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Cabazitaxel zählt zur Familie der Taxane und wird seit seiner Zulassung 2010 für das fortgeschrittene CRPC als second-line Medikament eingesetzt. Es zeigte eine antiproliferative Wirkung nach der first-line Docetaxel-Behandlung. In dieser Arbeit wurde die Wirkung von Cabazitaxel auf zellulärer und molekularer Ebene in unterschiedlichen PCa-Zellen charakterisiert. Hierfür wurden verschiedene PCa Zellstadien als Zellmodell eingesetzt. Zu Beginn wurde die IC50 für die hormonrefraktären PC3-, LNCaP- und 22Rv1 Zellen bestimmt. Eine antiproliferative Wirkung von Cabazitaxel konnte für alle drei Zelllinien bestätigt werden. Die Untersuchung des proliferativ wirkenden Faktors AR, welcher für die Progression des PCa verantwortlich gemacht wird, ergab eine Repression der AR-Protein Expression unter Cabazitaxel-Behandlung in AR-positiven LNCaP-Zellen. Darüber hinaus wurde auch die PSA-mRNA in LNCaP-Zellen nach kurzer Induktion weniger exprimiert. Von Bedeutung war jedoch, dass auch in den AR-negativen PC3-Zellen eine Hemmung der Proliferation zu zeigen war. Somit wurden in weiteren Westernblot-Analysen die AR-assoziierten Proteine HSP27, HSP70, HSP90alpha und beta und Co-Chaperone HSP40 und HOP sowie der AR-Corepressor PHB hinsichtlich ihrer Expression in beiden Zelllinien untersucht. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass HSP27 auf mRNA- und Protein-Ebene in beiden Zelllinien reprimiert wurde. Ein zytoprotektiver Effekt des HSP27 beim Vergleich von PC3 und PC3-HSP27 Zellen lag nicht vor. Des Weiteren konnte keine signifikante Beeinflussung der Protein-Expression der bereits genannten HSPs sowie des pro-apoptotisch wirkenden HSP60 in beiden Zelllinien nach Cabazitaxel-Inkubation gezeigt werden. Die Auswirkung von Cabazitaxel auf den Apoptoseweg konnte mit einer signifikanten Induktion der p53 Expression gezeigt werden. PARP wurde unter Cabazitaxel-Behandlung nicht gespalten. Schlussendlich muss man sagen, dass die Behandlung mit Cabazitaxel über die Repression des HSP27-Proteins einen zytostatischen Effekt bewirkt, was einen Unterschied zur Docetaxel-Behandlung von PCa-Zellen darstellt. Hierdurch kann eine Docetaxel induzierte und HSP27-vermittelte Resistenz überwunden werden, was die Wirkung des second-line Medikaments auf molekularer Ebene erklären kann.
Abstract
Higher biodiversity can stabilize the productivity and functioning of grassland communities when subjected to extreme climatic events. The positive biodiversity–stability relationship emerges via increased resistance and/or recovery to these events. However, invader presence might disrupt this diversity–stability relationship by altering biotic interactions. Investigating such disruptions is important given that invasion by non‐native species and extreme climatic events are expected to increase in the future due to anthropogenic pressure. Here we present one of the first multisite invader × biodiversity × drought manipulation experiment to examine combined effects of biodiversity and invasion on drought resistance and recovery at three semi‐natural grassland sites across Europe. The stability of biomass production to an extreme drought manipulation (100% rainfall reduction; BE: 88 days, BG: 85 days, DE: 76 days) was quantified in field mesocosms with a richness gradient of 1, 3, and 6 species and three invasion treatments (no invader, Lupinus polyphyllus, Senecio inaequidens). Our results suggest that biodiversity stabilized community productivity by increasing the ability of native species to recover from extreme drought events. However, invader presence turned the positive and stabilizing effects of diversity on native species recovery into a neutral relationship. This effect was independent of the two invader's own capacity to recover from an extreme drought event. In summary, we found that invader presence may disrupt how native community interactions lead to stability of ecosystems in response to extreme climatic events. Consequently, the interaction of three global change drivers, climate extremes, diversity decline, and invasive species, may exacerbate their effects on ecosystem functioning.
OBJECTIVES: Internal tandem duplications (ITDs) of the Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) represent the most frequent molecular aberrations in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and are associated with an inferior prognosis. The pattern of downstream activation by this constitutively activated receptor tyrosine kinase is influenced by the localization of FLT3-ITD depending on its glycosylation status. Different pharmacological approaches can affect FLT3-ITD-driven oncogenic pathways by the modulation of FLT3-ITD localization. AIMS: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of N-glycosylation inhibitors (tunicamycin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose) or the histone deacetylase inhibitor valproic acid (VPA) on FLT3-ITD localization and downstream activity. We sought to determine the potential differences between the distinct FLT3-ITD variants, particularly concerning their susceptibility towards combined treatment by addressing either N-glycosylation and the heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) by 17-AAG, or by targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway by rapamycin after treatment with VPA. METHODS: Murine Ba/F3 leukemia cell lines were stably transfected with distinct FLT3-ITD variants resulting in IL3-independent growth. These Ba/F3 FLT3-ITD cell lines or FLT3-ITD-expressing human MOLM13 cells were exposed to tunicamycin, 2-deoxy-D-glucose or VPA, and 17-AAG or rapamycin, and characterized in terms of downstream signaling by immunoblotting. FLT3 surface expression, apoptosis, and metabolic activity were analyzed by flow cytometry or an MTS assay. Proteome analysis by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was performed to assess differential protein expression. RESULTS: The susceptibility of FLT3-ITD-expressing cells to 17-AAG after pre-treatment with tunicamycin or 2-deoxy-D-glucose was demonstrated. Importantly, in Ba/F3 cells that were stably expressing distinct FLT3-ITD variants that were located either in the juxtamembrane domain (JMD) or in the tyrosine kinase 1 domain (TKD1), response to the sequential treatments with tunicamycin and 17-AAG varied between individual FLT3-ITD motifs without dependence on the localization of the ITD. In all of the FLT3-ITD cell lines that were investigated, incubation with tunicamycin was accompanied by intracellular retention of FLT3-ITD due to the inhibition of glycosylation. In contrast, treatment of Ba/F3-FLT3-ITD cells with VPA was associated with a significant increase of FLT3-ITD surface expression depending on FLT3 protein synthesis. The allocation of FLT3 to different cellular compartments that was induced by tunicamycin, 2-deoxy-D-glucose, or VPA resulted in the activation of distinct downstream signaling pathways. Whole proteome analyses of Ba/F3 FLT3-ITD cells revealed up-regulation of the relevant chaperone proteins (e.g., calreticulin, calnexin, HSP90beta1) that are directly involved in the stabilization of FLT3-ITD or in its retention in the ER compartment. CONCLUSION: The allocation of FLT3-ITD to different cellular compartments and targeting distinct downstream signaling pathways by combined treatment with N-glycosylation and HSP90 inhibitors or VPA and rapamycin might represent new therapeutic strategies to overcome resistance towards tyrosine kinase inhibitors in FLT3-ITD-positive AML. The treatment approaches addressing N-glycosylation of FLT3-ITD appear to depend on patient-specific FLT3-ITD sequences, potentially affecting the efficacy of such pharmacological strategies.