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Hohe Aldosteron-Konzentrationen haben einen nicht zu unterschätzenden Einfluss auf kardiovaskuläre Risikofaktoren wie arterielle Hypertonie, Störungen des Glukosemetabolismus, eingeschränkte Nierenfunktion und Fettstoffwechselstörung. In vorausgehenden Studien an speziellen Patientenkollektiven aber auch in klinischepidemiologischen Studien wurde eine Assoziation zwischen der Plasma AldosteronKonzentration (PAC) und bestimmten Komponenten des Lipidmetabolismus beschrieben. Ob dieser Zusammenhang auch in der allgemeinen Bevölkerung, und innerhalb des Referenzbereiches für die PAC besteht ist unklar. Um dies zu beantworten, beschäftigte sich die vorliegende Arbeit mit der Assoziation zwischen der PAC und ausgewählten Lipoproteinen (High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), Triacylglyceride, gesamt Cholesterol, non-HDL-C) in der allgemeinen Bevölkerung. Hierfür wurden Daten von 793 Männern und 938 Frauen zwischen 25-86 Jahren genutzt die am ersten Follow-up der Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP-1) teilnahmen. Die Assoziation zwischen der PAC und den oben genannten Lipoproteinen wurde anhand von multivariablen, linearen Regressionsmodellen erfasst. Diese wurden adjustiert für Geschlecht, Alter, BMI, geschätzter glomerulärer Filtrationsrate (eGFR) und HbA1c. Es zeigte sich, eine statistisch signifikante positive Assoziation von PAC mit LDL-C und non-HDL-C sowie eine inverse Assoziation mit HDL-C.
Erstmalig konnte in dieser Arbeit somit gezeigt werden, dass die PAC im physiologischen Bereich im engen Zusammenhang mit dem Lipidmetabolismus steht. Die beobachteten und bereits aus vorherigen Studien bekannten Assoziationen sind daher nicht auf ein bestimmtes Patientenkollektiv beschränkt, sondern auch in der allgemeinen Bevölkerung vorhanden. Weiterhin bestätigen die Ergebnisse aus SHIP-1 die bereits bekannte inverse Assoziation zwischen der PAC und HDL-C. Die hier beschriebene Assoziation zwischen der PAC und LDL-C sowie dem non-HDL-C wurde bis Dato noch nicht beschrieben.
In this retrospective, monocentric cohort study, we tested if an intrathecal free light chain kappa (FLC-k) synthesis reflects not only an IgG but also IgA and IgM synthesis. We also analysed if FLC-k can help to distinguish between an inflammatory process and a blood contamination of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A total of 296 patient samples were identified and acquired from patients of the department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald (Germany). FLC-k were analysed in paired CSF and serum samples using the Siemens FLC-k kit. To determine an intrathecal FLC-k and immunoglobulin (Ig) A/-M-synthesis we analysed CSF/serum quotients in quotient diagrams, according to Reiber et al. Patient samples were grouped into three cohorts: cohort I (n = 41), intrathecal IgA and/or IgM synthesis; cohort II (n = 16), artificial blood contamination; and the control group (n = 239), no intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis. None of the samples had intrathecal IgG synthesis, as evaluated with quotient diagrams or oligoclonal band analysis. In cohort I, 98% of patient samples presented an intrathecal synthesis of FLC-k. In cohort II, all patients lacked intrathecal FLC-k synthesis. In the control group, 6.5% presented an intrathecal synthesis of FLC-k. The data support the concept that an intrathecal FLC-k synthesis is independent of the antibody class produced. In patients with an artificial intrathecal Ig synthesis due to blood contamination, FLC-k synthesis is lacking. Thus, additional determination of FLC-k in quotient diagrams helps to discriminate an inflammatory process from a blood contamination of CSF.
Background: The intrathecal humoral response is the characteristic diagnostic finding in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Although the average age of MS patients increases, little is known about the sensitivity of diagnostic markers in elderly MS patients. Methods: In this retrospective two-center study, intrathecal free light chains kappa fraction (FLCk IF) and oligoclonal bands (OCB) were studied in a large cohort of patients with early and late onset relapsing (RMS) and progressive (PMS) MS. Furthermore, the humoral immune profile in CSF was analyzed, including the polyspecific intrathecal immune response measured as the MRZ reaction. Results: While the frequency of CSF-specific OCB did not differ between early and late onset RMS and PMS, the sensitivity of positive FLCk IF and absolute FLCk IF values were lower in PMS. The positivity of the MRZ reaction was equally frequent in early and late onset RMS and PMS. PMS patients had higher local IgA concentrations than RMS patients (p = 0.0123). Conclusions: OCB are slightly superior to FLCk IF in progressive MS in terms of sensitivity for detecting intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis. The MRZ reaction, as the most specific parameter for MS, is also applicable in patients with late onset and progressive MS.
Free light chains kappa (FLCκ) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) are a part of the intrathecal immune response. This observational study was conducted to investigate the effects of different disease-modifying therapies (DMT) on the humoral intrathecal immune response in the CSF of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). FLCκ were analyzed in CSF and serum samples from MS patients taking DMT (n = 60) and those in a control cohort of treatment-naïve MS patients (n = 90). DMT was classified as moderately effective (including INFß-1a, INFß-1b, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, triamcinolone); highly effective (including fingolimod, daclizumab) and very highly effective (alemtuzumab, natalizumab, rituximab/ocrelizumab, mitoxantrone). FLCκ were measured using a nephelometric FLCκ kit. Intrathecal FLCκ and IgG concentrations were assessed in relation to the hyperbolic reference range in quotient diagrams. Intrathecal FLCκ concentrations and IgG concentrations were significantly lower in samples from the cohort of MS patients taking very highly effective DMT than in samples from the cohort of MS patients taking highly effective DMT and in the treatment-naïve cohort (FLCκ: p = 0.004, p < 0.0001 respectively/IgG: p = 0.013; p = 0.021). The reduction in FLCκ could contribute to an anti-inflammatory effect in the CNS through this mechanism. There was no difference in the appearance of CSF-specific oligoclonal bands (p = 0.830). Longitudinal analyses are required to confirm these results.
Background: Oligoclonal bands represent intrathecal immunoglobulin G (IgG) synthesis and play an important role in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS). Kappa free light chains (KFLC) are increasingly recognized as an additional biomarker for intrathecal Ig synthesis. However, there are limited data on KFLC in neurological diseases other than MS. Methods: This study, conducted at two centers, retrospectively enrolled 346 non-MS patients. A total of 182 patients were diagnosed with non-inflammatory and 84 with inflammatory neurological diseases other than MS. A further 80 patients were classified as symptomatic controls. Intrathecal KFLC production was determined using different approaches: KFLC index, Reiber’s diagram, Presslauer’s exponential curve, and Senel’s linear curve. Results: Matching results of oligoclonal bands and KFLC (Reiber’s diagram) were frequently observed (93%). The Reiber’s diagram for KFLC detected intrathecal KFLC synthesis in an additional 7% of the patient samples investigated (4% non-inflammatory; 3% inflammatory), which was not found by oligoclonal band detection. Conclusions: The determination of both biomarkers (KFLC and oligoclonal bands) is recommended for routine diagnosis and differentiation of non-inflammatory and inflammatory neurological diseases. Due to the high sensitivity and physiological considerations, the assessment of KFLC in the Reiber’s diagram should be preferred to other evaluation methods.