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In diesem Open-Access-Buch wird die Aussteuerung von Zielkonflikten bei der Gestaltung des Luftrettungssystems in Deutschland erarbeitet, indem ein Modell zur Bewertung von Luftrettungsleistungen entwickelt wird. Der hubschraubergestützten Luftrettung kommt seit Jahren eine zunehmende Bedeutung in der notfallmedizinischen Versorgung zu. Als auffälliges und leistungsfähiges, aber auch teures Rettungsmittel unterliegt die Luftrettung äußerst vielen Ansprüchen, die von unterschiedlichsten Interessensgruppen an das Luftrettungssystem gestellt werden. Diese Partikularinteressen implizieren Zielkonflikte bei der Gestaltung des Luftrettungssystems.
Mit dem Kostenmodell werden verschiedene Szenarien modelliert, welche auf einem exemplarischen Erfahrungsobjekt basieren. Abgebildet werden unter anderem der Status Quo, Kritikpunkte am deutschen Luftrettungssystem sowie verschiedene Innovationen, die sich auch aus einem Vergleich ausgewählter internationaler Luftrettungssysteme ergeben. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit werden genutzt, um Handlungsempfehlungen zur Gestaltung von Luftrettungssystemen auszuarbeiten.
Hintergrund und Ziel
Um die präklinische Notfallversorgung zu optimieren und aktuelle Herausforderungen zu bewältigen, wurde im Landkreis Vorpommern-Greifswald im Jahr 2017 ein Telenotarzt-System eingeführt. Es sollte aus medizinischer und ökonomischer Sicht geprüft werden, ob dies, insbesondere im ländlichen Raum, eine effiziente Ergänzung der präklinischen Notfallversorgung darstellt.
Methodik
Es wurden ca. 250.000 Einsatzdaten, vor und nach Einführung des Systems, über die Jahre 2015 bis 2020 ausgewertet und ein Prä-Post-Vergleich über die Einsatzstruktur erstellt. Die 3611 Einsätze der Telenotärztinnen und -ärzte (TNA) wurden nach medizinischen Indikationen und zeitlichen Faktoren analysiert sowie mit Einsätzen ohne TNA verglichen. Zusätzlich erfolgten eine Analyse der Gesamtkosten des neuen Versorgungskonzeptes sowie eine Kostenanalyse der prä- und innerklinischen Behandlungskosten ausgewählter Erkrankungen.
Ergebnisse
Das Einsatzspektrum des TNA umfasste alle Altersstufen mit verschiedenen Meldebildern, die zu 48,2 % eine mittlere Erkrankungsschwere (stationäre Behandlung erforderlich) hatten. Von Patient*innen und Mitarbeitenden wurde das System gut angenommen. Die Einsatzdaten zeigten einen signifikanten Rückgang der Notarztbeteiligung bei telenotarztfähigen Einsatzfahrzeugen um 20 %. Die jährlichen Kosten des Systems belaufen sich auf ca. 1,7 Mio. €.
Schlussfolgerung
Die Ergebnisse belegen die Vorteilhaftigkeit des TNA-Systems, sodass es über die Projektdauer hinaus implementiert wurde. Das System ist medizinisch sinnvoll, funktionsfähig sowie effizient und steht als Innovation für die Umsetzung in ganz Deutschland bereit.
Aim
A shortage in primary care physicians has been a well-known challenge in many Western countries for several years. In addition, we currently see a trend in primary care, where an increasing number of physicians work as employees instead of being self-employed, even among general practitioners. To address this shortage, knowledge of the future specialists’ attitudes toward working self-employed is needed. This qualitative systematic review aims to explore the attitudes of future specialists towards self-employment in private practice, and what factors influence these attitudes.
Subject and methods
We conducted a systematic search using PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. We developed a search strategy that collected terms for future specialists, career choices, and self-employment and linked these with the Boolean operator “AND”. We analysed the results using a qualitative content analysis, as both qualitative and quantitative studies were included in the research.
Results
Self-employment is less attractive to future specialists. In particular, women prefer to be employed and receive a fixed salary. The main factors that influence the decision as to whether to become self-employed or not are financial conditions, bureaucracy and non-medical tasks, organisation, job satisfaction during residency, personal responsibility, career opportunities, specialty-dependent factors, personal environment, and education.
Conclusion
Among future specialists, being self-employed is less attractive than being an employee. Students should be better informed about future career opportunities to make an informed decision. However, it should be examined whether other forms of organisation are more in line with the wishes of future specialists.
Background
Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest is one of the most frequent causes of death in Europe. Emergency medical services often struggle to reach the patient in time, particularly in rural areas. To improve outcome, early defibrillation is required which significantly increases neurologically intact survival. Consequently, many countries place Automated External Defibrillators (AED) in accessible public locations. However, these stationary devices are frequently not available out of hours or too far away in emergencies. An innovative approach to mustering AED is the use of unmanned aerial systems (UAS), which deliver the device to the scene.
Methods
This paper evaluates the economic implications of stationary AED versus airborne delivery using scenario-based cost analysis. As an example, we focus on the rural district of Vorpommern-Greifswald in Germany. Formulae are developed to calculate the cost of stationary and airborne AED networks. Scenarios include different catchment areas, delivery times and unit costs.
Results
UAS-based delivery of AEDs is more cost-efficient than maintaining traditional stationary networks. The results show that equipping cardiac arrest hot spots in the district of Vorpommern-Greifswald with airborne AEDs with a response time < 4 min is an effective method to decrease the time to the first defibrillation The district of Vorpommern-Greifswald would require 45 airborne AEDs resulting in annual costs of at least 1,451,160 €.
Conclusion
In rural areas, implementing an UAS-based AED system is both more effective and cost-efficient than the conventional stationary solution. When regarding urban areas and hot spots of OHCA, complementing the airborne network with stationary AEDs is advisable.
Background
Despite the current undersupply of cochlear implants (CIs) with simultaneously increasing indication, CI implantation numbers in Germany still are at a relatively low level.
Methods
As there are hardly any solid forecasts available in the literature, we develop a System Dynamics model that forecasts the number and costs of CI implantations in adults for 40 years from a social health insurance (SHI) perspective.
Results
CI demand will grow marginally by demographic changes causing average annual costs of about 538 million €. Medical-technical progress with following relaxed indication criteria and patients’ increasing willingness for implantation will increase implantation numbers significantly with average annual costs of 765 million €.
Conclusion
CI demand by adults will increase in the future, thus will the costs for CI supply. Continuous research and development in CI technology and supply is crucial to ensure long-term financing of the growing CI demand through cost-reducing innovations.
Strategic Management in Healthcare: A Call for Long-Term and Systems-Thinking in an Uncertain System
(2022)
Strategic management is becoming increasingly important for sustainable management in healthcare. The reasons for this can be seen in the increasing complexity, dynamics and uncertainty of the system’s regimes and the resulting need for strategic thinking in a long-term period. The scientific discussion of this issue is the aim of the present analytical framework. The starting point is the definition of the term strategic management itself, followed by a reflection on the requirements resulting from the changes in the political, social and economic value systems of our post-industrial society. In this context, Dynaxity Zone III is used to explain the long-term perspective, the high levels of complexity and uncertainty and the responsibility of strategic management as important parameters. For a practical illustration, we demonstrate two selected applications (German hospital financing systems and development process of implants) and how the implementation of strategic management in the health care system shows success.
In 2009, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) started its journey towards achieving Universal Health Coverage (UHC). This study examines the evolution of financial risk protection and health outcomes indicators in the context of the commitment of DRC to UHC. To measure the effects of such a commitment on financial risk protection and health outcomes indicators, we analyse whether changes have occurred over the last two decades and, if applicable, when these changes happened. Using five variables as indicators for the measurement of the financial risk protection component, there as well retained three indicators to measure health outcomes. To identify time-related effects, we applied the parametric approach of breakpoint regression to detect whether the UHC journey has brought change and when exactly the change has occurred.
Although there is a slight improvement in the financial risk protection indicators, we found that the adopted strategies have fostered access to healthcare for the wealthiest quantile of the population while neglecting the majority of the poorest. The government did not thrive persistently over the past decade to meet its commitment to allocate adequate funds to health expenditures. In addition, the support from donors appears to be unstable, unpredictable and unsustainable. We found a slight improvement in health outcomes attributable to direct investment in building health centres by the private sector and international organizations. Overall, our findings reveal that the prevention of catastrophic health expenditure is still not sufficiently prioritized by the country, and mostly for the majority of the poorest. Therefore, our work suggests that DRC’s UHC journey has slightly contributed to improve the financial risk protection and health outcomes indicators but much effort should be undertaken.
Nowadays, a challenge in wildlife management and nature conservation is to reach a state of human-wildlife coexistence, integrating wildlife into the human-dominated landscape. Achieving a state of coexistence is urgent as human-wildlife conflicts increase over time. Thus a "route guide" for researchers and conservation practitioners will be needed to identify if a human-wildlife interaction is heading towards conflict or coexistence, enabling them to conduct management activities, when possible, to achieve human-wildlife coexistence. Researchers have used different individual-based attributes as a proxy to measure support towards wildlife species by the general public. Different operationalizations from Environmental Economics and Environmental and Conservation Psychology research fields have been used to measure support. Examples of operationalization are the willingness-to-pay and Likert-type scale, or rating scale, from the first and second research fields. In the first, participants must indicate how much they would be willing to pay to protect a specific wildlife species population in a particular area and time. In the second, participants are asked to rate statements through, e.g., a five-point ordinal rating scale with opposite alternatives between, e.g., strongly agree and strongly disagree. In the human dimension of natural resources management research, variations of these methodologies have been used to measure support, not only for one wildlife species but for a set. For the willingness-to-pay variation, i.e., money allocation, participants must distribute a constant sum of money among a set of wildlife species. For the rating scale variation, each of the wildlife species in the set corresponds to a statement to be rated. The thesis aims to contrast these two variations, i.e., money allocation and rating scale, in their capacity to assess support changes towards a set of 12 native wildlife species from different taxa.
A survey was applied in 2018 (n: 368) and replicated in 2019 (n: 359) among urban dwellers who cohabit with the wildlife species set, in Valdivia, south of Chile. The surveys were applied before and after information disclosure and exposure in an experimental and longitudinal research design structure, respectively. As information disclosure, the threatened and endemic status of the wildlife species was presented to the participants. On the other hand, mass media coverage of a human-wildlife conflict involving one of the species included in study, the South American Sea Lion, was used for information exposure. The results indicate that the money allocation method identified support changes among the wildlife species to a greater extent than the rating scale for both types of information (Chapters 2, 3, and 4). The money allocation in the experimental design structure grouped the wildlife species based on their threatened and endemic status, while the rating scale did not come with the same results (Chapter 3). In the longitudinal design structure, the South American Sea Lion support decreased based on the average values of the money allocation and rating scale after the information exposure (Chapter 4). Differently, when the South American Sea Lion position support is compared with the other wildlife species, based on the money allocation, there was a descent, while the rating scale presented an ascent after the mass media coverage of the human-wildlife conflict (Chapter 4). This difference between the results of the two methods, in both research design structures, can be explained to a certain extent due to their scaling technique characteristics. The money allocation is a comparative scale; therefore, the support given to one wildlife species will affect the possible support given to the other species. In contrast, the rating scale is a non-comparative scale, i.e., the support given to a wildlife species is independent of the support given to the other wildlife species in the set. In the experimental research design structure (Chapters 2 and 3), to give or increase the support to a threatened or endemic wildlife species, a bill should be taken from another wildlife species, usually not threatened nor endemic. On the contrary, in the rating scale, there was no need to choose; the support could be increased for a wildlife species without decreasing the support for other wildlife species. In the longitudinal study design structure, the money allocation allows direct comparison between wildlife species from one year to another, while the rating scale does not. For the money allocation, the possible amount of support to be given to a wildlife species, i.e., 12 bills of 1,000 CLP each, did not vary from 2018 to 2019. For the rating scale, the values received among the wildlife species can vary within the rating scale from one year to another, misleading to incorrect interpretations. The money allocation method can be suitable for monitoring human-wildlife interactions, i.e., to position and visualize support shifts. The money allocation could be used as an overview of human-wildlife interactions in a specific area, working as a first assessment.
Background and objective
The COVID-19 pandemic started in Wuhan, China, in December 2019. Although there are some doubts about the reporting of cases and deaths in China, it seems that this country was able to control the epidemic more effectively than many other countries. In this paper, we would like to analyze the measures taken in China and compare them with other countries in order to find out what they can learn from China.
Methods
We develop a system dynamics model of the COVID-19 pandemic in Wuhan. Based on a number of simulations we analyze the impact of changing parameters, such as contact rates, on the development of a second wave.
Results
Although China’s health care system seems to be poorly financed and inefficient, the epidemic was brought under control in a comparably short period of time and no second wave was experienced in Wuhan until today. The measures to contain the epidemic do not differ from what was implemented in other countries, but China applied them very early and rigorously. For instance, the consequent implementation of health codes and contact-tracking technology contributed to contain the disease and effectively prevented the second and third waves.
Conclusions
China’s success in fighting COVID-19 is based on a very strict implementation of a set of measures, including digital management. While other countries discuss relaxing the lock-down at a rate of 50 per 100,000 inhabitants, China started local lock-downs at a rate of 1.59 per 100,000. We call for a public debate whether this policy would be feasible for more liberal countries as well.
Die Arbeit versucht, die Forschungslücke zwischen Inselbegabung und deren Einstufung in den beruflichen Kontext zu schließen.
Dazu wird eine absolute Prävalenz ermittelt, um die Systemrelevanz des Syndroms bewerten zu können. Zudem wird die Einflussmöglichkeit des Betrieblichen Gesundheitsmanagements auf die Integrationsfähigkeit von Inselbegabten hinterfragt.
Hierfür wird eine quantitative Empirie genutzt, um eine Korrelation zwischen der Existenz eines Betrieblichen Gesundheitsmanagements und der Integrationsfähigkeit zu prüfen. Es zeigt sich, dass keine Korrelation besteht. Sehr wohl steht aber eine Integrationsfähigkeit mit der Unternehmensgröße im Zusammenhang, weil gerade Kleinstunternehmen das beste Milieu zur Beschäftigung von Inselbegabten bieten.
Diese Arbeit befasst sich mit der ökonomischen Evaluation innovativer Infektionsprävention.
Dabei liegt der Fokus auf einem stakeholderbasierten Hygienemanagement und
der modellhaften Einführung eines prästationären Screenings auf Multiresistente Erreger (MRE) mit anschließender Kostenanalyse.
Bei der Einführung innovativer Infektionspräventionsmaßnahmen im Krankenhaus ist
die Beurteilung der aktuellen Situation grundlegend. Krankenhausleitungen sollten als
Stakeholder die Rolle der Machtpromotoren aufgrund ihrer Position und Entscheidungskompetenz
dabei übernehmen. Allerdings gibt es keine empirischen Beweise dafür,
ob diese Annahme gültig ist oder nicht. Diese Arbeit berichtet darüber, wie deutsche
Krankenhausleitungen die aktuellen Herausforderungen in der Infektionsprävention
wahrnehmen. Analysiert werden ferner die fördernden und hemmenden Faktoren bei
der Einführung von innovativen Infektionspräventionsmaßnahmen. Dazu wurde eine
Online-Befragung bei deutschen Krankenhausleitungen durchgeführt. An der Befragung
nahmen 266 Krankenhausführungskräfte teil. Die Befragung ergab, dass die Übertragung
von Krankheitserregern vor allem im stationären Bereich, insbesondere in Akutkrankenhäusern
und in der stationären Altenpflege gesehen wurde. Der Zeitmangel des
Personals und die Refinanzierung von Infektionspräventionsmaßnahmen durch die
Krankenkassen wurden vorrangig als Barrieren bei der Umsetzung neuartiger Infektionspräventionskonzepte
empfunden. Die befragten Krankenhausleitungen bewerteten,
dass die aktive Einbindung der Patienten und deren Angehörigen in den Infektionsschutz
die Infektionsprävention ihrer Einrichtung stärken könnte. Es lässt sich aus der
Erhebung schlussfolgern, dass Krankenhausführungskräfte offen für innovative Hygienemaßnahmen
sind. Insbesondere begrüßen sie die aktive Einbindung der Patienten und
deren Angehörigen in die Infektionsprävention. Um diese innovative Infektionsprävention
voranzubringen, müssen daher finanzielle und institutionelle Barrieren, wie z. B.
eine unzureichende Finanzierung des Hygienemanagements überwunden werden.
In dieser Arbeit wurden ebenso die identifizierten Herausforderungen bei der Einführung
eines prästationären MRE-Screening sowie deren Bewältigung dargestellt. Des
Weiteren wurden die erwarteten Kosten einer prästationären MREManagementstrategie
im Vergleich zur stationären MRE-Managementstrategie berechnet.
Insbesondere die Überwindung der Sektorengrenzen im Gesundheitswesen bildete
eine Herausforderung bei der Einführung des prästationären MRE-Screenings. Hierzu
zählten vor allem die Abstimmung zwischen behandelndem Vertragsarzt und aufneh34
mendem Krankenhaus sowie die gesicherte Informationsübermittlung zwischen den
beteiligten Akteuren. Durch Schaffung transparenter, sektorenverbindender Prozesse
kann diese Herausforderung bewältigt werden. Als grundlegende Herausforderung besteht
weiterhin darüber hinaus die Abbildung und Vergütung prästationär erbrachter
MRE-Leistungen in der Regelversorgung.
Mit Hilfe der Methodik eines Entscheidungsbaumes wurden prästationäre und stationäre
Szenarien zum Screening auf den Erreger Methicillin-resistenter Staphylococcus aureus
(MRSA) und zur MRSA-Behandlung entwickelt. Anhand derer wurden die erwarteten
Kosten dieser MRSA-Managementstrategien nach dem Rollback-Verfahren im Rahmen
einer Entscheidungsbaumanalyse berechnet. Die Berechnungen ergaben, dass die erwarteten
Kosten für eine prästationäre MRSA-Managementstrategie bei 8,24 Euro und für
eine stationäre MRSA-Managementstrategie bei 672,51 Euro liegen. Die kostengünstigere
Strategie bei Patienten mit geplantem Krankenhausaufenthalt ist, berechnet nach
dem Rollback-Verfahren, die Durchführung eines prästationären MRSA-Screenings
sowie ein positiver Befund vorliegt, eine ambulante Dekolonisation.