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The effect of water-filtered infrared-A radiation (wIRA) on normal skin flora was investigated by generating experimental wounds on the forearms of volunteers utilizing the suction blister technique. Over 7 days, recolonization was monitored parallel to wound healing. Four groups of treatment were compared: no therapy (A), dexpanthenol cream once daily (B), 20 min wIRA irradiation at 30 cm distance (C), and wIRA irradiation for 30 min once daily together with dexpanthenol cream once daily (D). All treatments strongly inhibited the recolonization of the wounds. Whereas dexpanthenol completely suppressed recolonization over the test period, recolonization after wIRA without (C) and in combination with dexpanthenol (D) was suppressed, but started on day 5 with considerably higher amounts after the combination treatment (D). Whereas the consequence without treatment (A) was an increasing amount of physiological skin flora including coagulase-negative staphylococci, all treatments (B–D) led to a reduction in physiological skin flora, including coagulase-negative staphylococci. In healthy volunteers, wIRA alone and in combination with dexpanthenol strongly inhibited bacterial recolonization with physiological skin flora after artificial wound setting using a suction-blister wound model. This could support the beneficial effects of wIRA in the promotion of wound healing.
The exact qualitative and quantitative analysis of wound healing processes is a decisive prerequisite for optimizing wound care and for therapy control. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements are considered to be the standard procedure for assessing the progress of epidermal wound healing. The damage to the stratum corneum correlates with an increased loss of water through the skin barrier. This method is highly susceptible to failure by environmental factors, in particular by temperature and moisture. This study was aimed at comparing TEWL measurements and in vivo laser scanning microscopy (LSM) for the characterization of the epidermal wound healing process. LSM is a high-resolution in vivo method permitting to analyze the kinetics and dynamics of wound healing at a cellular level. While the TEWL values for the individual volunteers showed a wide scattering, LSM permitted the wound healing process to be clearly characterized at the cellular level. However, a comparison between the two methods was very difficult, because the results provided by LSM were images and not numerical. Therefore, a scoring system was set up which evaluates the stages of wound healing. Thus, the healing process could be numerically described. This method is independent of any environmental factors. Providing morphologically qualitative and numerically quantitative analyses of the wound healing process and being far less vulnerable to failure, LSM is advantageous over TEWL.
Wound healing disorders frequently occur due to biofilm formation on wound surfaces requiring conscientious wound hygiene. Often, the application of conventional liquid antiseptics is not sufficient and sustainable as (1) the borders and the surrounding of chronic wounds frequently consist of sclerotic skin, impeding an effectual penetration of these products, and (2) the hair follicles representing the reservoir for bacterial recolonization of skin surfaces are not affected. Recently, it has been reported that tissue-tolerable plasma (TTP), which is used at a temperature range between 35 and 45°C, likewise has disinfecting properties. In the present study, the effectivity of TTP and a standard liquid antiseptic was compared in vitro on porcine skin. The results revealed that TTP was able to reduce the bacterial load by 94%, although the application of the liquid antiseptic remained superior as it reduced the bacteria by almost 99%. For in vivo application, however, TTP offers several advantages. On the one hand, TTP enables the treatment of sclerotic skin as well, and on the other hand, a sustainable disinfection can be realized as, obviously, also the follicular reservoir is affected by TTP.
Postoperative Immune Suppression in Visceral Surgery: Characterisation of an Intestinal Mouse Model
(2011)
Background: Postoperatively acquired immune dysfunction is associated with a higher mortality rate in case of septic complications. As details of this severe clinical problem are still unknown, animal models are essential to characterise the mechanisms involved. Methods: Mice were laparotomised and the small intestine was pressed smoothly in antegrade direction. For extension of trauma, the intestine was manipulated three times consecutively. Following this, the ex vivo cytokine release of splenocytes was determined. The degree of surgical trauma was analysed by detection of HMGB1 and IL-6 in serum and by neutrophil staining in the muscularis mucosae. Results: We adapted the previously described animal model of intestinal manipulation to provide a model of surgically induced immune dysfunction. Following intestinal manipulation, the mice showed elevated serum levels of HMGB1 and IL-6 and increased infiltration of granulocytes into the muscularis mucosae. Ex vivo cytokine release by splenocytes was suppressed in the postoperative period. The degree of suppression correlated with the extent of surgical trauma. Conclusions: In this study, we describe a surgically induced immune dysfunction animal model, in which a significant surgical trauma is followed by an immune dysfunction. This model may be ideal for the characterisation of the postoperative immune dysfunction syndrome.
Background/Aims: To develop a clinically relevant immunocompetent murine model to study pancreatic cancer using two different syngeneic pancreatic cancer cell lines and to assess MRI for its applicability in this model. Methods: Two cell lines, 6606PDA and Panc02, were employed for the experiments. Cell proliferation and migration were monitored in vitro. Matrigel™ was tested for its role in tumor induction. Tumor cell growth was assessed after orthotopic injection of tumor cells into the pancreatic head of C57/BL6 mice by MRI and histology. Results: Proliferation and migration of Panc02 were significantly faster than those of 6606PDA. Matrigel did not affect tumor growth/migration but prevented tumor cell spread after injection thus avoiding undesired peritoneal tumor growth. MRI could reliably monitor longitudinal tumor growth in both cell lines: Panc02 had a more irregular finger-like growth, and 6606PDA grew more spherically. Both tumors showed local invasiveness. Histologically, Panc02 showed a sarcoma-like undifferentiated growth pattern, whereas 6606PDA displayed a moderately differentiated glandular tumor growth. Panc02 mice had a significantly shorter (28 days) survival than 6606PDA mice (50 days). Conclusion: This model closely mimics human pancreatic cancer. MRI was invaluable for longitudinal monitoring of tumor growth thus reducing the number of mice required. Employing two different cell lines, this model can be used for various treatment and imaging studies.
Currently, there are no generally accepted definitions for wounds at risk of infection. In clinical practice, too many chronic wounds are regarded as being at risk of infection, and therefore many topical antimicrobials – in terms of frequency and duration of use – are applied to wounds. Based on expert discussion and current knowledge, a clinical assessment score was developed. The objective of this wounds at risk (W.A.R.) score is to allow decision-making on the indication for the use of antiseptics on the basis of polihexanide. The proposed clinical classification of W.A.R. shall facilitate the decision for wound antisepsis and allow an appropriate general treatment regimen with the focus on the prevention of wound infection. The W.A.R. score is based on a clinically oriented risk assessment using concrete patient circumstances. The indication for the use of antiseptics results from the addition of differently weighted risk causes, for which points are assigned. Antimicrobial treatment is justified in the case of 3 or more points.
Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and low serum total testosterone (TT) concentrations are independent predictors of mortality risk in the general population, but their combined potential for improved mortality risk stratification is unknown. Methods: We used data of 1,822 men from the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania followed- up for 9.9 years (median). The direct effects of kidney dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/ 1.73 m<sup>2</sup>), albuminuria (urinary albumin-creatinine ratio ≧2.5 mg/mmol) and their combination (CKD) on all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were analyzed using multivariable Cox regression models. Serum TT concentrations below the age-specific 10th percentile (by decades) were considered low and were used for further risk stratification. Results: Kidney dysfunction (hazard ratio, HR, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, CI, 1.02–1.92), albuminuria (HR, 1.38; 95% CI, 1.06–1.79), and CKD (HR, 1.42; 95% CI, 1.09–1.84) were associated with increased all-cause mortality risk, while only kidney dysfunction (HR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.21–3.34) was associated with increased cardiovascular mortality risk after multivariable adjustment. Men with kidney dysfunction and low TT concentrations were identified as high-risk individuals showing a more than 2-fold increased all-cause mortality risk (HR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.08–5.85). Added to multivariable models, nonsignificant interaction terms suggest that kidney dysfunction and low TT are primarily additive rather than synergistic mortality risk factors. Conclusion: In the case of early loss of kidney function, measured TT concentrations might help to detect high-risk individuals for potential therapeutic interventions and to improve mortality risk assessment and outcome.
Die Diagnose Krebs konfrontiert den Patienten mit einer Vielzahl von Fragen und Veränderungen. Zusätzlich muss er sich im Zuge seines Krankenhausaufenthaltes in einer ungewohnten Umgebung und Rolle zurechtfinden. In diesem Kontext kommt dem ärztlichen Gespräch eine besondere Bedeutung zu. Das Visitengespräch bedeutet für den Erkrankten eine Möglichkeit, Fragen zu seiner Erkrankung und deren Auswirkung zu stellen. Auch vermittelt eine patientenzentrierte Haltung des Arztes während des Visitengesprächs dem Patienten Sicherheit und trägt damit zu einer konstruktiven Krankheitsbewältigung bei. Für den Arzt wiederum ist die Visite ein Ort der Diagnosefindung und Überprüfung der Therapiewirkung. Diese unterschiedlichen Sichtweisen bedingen einen latenten Konflikt. Visitenanalysen aus der Literatur zeigen, dass dieser Konflikt weitgehend zugunsten des Arztes gelöst wird. Liegt hingegen eine erhöhte Patientenbeteiligung vor, werden positive Auswirkungen auf den Patienten beschrieben. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird untersucht, in welchem Ausmaß es gelingt, auf einer hämatologisch-onkologischen Station sowohl die Arzt- als auch die Patientenperspektive in der Visitengestaltung zu berücksichtigen. Die Analyse der Gesprächsmerkmale zeigt Übereinstimmungen mit den in der Literatur beschriebenen Ergebnissen. Abweichend davon fällt jedoch ein vermehrter Patienteneinbezug auf. Dieser besteht meist in einer Edukation des Patienten und weniger in einem Eingehen auf dessen Gefühlswelt. Das ärztliche Verhalten ist bei einer somatischen Priorisierung klar handlungsorientiert. Insgesamt fluktuiert der Grad des Patienteneinbezugs über die verschiedenen Gesprächsphasen hinweg. Darüber hinaus zeigt sich eine Vielzahl von Einflussgrößen auf das Arztverhalten im Visitengespräch. Die Patienten sind mit den erlebten Visitengesprächen zufrieden. Diese unkritische Haltung könnte möglicherweise durch die soziodemographischen Eigenschaften der Patientengruppe wie hohes Alter und niedriger Bildungsgrad mitbestimmt werden. Gelänge es, die Patientenbeteiligung im Visitengespräch zu steigern, kämen neben der Krankheitsbekämpfung auch gesundheitsfördernde Aspekte der Patientenbetreuung zum Tragen. Gemäß der International Classifikation of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) zählen hierzu die Partizipation und Teilhabe als wesentlicher Bestandteil von Gesundheit. Zur Berücksichtigung dieser Aspekte wären ein sicherer Gesprächsrahmen, eine klare Visitenstruktur sowie der vermehrte Einsatz von Gesprächstechniken zur Förderung des Patienteneinbezugs nötig. Solche Gesprächsvariablen finden sich beispielsweise in der Methode der partizipativen Entscheidungsfindung wieder.
Kurzzusammenfassung: Gegenstand der vorliegenden Dissertation ist die Forschung auf der Insel Riems, einem der auch heutzutage wichtigsten Forschungsstandorte für Tierkrankheiten, von 1933 bis 1945 unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Einsatzes der NS-Zwangsarbeiter. Es wird die durch die geografische Lage, die Forschungsschwerpunkte sowie die innerbetriebliche Struktur besondere Situation der Anstalt verdeutlicht, die eng mit Leben und Werk der leitenden Wissenschaftler verknüpft ist. Neben der Darstellung der Forschung und des Zwangsarbeitereinsatzes zeigt die vorliegende Arbeit das konstante Ringen der jeweiligen Direktoren seit Gründung der Forschungsanstalt mit den verantwortlichen Behörden, um durch eine bestmögliche materielle und personelle Ausstattung des Instituts die Forschungsarbeiten vorantreiben und die Ziele weitestgehend erreichen zu können. Ein Erinnerungsbericht eines ehemaligen Italienischen Militärinternierten eröffnete die Möglichkeit, auch die Lebens- und Arbeitsbedingungen der Zwangsarbeiter auf dem Riems näher zu untersuchen. Aus den untersuchten Archivquellen und der Literaturbasis wurden die Verknüpfungen zwischen wirtschaftlichen und wissenschaftlichen Zwängen, zwischen den Machtstrukturen des nationalsozialistischen Regimes und der Leitung des Institutes und letztlich zwischen den Betriebsangehörigen und den Zwangsarbeitern analysiert. Hieraus ergibt sich ein differenziertes Bild der Forschung und des Zwangsarbeitereinsatzes auf der Insel Riems, das auch die Hintergründe ausführlich beleuchtet. Es wird in dieser Arbeit deutlich, inwieweit in dem geschichtlichen Umfeld der Zeit von 1933 bis 1945 medizinische Forschung durch hohes Engagement der führenden Persönlichkeit, durch Integration und Kollaboration mit dem NS-Regime sowie dem Einsatz von Zwangsarbeitern hat überleben können. Diese medizinisch-historische Untersuchung definiert einen wesentlichen Teil der Basis, auf der die aktuelle Forschung beruht.