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Das Pankreaskarzinom hat mit einer durchschnittlichen Lebenserwartung von vier bis sechs Monaten nach der Diagnosestellung und einer 5-Jahres-Überlebensrate von lediglich 6 % eine extrem schlechte Prognose. Neben Umweltfaktoren beeinflussen verschiedene Mutationen (p53, Kras), die die Entstehung und Progression eines Pankreaskarzinoms. Aufgrund der geringen chirurgischen Möglichkeiten konzentriert sich die Behandlung auf chemotherapeutische, radiotherapeutische und alternative Maßnahmen. Einen großen Schwerpunkt in der Karzinombehandlung bildet dabei das Signalnetzwerk der EGF-Rezeptoren, die zelluläre Prozesse, wie Wachstum, Differenzierung, Zellmotilität und das Überleben der Zelle regulieren. Viele Therapeutika gegen das EGFR Signalnetzwerk befinden sich zurzeit in der klinischen Testphase, zeigten jedoch bisher nur marginale Überlebensvorteile für die behandelten Patienten. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, den therapeutischen Nutzen einer Anti-EGFR-Therapie bei der Tumorbehandlung näher zu bestimmen. In Zellkulturanalysen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass auch bei Vorliegen einer Kras-Mutation die Signaltransduktion der EGF-Rezeptoren durch externe Wachstumsfaktoren zusätzlich aktiviert wird und einen Einfluss auf die Zellproliferation und Migration haben kann. In beiden Tiermodellen (p48+/cre; LSL-KrasG12D / p48+/cre; LSL-Trp53R172H/+; LSL-KrasG12D) kommt es zu endogenen pankreasspezifischen Veränderungen, die durch die Kras-Mutation hervorgerufen und durch die zusätzliche p53-Mutation verstärkt wurden. Die Analyse der Histologien zeigte eine Zunahme der Expressionsraten einzelner Rezeptoren und Liganden vom prämalignen Stadium zum Tumorgewebe. Die Expression der Rezeptoren korrelierte mit den Dysplasiegraden der Zellen in den duktalen Läsionen. Dabei wurden die Rezeptoren HER-1 und HER-2 nur zu Beginn der Tumorentstehung exprimiert, die Rezeptoren HER-3 und HER-4 überwiegend im späteren Verlauf der. Zusätzlich konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass einige der Läsionen durch Transdifferenzierung auch aus Inselzellen entstanden sind. Die hier gewonnenen Ergebnisse zeigen die Individualität einzelner Tumore die aus einem Gewebe entstehen und verdeutlichen die Notwendigkeit einer Protein-Expressionsanalyse vor Beginn einer Antitumorbehandlung. Dadurch können Therapeutika gegen das EGFR-System spezifischer eingesetzt, ihre Effizienzen erhöht, Nebenwirkungen reduziert werden und unnötige bzw. wirkungslose Therapien vermieden werden.
The biological decontamination and sterilization is a crucial processing step in producing and reprocessing of medical devices. Since polymer-based materials are increasingly used for the production of medical devices, the application of conventional sterilization processes are restricted to a certain extent. Conventional sterilization techniques on the basis of high temperatures, toxic gases, or ionizing radiation can be detrimental to the functionality and performance of polymeric materials. For this reason, alternative, gentle, and efficient decontamination processes are required. One possible approach is the use of non-thermal physical plasmas. Especially atmospheric pressure plasma is receiving great interest due to the absence of vacuum systems which is highly attractive for the practical applicability. Its mechanisms of action enable the efficient killing and inactivation of micro-organisms which are attributed to the interaction of plasma-generated reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS, RNS) as well as plasma-emitted (V)UV radiation. Owing to the moderate gas temperatures (near or at room temperature) so-called cold plasmas are well-suitable for the treatment of heat-sensitive materials, such as polymers, without affecting their bulk properties. The present work focuses on the investigation of atmospheric pressure plasma processes for the biological decontamination of polymers. The objective is to help elucidate on the one hand the impact of varied plasma process parameters on the inactivation of micro-organisms and on the other hand the influence of plasma on the surface properties of the substrate. The investigations were performed by means of a high-frequency driven plasma jet (from the product line kINPen) operated with argon and argon-oxygen mixtures. Three main aspects were analyzed: 1. The effect of plasma on the viability of micro-organisms dependent on working gas, treatment time, and the sample distance (distance between the jet nozzle and the substrate). 2. The plasma-based removal of microbial biofilms. 3. The effects of the plasma treatment on the surface properties of selected polymers. Additionally to the capability of the applied plasma jet in killing microbes the efficacy of this plasma jet for the removal of complex biological systems (e.g. biofilms) is shown. To model cell constituents of bacteria different synthetic polymers were chosen to gain insight into the decomposition process responsible for biofilm degradation. By investigating the impact of atmospheric pressure plasma on physico-chemical surface properties of various synthetic aliphatic and aromatic polymers the interaction mechanisms between plasma and plasma-exposed material are discussed. These studies are accompanied by applying different optical plasma diagnostic techniques (optical emission spectroscopy and two-photon absorption laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy) to obtain information on the plasma gas phase which contributes to the elucidation of the reaction mechanisms occurring during plasma exposure. Moreover, it is presented to which extent the plasma treatment influences the surface properties of polymers during the plasma-based bio-decontamination process and further, the benefits of surface-functionalized polymers for biomedical application is discussed.
Acute pancreatitis is a common clinical inflammatory disease with variable severity from mild, self-limiting attacks to a severe lethal attack with a high mortality. In most of the cases, acute pancreatitis is either caused by gallstone obstruction or excessive alcohol consumption. Clinical symptoms include elevated levels (minimum 3 times than normal) of pancreatic enzymes such as amylase or lipase in serum. It is generally believed that earliest event in acute pancreatitis occur in acinar cells which includes premature protease activation and cytoplasmic vacuole formation. Premature trypsinogen activation has been considered as chief culprit as it can activate other proteases in a cascade like manner in acinar cells. Trypsin activity takes place in a biphasic curve with elevated levels at 1 h and 8 h in the initial stages up to 24 h in caerulein induced pancreatitis in mice. It has been shown that cytoplasmic vacuoles observed in pancreatitis are of autophagic nature. The role of autophagy for the disease onset and its role in trypsinogen is much of a debate. Hence, we studied the relation between autophagosome formation and trypsinogen activation in first 12h of pancreatitis. Although autophagosomes were found to be co-localised with trypsin in vivo, this was found to be a late event occuring only by 4 h. Substrate specific trypsin activity and western blotting from both sub-cellular fractions over the time course of pancreatitis and multiple fractions prepared from 1 h caerulein induced pancreatic tissue revealed that trypsin activity observed at 1 h occured in a zymogen enriched fraction. In line simultaneous confocal imaging of trypsin activity and autophagosome formation in hyperstimulated acini isolated from GFP-LC3 mice showed that both processes are independent and take place in parallel. Furthermore, protease inhibition by gabexate mesilate did not prevent autophagosome formation indicating that trypsinogen activation is not a prerequisite for vacuole formation. Even though, autophagosomes and active trypsin were found to be co-localised around 30 minutes to some degree upon cholecystokinin hyperstimulation, the earliest trypsin activation started to appear by 15 minutes and was independent of autophagosomes. The earliest active trypsin was found to be co-localised along with the cis-Golgi complex suggesting that the Golgi apparatus and its pre-condensed zymogen granules are the compartment responsible for the trypsinogen activation. 2) Protease activation in pancreatic acinar cells considered as the early hallmark event in the acute pancreatitis. However, the disease is aggravated by the infiltration of the leukocytes. Activated proteases mediate acinar cell injury and hereby cause the release of chemokines, which in turn attract inflammatory cells. Transmigrated inflammatory cells cause systemic damage that deteriorates the condition of the disease. Neutrophil elastase has been reported to be involved in the dissociation of cell-cell contact at adherens junctions by the extracellular cleavage of E-cadherin. This subsequently leads to transmigration of leukocytes into the epithelial tissue during the initial phase of experimental pancreatitis and aggravates the disease condition. On the other hand, pancreatic elastase substantially contributes to acinar cell necrosis. In this study, ZD0892, an orally bioavailable dual inhibitor against both elastases was tested for its efficacy to ameliorate severity in acute pancreatitis. ZD0892 orally fed mice showed increased survival compared to the control group in the taurocholate model of severe pancreatitis. In the initial stages of pancreatitis up to 24 h, the severity markers were found to be significantly lower in the inhibitor treated group. Treatment of mice with ZD0892 did not impede the defensive property of the leukocytes such as phagocytosis or oxidative burst. In caerulein induced pancreatitis, a mild form of acute pancreatitis, in rats, the local damage measured as serum amylase and lipase, wet dry ratio, and pancreatic myeloperoxidase levels were significantly lower in the inhibitor group. Systemic inflammatory parameters such as myeloperoxidase activity in lung was found to be significantly lower in the inhibitor fed rats. Inhibitor feeding resulted in lesser elastolytic activity compared to control group indicating that extracellular matrix was less damaged. Prophylactic treatment of pancreatitis with an orally available inhibitor with a dual specificity against pancreatic elastase and PMN-elastase was shown to ameliorate both local and systemic damage. Hence, in overall, ZD0892 treatment is proved to be beneficial to the mice and rats in experimental pancreatitis and should be considered for treatment in humans as the substance has been already studied in phase I and II trails for other indications.
Die Pflanze Pittosporum angustifolium („GymbiGymbi“) wird von der indigenen Bevölkerung Australiens für verschiedene medizinische Indikationen verwendet. Anwendungsbeobachtungen und erste zellbiologische Untersuchungen geben Hinweise auf den potentiellen Nutzen dieser Pflanze für die Therapie maligner Neoplasien. Ziele dieser Arbeit: Erkenntnisse zu den zellbiologischen Interaktionen zwischen Pittosporum angustifolium und der Tumorzelllinie (U-5637). Material: vier alkoholische, ein wässriger und ein mit Amylase behandelter Extrakt, außerdem sieben isolierte Reinsubstanzen. Methoden: Neutralrottest, Durchflusszytometrie. Wichtige Ergebnisse: Neutralrottest: IC50-Werte zwischen 10 µg/ml (Hydrolysat des Aq.EtOH-Extraktes ) und 66 µg/ml (Amylase-Extrakt). Substanz 4 mit IC50 : 4 µg/ml, Substanz 6 mit IC501 µg/ml. Durchflusszytometrie: Keine Zellphasenarretierung durch die Extrakte. Als Wirkmechanismus zeigten sich sowohl Apoptose- als auch Nekroseinduktion sowohl durch die Extrakte als auch durch Substanz 4 [12 µg/ml] und Substanz 6 [1 µg/ml].
In der Arbeit wird die Synthese und Charakterisierung von trans-Platin(IV)-Diaziden beschrieben. Es wird gezeigt, dass sie durch die Verwendung von UV- und Weißlicht photoaktiviert werden können, wobei Photoreduktionen, Photosubstitutionen oder Photoisomerisierungen auftreten können. Ähnlich wie der bekannte Antitumorwirkstoff Cisplatin, sind die Verbindungen in der Lage irreversiblel an DNA zu binden. In Zellversuchen konnte zusätzlich eine antiproliferierende Aktivität festgestellt werden, wenn mit Licht bestrahlt wurde. Im Dunkeln zeigten die Verbindungen keine Wirkung. Durch Zellzyklusanalysen und der Beobachtung von morphologischen Veränderung nach der Behandlung mit Platin(IV)-Diaziden kann jedoch auf einen zu Cisplatin unterschiedlichen Wirkmechanismus geschlossen werden.