiterer Untersuchungen, um
mögliche Moderator- oder Mediatoreffekte herausfinden zu können.
Background: Self-stigma is a result of internalizing negative stereotypes by the affected person. Research on self-stigma in substance use disorders (SUD) is still scarce, especially regarding the role of childhood trauma and subsequent posttraumatic disorders. Objectives: The present study investigated the progressive model of self-stigma in women with SUD and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the predictive value of PTSD severity and childhood trauma experiences on self-stigma. Method: In a cross-sectional study with 343 women with SUD and PTSD, we used the Self-Stigma in Alcohol Dependency Scale, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the PTSD Symptom Scale Interview (PSS-I), and to control for SUD severity and depression, the Addiction Severity Index Lite and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted for each stage of self-stigma (aware-agree-apply-harm). Results: The interrelated successive stages of self-stigma were largely confirmed. In the regression models, no significant effects of the PSS-I- and the CTQ-scores were observed at any stage of self-stigma. Agreeing with negative stereotypes was solely predicted by younger age, applying these stereotypes to oneself was higher in women with younger age, higher depression and SUD severity, and suffering from the application (harm) was only predicted by depression. Conclusions: The progressive model of self-stigma could be confirmed in women with SUD and PTSD, but PTSD severity and childhood trauma did not directly affect this process. Self-stigma appears to be related to depression in a stronger way than PTSD is related to women with SUD and PTSD.
Background: Self-stigma is a result of internalizing negative stereotypes by the affected person. Research on self-stigma in substance use disorders (SUD) is still scarce, especially regarding the role of childhood trauma and subsequent posttraumatic disorders. Objectives: The present study investigated the progressive model of self-stigma in women with SUD and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and the predictive value of PTSD severity and childhood trauma experiences on self-stigma. Method: In a cross-sectional study with 343 women with SUD and PTSD, we used the Self-Stigma in Alcohol Dependency Scale, the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the PTSD Symptom Scale Interview (PSS-I), and to control for SUD severity and depression, the Addiction Severity Index Lite and the Beck Depression Inventory-II. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted for each stage of self-stigma (aware-agree-apply-harm). Results: The interrelated successive stages of self-stigma were largely confirmed. In the regression models, no significant effects of the PSS-I- and the CTQ-scores were observed at any stage of self-stigma. Agreeing with negative stereotypes was solely predicted by younger age, applying these stereotypes to oneself was higher in women with younger age, higher depression and SUD severity, and suffering from the application (harm) was only predicted by depression. Conclusions: The progressive model of self-stigma could be confirmed in women with SUD and PTSD, but PTSD severity and childhood trauma did not directly affect this process. Self-stigma appears to be related to depression in a stronger way than PTSD is related to women with SUD and PTSD.
Introduction: It has been shown that Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is accompanied by marked structural brain changes that can be detected several years before clinical diagnosis via structural magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. In this study, we developed a structural MR-based biomarker for in vivo detection of AD using a supervised machine learning approach. Based on an individual’s pattern of brain atrophy a continuous AD score is assigned which measures the similarity with brain atrophy patterns seen in clinical cases of AD.
Methods: The underlying statistical model was trained with MR scans of patients and healthy controls from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI-1 screening). Validation was performed within ADNI-1 and in an independent patient sample from the Open Access Series of Imaging Studies (OASIS-1). In addition, our analyses included data from a large general population sample of the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-Trend).
Results: Based on the proposed AD score we were able to differentiate patients from healthy controls in ADNI-1 and OASIS-1 with an accuracy of 89% (AUC = 95%) and 87% (AUC = 93%), respectively. Moreover, we found the AD score to be significantly associated with cognitive functioning as assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination in the OASIS-1 sample after correcting for diagnosis, age, sex, age·sex, and total intracranial volume (Cohen’s f2 = 0.13). Additional analyses showed that the prediction accuracy of AD status based on both the AD score and the MMSE score is significantly higher than when using just one of them. In SHIP-Trend we found the AD score to be weakly but significantly associated with a test of verbal memory consisting of an immediate and a delayed word list recall (again after correcting for age, sex, age·sex, and total intracranial volume, Cohen’s f2 = 0.009). This association was mainly driven by the immediate recall performance.
Discussion: In summary, our proposed biomarker well differentiated between patients and healthy controls in an independent test sample. It was associated with measures of cognitive functioning both in a patient sample and a general population sample. Our approach might be useful for defining robust MR-based biomarkers for other neurodegenerative diseases, too.
Background: Depression and obesity are widespread and closely linked. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vitamin D are both assumed to be associated with depression and obesity. Little is known about the interplay between vitamin D and BDNF. We explored the putative associations and interactions between serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms and abdominal obesity in a large population-based cohort. Methods: Data were obtained from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend (n = 3,926). The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms (measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire) were assessed with binary and multinomial logistic regression models. The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with obesity (measured by the waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) were assessed with binary logistic and linear regression models with restricted cubic splines. Results: Logistic regression models revealed inverse associations of vitamin D with depression (OR = 0.966; 95% CI 0.951–0.981) and obesity (OR = 0.976; 95% CI 0.967–0.985). No linear association of serum BDNF with depression or obesity was found. However, linear regression models revealed a U-shaped association of BDNF with WHR (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Vitamin D was inversely associated with depression and obesity. BDNF was associated with abdominal obesity, but not with depression. At the population level, our results support the relevant roles of vitamin D and BDNF in mental and physical health-related outcomes.
Stigma of Mental Illness in Germans and Turkish Immigrants in Germany: The Effect of Causal Beliefs
(2019)
Background: Stigma poses an additional burden for people suffering from mental illness, one that often impairs their social participation and can prevent them from seeking adequate help. It is therefore crucial to understand how stigma develops in order to counteract it by setting up effective evidence-based anti-stigma interventions. The present study examines the effect of causal beliefs on stigmatizing behavioral intentions, namely people's desire to distance themselves from persons with mental illness. In addition, we draw cross-cultural comparisons between native Germans and Turkish immigrants to investigate the influence of culture on stigma and causal beliefs and to broaden knowledge on the biggest immigrant group in Germany and on immigrants in Western countries in general.
Methods: n = 302 native Germans and n = 173 Turkish immigrants were presented either a depression or a schizophrenia vignette. Then, causal beliefs, emotional reaction and desire for social distance were assessed with questionnaires. Path analyses were carried out to investigate the influence of causal beliefs on the desire for social distance and their mediation by emotional reactions for Germans and Turkish immigrants, respectively.
Results: We found an influence of causal beliefs on the desire for social distance. Emotional reactions partly mediated this relationship. Causal attribution patterns as well as the relationship between causal attributions and stigma varied across both subsamples and mental illnesses. In the German subsample, the ascription of unfavorable personal traits resulted in more stigma. In the Turkish immigrant subsample, supernatural causal beliefs increased stigma while attribution to current stress reduced stigma.
Conclusion: Our study has implications for future anti-stigma interventions that intend to reduce stigmatization of mentally ill people. Targeting the ascription of unfavorable personal traits and supernatural causal attributions as well as promoting current stress as the cause for mental illness appears to be of particular importance. Also, the mediating influence of emotional responses to causal beliefs needs to be addressed. Furthermore, differential interventions across cultural groups and specific mental illnesses may be appropriate.
Background: Depression and obesity are widespread and closely linked. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and vitamin D are both assumed to be associated with depression and obesity. Little is known about the interplay between vitamin D and BDNF. We explored the putative associations and interactions between serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms and abdominal obesity in a large population-based cohort. Methods: Data were obtained from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend (n = 3,926). The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with depressive symptoms (measured using the Patient Health Questionnaire) were assessed with binary and multinomial logistic regression models. The associations of serum BDNF and vitamin D levels with obesity (measured by the waist-to-hip ratio [WHR]) were assessed with binary logistic and linear regression models with restricted cubic splines. Results: Logistic regression models revealed inverse associations of vitamin D with depression (OR = 0.966; 95% CI 0.951–0.981) and obesity (OR = 0.976; 95% CI 0.967–0.985). No linear association of serum BDNF with depression or obesity was found. However, linear regression models revealed a U-shaped association of BDNF with WHR (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Vitamin D was inversely associated with depression and obesity. BDNF was associated with abdominal obesity, but not with depression. At the population level, our results support the relevant roles of vitamin D and BDNF in mental and physical health-related outcomes.
Background: Alcohol dependence is among the most severely stigmatized mental disorders. We examine whether negative stereotypes and illness beliefs related to alcohol dependence have changed between 1990 and 2011. Methods: We used data from two population surveys with identical methodology that were conducted among German citizens aged ≥18 years, living in the ‘old' German states. They were conducted in 1990 and 2011, respectively. In random subsamples (1990: n = 1,022, and 2011: n = 1,167), identical questions elicited agreement with statements regarding alcohol dependence, particularly with regard to the illness definition of alcohol dependence and blame. Results: Overall, agreement with negative stereotypes did not change in the course of 2 decades. About 55% of the respondents agreed that alcohol dependence is an illness like any other, >40% stated that it was a weakness of character and 30% endorsed that those affected are themselves to blame for their problems. Conclusions: It is apparent that promoting an illness concept of alcohol dependence has not been an easy solution to the problem of stigma. We discuss how the normative functions of alcohol dependence stigma might have prevented a reduction of negative stereotypes.
Background/Aims: Only a small percentage of pathological gamblers utilizes professional treatment for gambling problems. Little is known about which social and gambling-related factors are associated with treatment utilization. The aim of this study was to look for factors associated with treatment utilization for pathological gambling. Methods: The study followed a sampling design with 3 different recruitment channels, namely (1) a general population-based telephone sample, (2) a gambling location sample and (3) a project telephone hotline. Pathological gambling was diagnosed in a telephone interview. Participants with pathological gambling (n = 395) received an in-depth clinical interview concerning treatment utilization, comorbid psychiatric disorders and social characteristics. Results: Variables associated with treatment were higher age [odds ratio (OR) 1.05, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.08], an increased number of DSM-IV criteria for pathological gambling (OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.06-1.70), more adverse consequences from gambling (OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.03-1.16) and more social pressure from significant others (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.07-1.27). Affective disorders were associated with treatment utilization in the univariate analysis (OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.19-2.73), but multivariate analysis showed that comorbid psychiatric disorders were not independently associated. Conclusion: These results indicate that individuals with more severe gambling problems utilize treatment at an older age when more adverse consequences have occurred. Further research should focus on proactive early interventions.
Background: The mechanism of how childhood trauma leads to increased risk for adult dissociation is not sufficiently understood. We sought to investigate the predicting effects and the putatively mediating roles of PTSD and alexithymia on the path from childhood trauma to adult dissociation. Methods: A total of 666 day-clinic outpatients were administered the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ), the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS-20), the Posttraumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS), and the Dissociative Experiences Scale (DES) and controlled for sex, age, and the Global Symptom Index (GSI). Linear regression analyses and mediation analyses were applied. Results: Independent predictive effects on dissociation were found for childhood trauma, alexithymia and PDS, even after adjusting for GSI. Effects of childhood neglect on dissociation were slightly stronger than of abuse. Alexithymia did not mediate the path from childhood trauma to dissociation. Mediation by PDS was specific for childhood abuse, with all PTSD symptom clusters being significantly involved. Conclusions: Childhood abuse and neglect are important predictors of dissociation. While the effects of abuse are mediated by PTSD, the mechanism of how neglect leads to dissociation remains unclear. The results further support the predictive value of alexithymia for adult dissociation above and beyond the effects of childhood trauma, PTSD, and GSI scores.
Background: There is evidence that the borderline symptomatology of the mother longitudinally predicts the number of borderline criteria met by the children. However, possible underlying mechanisms have rarely been examined. In line with transactional models of borderline personality disorder (BPD), we analyzed a broad concept of maladaptive mother-child interactions of mothers with BPD symptoms towards their children, including insensitive parenting and mother-child discrepancies, in reporting the child's psychopathological behavior. Sampling/Methods: The sample was drawn from the population-based Greifswald Family Study and consisted of 295 children and their biological mothers. Both were examined at two points in time, first when the children were about 15 years old (T₀) and again 5 years later (T<sub>1</sub>), using path analyses. Results: Maladaptive mother-child interactions (especially an overprotective and rejecting parenting style and high discrepancies regarding internalizing problems) mediate the longitudinal transmission of borderline symptoms from mother to child. Furthermore, our data revealed that this result is consistent for various youth symptoms which are associated with BPD such as impulsivity or dissociation. Conclusion: The data of the current study imply that the transmission of borderline symptoms from mother to child is mediated by maladaptive mother-child interactions. For this reason early and professional support may be useful to prevent these children from developing severe psychopathology.
Background: Strategies to improve the life of patients suffering from recurrent major depression have a high relevance. This study examined the efficacy of 2 Internet-delivered augmentation strategies that aim to prolong symptom-free intervals. Methods: Efficacy was tested in a 3-arm, multicenter, open-label, evaluator-blind, randomized controlled trial. Upon discharge from inpatient mental health care, 232 adults with 3 or more major depressive episodes were randomized to 1 of 2 intervention groups (SUMMIT or SUMMIT-PERSON) or to treatment as usual (TAU) alone. Over 12 months, participants in both intervention arms received, in addition to TAU, intense monitoring via e-mail or a smartphone, including signaling of upcoming crises, assistance with personal crisis management, and facilitation of early intervention. SUMMIT-PERSON additionally offered regular expert chats. The primary outcome was ‘well weeks', i.e. weeks with at most mild symptoms assessed by the Longitudinal Interval Follow-Up Evaluation, during 24 months after the index treatment. Results: SUMMIT compared to TAU reduced the time with an unwell status (OR 0.48; 95% CI 0.23-0.98) through faster transitions from unwell to well (OR 1.44; 95% CI 0.83-2.50) and slower transitions from well to unwell (OR 0.69; 95% CI 0.44-1.09). Contrary to the hypothesis, SUMMIT-PERSON was not superior to either SUMMIT (OR 0.77; 95% CI 0.38-1.56) or TAU (OR 0.62; 95% CI 0.31-1.24). The efficacy of SUMMIT was strongest 8 months after the intervention. Conclusions: The fully automated Internet-delivered augmentation strategy SUMMIT has the potential to improve TAU by reducing the lifelong burden of patients with recurrent depression. The fact that the effects wear off suggests a time-unlimited extension.
Background: A telemedicine care concept based on telephone contacts and individualized text messages was developed for patients with mental disorders to continue treatment after therapy in a psychiatric day hospital. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the telemedicine interventions. Methods: The study had a 3-armed, randomized design with 2 intervention arms (intervention 1: telephone contacts; intervention 2: telephone contacts and short text messages; both took place over a period of 6 months and in addition to usual care), and a control group with usual care. Primary outcomes were 18-item Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) scores for anxiety, depression and somatization. All participants were recruited from psychiatric day hospitals. The study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (DRKS00000662). Results: 113 participants were analyzed 6 months after starting the intervention. The average BSI-18 anxiety score after 6 months was -2.04 points lower in intervention group 2 than in the control group (p value: 0.042). The difference in BSI depression score between these two groups was marginally significant (p value: 0.1), with an average treatment effect of -1.73. In an exploratory sensitivity analysis restricted to the 75% of patients with the highest symptom scores at baseline, intervention group 1 yielded a significant effect for anxiety and depression compared to the control group (p = 0.036 and 0.046, respectively). Conclusions: Telemedicine provides a novel option in psychiatric ambulatory care with statistically significant effects on anxiety. A positive tendency was observed for depression, especially in cases with higher symptom load at baseline.
Adipositas stellt weltweit ein zunehmendes Problem dar. Es besteht kein Zweifel an
den systemischen schädlichen Auswirkungen des übermäßigen Körperfetts. Auch
das Nervensystem ist von den pathologischen Prozessen betroffen, die durch
Adipositas angestoßen werden. Die genauen Mechanismen, die diesen Prozessen
zugrunde liegen, sind noch unklar. Auch gibt es bislang keine klinisch etablierten
Biomarker, die eine gezielte Diagnostik und ein Therapiemonitoring der neuronalen
Schäden ermöglichen. NSE ist ein Marker für Neurodestruktion. Bei Adipositas und
Demenz weisen Studien auf das Potenzial von NSE als Marker für die zerebralen
Auswirkungen dieser Erkrankungen hin. Daher behandelt diese Dissertation die
Zusammenhänge zwischen NSE, BMI, GMV und Alter. Darüber hinaus wurde die
Assoziation zwischen dem weiteren Biomarker BDNF sowie Vitamin D und
Adipositas untersucht. Die Daten wurden im Rahmen der SHIP-Studie in einer
Teilstichprobe (SHIP-TREND) erhoben.
Es zeigten sich altersabhängig geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede der NSE-
Spiegel. Während bei Frauen die NSE-Werte im Alter anstiegen, sanken sie bei
Männern. Zwischen NSE-Werten und BMI fand sich eine parabolische Assoziation
mit fallenden NSE-Werten ab einem BMI ≥25 kg/m². Kein Zusammenhang fand sich
zwischen NSE und GMV, Alter und magnetresonanz-tomographischen Mustern der
Gehirnalterung. Zwischen Vitamin D und Adipositas fand sich eine inverse
Assoziation, zwischen BDNF und der WHR ein U-förmiger Zusammenhang. Als
zugrunde liegende Pathomechanismen werden geschlechtsspezifische Unterschiede
der Hirnalterung, neuronale Degeneration, Veränderungen des neuronalen
Glukosemetabolismus und der neuronalen Differenzierung sowie Neuroinflammation
diskutiert.
Im Einklang mit der aktuellen Studienlage kann im Frühstadium von Adipositas eine
akute neuronale Schädigung angenommen werden. Jedoch scheint das
Fortschreiten und Andauern von Adipositas tiefgreifende Veränderungen durch das
überschüssige Körperfett anzustoßen, die sich auf neuronaler Ebene manifestieren.
Weitere Studien zur Evaluierung von Biomarkern bei Adipositas sind nötig, um
klinisch wirksame Handlungsstrategien entwickeln zu können.
Die zukünftige Erfassung von Biomarkern bei Adipositas im klinischen Alltag könnte
so die Therapieadhärenz von Patienten verbessern und durch gezielte Interventionen
bei Risikopatienten ein Fortschreiten neuronaler Schäden verhindern.
Introduction
Bipolar disorder (BD) is characterized by recurrent episodes of depression and mania and affects up to 2% of the population worldwide. Patients suffering from bipolar disorder have a reduced life expectancy of up to 10 years. The increased mortality might be due to a higher rate of somatic diseases, especially cardiovascular diseases. There is however also evidence for an increased rate of diabetes mellitus in BD, but the reported prevalence rates vary by large.
Material and Methods
85 bipolar disorder patients were recruited in the framework of the BiDi study (Prevalence and clinical features of patients with Bipolar Disorder at High Risk for Type 2 Diabetes (T2D), at prediabetic state and with manifest T2D) in Dresden and Würzburg. T2D and prediabetes were diagnosed measuring HBA1c and an oral glucose tolerance test (oGTT), which at present is the gold standard in diagnosing T2D. The BD sample was compared to an age-, sex- and BMI-matched control population (n = 850) from the Study of Health in Pomerania cohort (SHIP Trend Cohort).
Results
Patients suffering from BD had a T2D prevalence of 7%, which was not significantly different from the control group (6%). Fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance were, contrary to our hypothesis, more often pathological in controls than in BD patients. Nondiabetic and diabetic bipolar patients significantly differed in age, BMI, number of depressive episodes, and disease duration.
Discussion
When controlled for BMI, in our study there was no significantly increased rate of T2D in BD. We thus suggest that overweight and obesity might be mediating the association between BD and diabetes. Underlying causes could be shared risk genes, medication effects, and lifestyle factors associated with depressive episodes. As the latter two can be modified, attention should be paid to weight changes in BD by monitoring and taking adequate measures to prevent the alarming loss of life years in BD patients.
Being the victim of traumatizing events has consequences that can lead to wellknown mental disorders, such as depression. However, newest studies show that these events do not only affect the victims’ behavior, but also the expression levels of specific genes in their blood and in their brain. Latest research discovered little pieces of RNA in the cells that were long thought to be genetic junk. Nevertheless, these so-called miRNAs can regulate the expression of multiple genes, thus modulating metabolism and cell functioning. The aim of this study was to see if childhood traumatization led to a set of differentially expressed miRNA profiles in the peripheral blood. For this, we used subjects from the SHIP trend cohort, who had previously answered various questionnaires, among them the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Patients Health Questionnaire-9 and analyzed the miRNAs in their blood to find out whether there was an association between the score and the dysregulation of certain miRNAs. Furthermore, we selected 5 different independent variables: PHQ-trend, CTQ score, as well as its subscales Abuse and Neglect, and Major Depressive Disorder lifetime prevalence. The analyses showed a set of up- or downregulated miRNAs in the blood. In a second step, we tried to replicate our results comparing them to results in the literature. Some of the significantly dysregulated miRNAs had previously been described as key players in the pathogenesis of MDD, a few even displaying similar results to ours. The next step was to see if the significant miRNAs had common target genes and if these had been described in the literature as having an influence on MDD, showing positive results. One last step was to see if there were also common biological pathways that were modulated by the differentially expressed miRNA. This analysis did not show promising results since there were almost no brain pathways among the results. For future studies, it will be necessary to validate our results using a clinical sample, such as GANI_MED, where the prevalence of childhood traumatization, as well as MDD, is much higher. By doing this, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways could arise. If childhood traumatization leads to a set of dysregulated miRNAs that can end in a positive diagnosis of MDD in adulthood, what effects could have a targeted miRNA therapy on the pathogenesis of these psychiatric disorders?