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For the normal development of pregnancy, a balance between immune tolerance and defense is crucial. However, the mechanisms mediating such a balance are not fully understood. CD83 is a transmembrane protein whose expression has been linked to anti-inflammatory functions of T and B cells. The soluble form of CD83, released by cleavage of the membrane-bound protein, has strong anti-inflammatory properties and was successfully tested in different mouse models. It is assumed that this molecule contributes to the establishment of immune tolerance. Therefore, we postulated that the expression of CD83 is crucial for immune tolerance during pregnancy in mice. Here, we demonstrated that the membrane-bound form of CD83 was upregulated in T and B cells during allogeneic murine pregnancies. An upregulation was also evident in the main splenic B cell subtypes: marginal zone, follicular zone, and transitional B cells. We also showed that there was an augmentation in the number of CD83+ cells toward the end of pregnancy within splenic B and CD4+ T cells, while CD83+ dendritic cells were reduced in spleen and inguinal lymph nodes of pregnant mice. Additionally, B lymphocytes in late-pregnancy presented a markedly higher sensitivity to LPS in terms of CD83 expression and sCD83 release. Progesterone induced a dosis-dependent upregulation of CD83 on T cells. Our data suggest that the regulation of CD83 expression represents a novel pathway of fetal tolerance and protection against inflammatory threats during pregnancy.
During pregnancy, the maternal immune system faces a double dilemma: tolerate the growing semi-allogeneic fetus and at the same time protect the mother and the progeny against pathogens. This requires a fine and extremely regulated equilibrium between immune activation and tolerance. As professional antigen presenting cells, B cells and in particular B-1a B cells, can activate or tolerize T cells and thus participate in the generation or regulation of the immune response. B-1a B cells were involved in the humoral immune response leading to pre-eclampsia, one of the main medical complications during pregnancy. Here we demonstrated that B-1a B cells are additionally involved in cellular immune mechanisms associated with pregnancy complications. Using a mouse model of pregnancy disturbances, we showed that B-1a B cells from animals suffering pregnancy disturbances but not from those developing normal pregnancies induce the differentiation of naïve T cells into Th17 and Th1 cells. This differential role of B-1a B cells during pregnancy seems to be associated with the co-stimulatory molecule CD86 as normal pregnant mice showed lower percentages of CD86 expressing B-1a B cells as compared to pregnant mice developing pregnancy disturbances or to non-pregnant animals. Our data bring to light a new and not explored role of B-1a B cells in the context of pregnancy.
Introduction: For a successful pregnancy, a set of physiological requirements has to be fulfilled. The mother has to provide enough nutrients and the proper anatomical environment for the developing fetus and protect him and herself against pathogens. The cells of the im-mune system constantly monitor the organism in search for pathogens and mount a response to eradicate the threat. The favourable outcome of an immune response re-lays on the capacity of those cells to recognize structures that shouldn’t be present in the organism and the speed or strength at which the cells react. During pregnancy, however, a fetus is able to establish a firm contact with the endometrium of the mother and then grow for an extended period of time. This “exception to the rule” hides behind a set of fine-tuned regulations of the immune responses which are not completely un-derstood. Though many cell types have been extensively investigated in the past dec-ades, B cells play yet enigmatic roles. The aim of this work is to uncover the events occurring within the B cell development during pregnancy and to study the role of certain subtypes in healthy pregnancy and pregnancy miscarriage. Methods: For all experiments, 8-weeks-old female mice either non-pregnant, having normal preg-nancies or miscarriage were used. Organs were removed and cells isolated using standard protocols. The analysis of the population distribution was performed by Flow Cytometry. For in vitro experiments, specific cell subsets were isolated using MACS Cell Separation. Bio-plex method was used for the assessment of Immunoglobulin isotypes in serum, while CBA Array was the method used to measure cytokine levels in the supernatant of cell cultures. Statistical analysis was done using GraphPad Prism software. Results: Pregnancy had a strong impact on the murine B cell development. The restructuration of the B cell compartment could be appreciated already from the bone marrow progeni-tors, reduced in pregnant mice. Peripheral subsets drastically adapted their develop-mental pathways, with a drift towards the generation of marginal zone B cells. B cells also showed functional adaptations to gravidity, as evidenced by the changes in the immunoglobulin production and immunomodulatory capacity. Conclusions: For the first time a deep investigation of the consequences of pregnancy on the B cell development was performed, covering several aspects of B cell functionality. This work shows that B lymphocyte compartment is remodelled during pregnancy. Aberration of this process may lead to pregnancy complications including miscarriage.
Early pregnancy is marked by placentation and embryogenesis, which take place under physiological low oxygen concentrations. This oxygen condition is crucial for many aspects of placentation, trophoblast function, vascularization and immune function. Recently, a new family of innate lymphoid cells has been found to be expressed at the fetomaternal interface. Among these, type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3) are important antigen presenting cells in the context of MHC-II. The expression of MHC-II on ILC3s during pregnancy is reduced. We tested the hypothesis that low oxygen concentrations reduce the potential of ILC3s to present antigens promoting fetal tolerance.
Using an in vitro approach, NCR+ ILC3s generated from cord blood stem cell precursors were incubated under different O2 concentrations in the presence or absence of the pregnancy-related hormones hCG and TGF-β1. The expression of MHC-II, accessory molecules and an activation marker were assessed by flow cytometry. We observed that 1% O2 reduced the expression of the MHC-II molecule HLA-DR as compared to 21% O2 and modulated the relative effects of hCG and TGF-β1.
Our data indicate that low oxygen concentrations reduce the antigen presentation potential of NCR+ ILC3s and suggest that it may promote fetal tolerance during the first trimester of pregnancy.