Refine
Document Type
- Article (5)
- Doctoral Thesis (1)
Language
- English (6) (remove)
Has Fulltext
- yes (6)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (6)
Keywords
- survival (6) (remove)
Institute
Publisher
- MDPI (5)
Costs of reproduction. A demographical approach to examine life-history trade-offs ─ Abstract. Resource-allocation trade-offs are fundamental constraints of life-history evolution. In particular the trade-offs between reproduction and longevity and between present and future reproduction are expected to form reproductive patterns. Unfortunately, exploring such trade-offs in natural populations is complicated and may not be possible. In face of several limitations, zoo data appear to be useful to better understand the reproductive biology of endangered, rare or cryptic species. In the first step, it was sought after with a data-mining, comparative multi-species approach for broad patterns of correlations between lifespan and variables in bird-eating spiders (Theraphosidae). The subfamily Eumenophoriinae on average lived longest, followed by the Theraphosinae, Ornithoctinae, Grammostolinae, Selenocosmiinae, Ischnocolinae and finally the Avicularinae. Species inhabiting tropical, more humid and/or low-altitude environments lived longer, suggesting that more predictable environments favour the evolution of longer lifespans. Furthermore, large range size, low abundance, sub-terrestrial life-style, and aggressive behaviour were all linked with longer lifespans. An argument for resource allocation trade-offs was found as larger spiderling and prosoma size were negatively related to longevity. In the second step, a demographical approach has been applied for two old-world deer species (Vietnamese sika deer Cervus nippon pseudaxis, Mesopotamian fallow deer Dama dama mesopotamica). In both species, births peaked right before the onset of the rainy season in natural environments. Females reached high reproductive output earlier in life and had (in one species only) higher survival rates than males. Offspring number covaried positively rather than negatively with longevity. In females, the length of the reproductive phase correlated positively with longevity, birth rate within the entire lifespan, and offspring number, while it was negatively correlated to the birth rate during the reproductive phase (in one species). The length of the post-reproductive phase was positively related to longevity and negatively to birth rate during the entire lifespan. In the third section, life-histories of Asiatic (Equus hemionus ssp.) and African wild asses (Equus africanus ssp.) have been anlaysed in a comparative way with another demographical long-term approach. All taxa showed even in captivity peak birth rates during the periods of highest food availability in their natural environments. Sex-specific survival rates with females living longer than males were evident in Kulan and Onager but not in Kiang and Somali wild ass, pointing towards different life-history strategies even among closely related taxa. Females achieved their highest reproductive output earlier than males, which is typical for polygynous mating systems. Offspring number and longevity were rather positively correlated than negatively. Taken together evidence for reproductive trade-offs was weak, though the length of the reproductive period was negatively related to birth rates within the reproductive period. Birth intervals increased with female age, probably reflecting detrimental effects of senescence.
EGFR is overexpressed in the majority of clear cell renal cell carcinomas (CCRCCs). Although EGFR deregulation was found to be of great significance in CCRCC biology, the EGFR
overexpression is not associated with EGFR-targeted therapy responsiveness. Moreover, the prognostic role of EGFR expression remains controversial. In the present study, we evaluated the role
played by EGFR overexpression in CCRCC and its prognostic significance associated with different
immunohistochemical localization patterns. In our study, the Total Score (TS) related to membranouscytoplasmic EGFR expression showed a significant correlation with grade, pathologic stage (pT),
and Stage, Size, Grade, and Necrosis (SSIGN) score, and a negative correlation with nuclear EGFR
expression. No significant correlations were shown between nuclear EGFR and clinic-pathological
features. Additionally, a correlation between SGLT1 expression levels and pT was described. Multivariate analysis identifies pT and SSIGN score as independent prognostic factors for CCRCC. A
significantly increased survival rate was found in the case of positive expression of nuclear EGFR
and SGLT1. Based on our findings, SGLT1 and nuclear EGFR overexpression defines a subgroup of
CCRCC patients with good prognosis. Membranous-cytoplasmic EGFR expression was shown to be
a poor prognostic factor and could define a CCRCC subgroup with poor prognosis that should be
responsive to anti-EGFR therapies
Background: Uterine leiomyosarcoma (LMS) is a rare entity amongst malignant gynaecological tumours and is mostly diagnosed after surgery for benign leiomyoma (LM) of the uterus. As minimal invasive surgery is widely used, the morcellation of LM and the uterus is rather common. As there is little known about the impact of the morcellation of LMS on local and distant metastases, as well as overall survival, we carried out a large-scale retrospective study. Methods: A total of 301 LMS cases from the German Clinical Competence Centre for Genital Sarcomas and Mixed Tumours were analysed. We distinguished morcellated and non-morcellated LMS from pT1 and >pT1 tumours. Fine–Gray competing risks regressions and cumulative incidence rates were computed for the time to local recurrence, distant metastases, and patient death. Results: The recurrence free interval in pT1 LMS was significantly lower in the morcellation group with a 2-year cumulative incidence rate of 49% vs. 26% in non-morcellated LMS (p = 0.001). No differences were seen in >pT1 tumours. Distant metastases were more frequently found in non-morcellated pT1 LMS compared to the morcellated cases (5-year cumulative incidence: 54% vs. 29%, p < 0.001). There was no significant difference in time to death between both groups neither in the pT1 stages nor in >pT1 disease. Subdistribution hazard ratios estimated by multivariable competing risks regressions for the morcellation of pT1 LMS were 2.11 for local recurrence (95% CI 1.41–3.16, p < 0.001) and 0.52 for distant metastases (95% CI 0.32–0.84, p = 0.008). Conclusions: Tumour morcellation is not associated with OS for pT1 tumours. The morcellation of pT1 LMS seems to prolong the time to distant metastases whereas local recurrence is more likely to occur after the morcellation of pT1 LMS.