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Aktive Immunisierung mit GD2-Peptidmimotopen und anti-Idiotypen zur Immuntherapie beim Neuroblastom
(2013)
Das Neuroblastom ist der hĂ€ufigste solide, extrakranielle Tumor des Kindesalters. Die schlechte Prognose von Patienten mit fortgeschrittener Erkrankung macht die Entwicklung neuer TherapiemodalitĂ€ten zu einem der wichtigsten Forschungsziele auf dem Gebiet der pĂ€diatrischen Onkologie. Durch die passive Immuntherapie mit Antikörpern gegen das Glykolipidantigen Disialogangliosid GD2, welches von Neuroblastomen hoch exprimiert wird, konnte die Ăberlebensrate von Hochrisiko-Neuroblastompatienten zuletzt deutlich verbessert werden. Dennoch ist die passive Immuntherapie mit Nachteilen verbunden: Das Ausbleiben einer langfristigen ImmunitĂ€t erfordert repetitive Antikörpergaben mit akuten antikörperbezogenen Nebenwirkungen und dem Risiko, eine humorale Immunreaktion gegen den applizierten Antikörper zu entwickeln. Eine aktive GD2-gerichtete Immunisierung erscheint daher vorteilhaft. Die schwache ImmunogenitĂ€t des Glykolipids ist hierbei ein wesentliches Hindernis bei der Induktion einer effektiven GD2-gerichteten ImmunitĂ€t. Dieses Problem kann durch die Verwendung von Proteinantigenen wie GD2-Peptidmimotopen oder anti-Idiotyp-Antikörpern umgangen werden. ZunĂ€chst beschreibt diese Arbeit die Charakterisierung von zwei GD2-Peptidmimotopen (âMAâ und âMDâ), welche durch Screening von Phagenbibliotheken identifiziert wurden, sowie den Nachweis der erfolgreichen Induktion einer neuroblastomspezifischen ImmunitĂ€t im syngenen Mausmodell. In einem zweiten Schritt wurden die Peptidmimotope durch Austausch einzelner AminosĂ€uren in ihrer AffinitĂ€t zu GD2-Antikörpern optimiert und das so geschaffene neue Peptidmimotop (âC3â) im Hinblick auf die Induktion einer humoralen GD2-spezifischen ImmunitĂ€t erfolgreich im Mausmodell getestet. Zudem gelang es, einen neuen monoklonalen GD2-anti-Idiotyp-Antikörper (âGanglidiomabâ) zu erzeugen. Ganglidiomab weist typische Eigenschaften eines anti-Idiotypen wie die kompetitive Inhibition der Bindung von GD2 an GD2-Antikörper auf und erwies sich im Mausmodell als wirksam bei der Induktion einer GD2-spezifischen humoralen Immunantwort. Das optimierte GD2-Peptidmimotop C3 und der neue monoklonale GD2-Anti-Idiotyp Ganglidiomab bilden somit eine Basis zur weiteren Entwicklung einer wirksamen und sicheren Vakzine zur Behandlung von Hochrisiko-Neuroblastompatienten.
Viele hĂ€matologische Neoplasien treten vornehmlich in einem Lebensalter deutlich jenseits des 50. Lebensjahres auf. Gleichzeitig sind viele dieser Erkrankungen derzeit nur durch eine allogene Stammzelltransplantation mit kurativem Ansatz behandelbar. Durch die EinfĂŒhrung von intensitĂ€tsreduzierten Konditionierungen und der Verbesserung der supportiven Therapie, besonders der antibiotischen und immunsuppressiven Behandlung, wird diese Behandlungsoption fĂŒr Ă€ltere Patienten zunehmend eingesetzt. Im Zeitraum von 1999 und 2011 wurden an der Klinik fĂŒr Innere Medizin C der UniversitĂ€tsmedizin Greifswald 91 allogene Stammzelltransplantationen an 86 Patienten durchgefĂŒhrt, die zum Zeitpunkt der Transplantation 55 Jahre oder Ă€lter waren. 85 Patienten bzw. 90 Transplantationen konnten in die Auswertung eingehen. Das mediane Alter lag bei 61 Lebensjahren. Die nach Sorror et al eingestufte KomorbiditĂ€t erbrachte einen medianen Wert von 3, wobei 50,6% einen Wert von 3 oder höher aufwiesen und damit in die Hochrisikogruppe einzuordnen waren. Das Spektrum der Grunderkrankungen war, einem unselektierten Patientengut entsprechend, heterogen. In 91,1% wurden im Rahmen des Engraftments Leukozyten ĂŒber 1 Gpt/l und Thrombozyten ĂŒber 20 Gpt/l erreicht. Eine akute GvHD wurde in einem Drittel der FĂ€lle beobachtet, und zwar in 27,8% nach der Transplantation und 5,6% nach einer DLI-Gabe. Eine chronische GvHD lieĂ sich in 21,1% der FĂ€lle diagnostizieren, wobei mehr als die HĂ€lfte im Stadium der Limited Disease blieben. Im Beobachtungszeitraum sind 58 Patienten [68,2%] verstorben. 26 dieser Patienten [44,8% der TodesfĂ€lle] verstarben aufgrund der Wiederkehr oder Progression der malignen Grunderkrankung. 32 TodesfĂ€lle [55,2% der TodesfĂ€lle] ereigneten sich in einem erkrankungsfreien Intervall [NRM]. Die Analyse der erhobenen Daten zeigte, dass eine genaue Erhebung des Sorror-Scores ĂŒber einen Wert von 3 hinaus sinnvoll ist, da auch in diesen Bereichen statistisch signifikante Unterschiede bei GesamtĂŒberleben und erkrankungs- bzw. progressionsfreiem Ăberleben zu erhalten sind. Auch bei einem Punktewert von ĂŒber 3 hinaus sank das GesamtĂŒberleben und das erkrankungs- bzw. progressionsfreie Ăberleben statistisch signifikant mit ansteigendem KomorbiditĂ€ts-Score. DarĂŒber hinaus konnte ein signifikant lĂ€ngeres Gesamt- und erkrankungs- bzw. progressionsfreies Ăberleben in Verbindung mit einer chronischen GvHD gezeigt werden. Dies belegt eindrucksvoll die Rolle eines Graft-versus-tumor-Effektes in der Kontrolle der Grunderkrankung. Die Daten zeigen, dass die allogene Stammzelltransplantation fĂŒr Ă€ltere Patienten einsetzbar ist.
Der Schlaganfall ist nach Herz- und Krebsleiden die dritthĂ€ufigste Todesursache in den westlichen IndustrielĂ€ndern und einer der HauptgrĂŒnde fĂŒr eine permanente Behinderung. Ein entscheidender Faktor in der Therapie des akuten ischĂ€mischen Schlaganfalls ist die Rekanalisation des GefĂ€Ăverschlusses. EndovaskulĂ€re Therapieverfahren, sowohl medikamentöse als auch mechanische, spielen eine immer bedeutendere Rolle. Es gibt keinen Konsens darĂŒber, ob fĂŒr solche Intervention eine Intubationsnarkose (ITN) notwendig ist oder eine lokale AnĂ€sthesie (LA) im Zugangsbereich erfolgen sollte. Ziel der Studie war es, die DurchfĂŒhrbarkeit der lokalen Schlaganfalltherapie unter lokaler AnĂ€sthesie zu evaluieren. Ăber einen Zeitraum von fĂŒnf Jahren wurden 131 Patienten mit einem akut ischĂ€mischen Schlaganfall eingeschlossen. Die endovaskulĂ€re Therapie erfolgte als lokale intraarterielle Thrombolyse, als primĂ€re mechanische Rekanalisation oder als Kombinationstherapie. Die systematische Auswertung erfolgte retrospektiv hinsichtlich Rekanalisationsrate, primĂ€rem anĂ€sthesiologischem Vorgehen, Konversion von lokaler AnĂ€sthesie zu Intubationsnarkose, neurologischem Outcome sowie postinterventionellen Komplikationen. Von den 124 Patienten (mittleres Alter 68,8 ± 14,6) waren 65 weiblich (52,4 %) und 59 (47,6 %) mĂ€nnlich. Der Verschluss lag bei 94 Patienten (75,8 %) im vorderen, bei 30 Patienten (24,4 %) im hinteren Stromgebiet. 105 Patienten (84,7 %) wurden in lokaler AnĂ€sthesie, 16 Patienten (12,9 %) primĂ€r in ITN behandelt. In 3 FĂ€llen (2,4 %) erfolgte eine Konversion von LA in ITN. Eine primĂ€re Lyse bzw. mechanische Rekanalisation erfolgte bei 60 (48,4 %) bzw. 27 (21,8 %) Patienten, in 37 FĂ€llen (29,8 %) erfolgte eine Kombination beider Verfahren. Zwischen der LA- und ITN-Gruppe bestand weder hinsichtlich Rekanalisationsrate noch peri- oder postinterventionellen Komplikationen ein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied. Das finale Infarktvolumen war bei Behandlung in LokalanĂ€sthesie signifikant kleiner (p = 0.024). Lokal rekanalisierende Verfahren in der Therapie des akut ischĂ€mischen Schlaganfalls sind unter lokaler AnĂ€sthesie und bedarfsweiser Analgosedierung mit niedrigem Risikoprofil möglich und scheinen zu einem geringeren Infarktvolumen und besserem klinischen und radiologischem Outcome zu fĂŒhren.
Analyse der Hygienekosten in einer Zahnklinik am Beispiel der AOK Rheinland/Hamburg in DĂŒsseldorf
(2013)
Die Umsetzung gesetzlicher Anforderungen sowie der Richtlinien des RKI und des DAHZ tragen wesentlich zur Erhaltung der Hygiene in der zahnĂ€rztlichen Praxis bei. Das erhöht die QualitĂ€t der zahnĂ€rztlichen Behandlung und minimiert die Risiken, die hygienebedingt die Gesundheit des behandelnden zahnĂ€rztlichen Teams und des Patienten gefĂ€hrden können. Andererseits stellt ein kontinuierliches Schritthalten mit den technologischen Fortschritten und Vorgaben der HygienemaĂnahmen ein betriebswirtschaftliches Thema fĂŒr die Zahnarztpraxis dar, weil zwischen der QualitĂ€t der Leistungen einer Zahnarztpraxis und den Aufwendungen zur GewĂ€hrleistung der QualitĂ€t eine ökonomisch vertretbare Relation bestehen muss, wenn die Zahnarztpraxis langfristig erhalten bleiben soll. Die Analyse der Hygienekosten der Zahnklinik der AOK im Jahr 2010 zeigte, dass die wesentlichen angefallenen Kosten fĂŒr die Unterbindung der Infektionsverbreitung auf den Wegen aufgewendet worden sind, die in dieser Arbeit unter Hygienesachkosten zusammengefasst wurden. Sie ergaben in der Summe 66.721,22 âŹ. GemÀà der Analysenergebnisse stellen die Kostenarten Personalkosten (PK) und Medizinprodukte (G1) die zwei wesentlichen Anteile der Kosten der Zahnklinik der AOK mit einem Anteil von ca. 72 % Kosten dar (entsprach 92.061,07 âŹ). Die Verwendungszwecke der Personalkosten umfassen arbeitsmedizinische Untersuchungen, Schutzimpfungen, Reinigungskraft und Sterilisationsdienst, wobei Schutzimpfungen den niedrigsten und der Sterilisationsdienst den höchsten Kostenanteil verursachten. Die ĂŒbrigen Kosten verteilten sich wie folgt: Berufs- und Schutzkleidung 14.892,00 âŹ, Antiseptika 1.216,18 âŹ, Zertifizierung und QualitĂ€tsmanagement 7.667,00 âŹ, GerĂ€te 12.411,74 âŹ. Damit ergibt sich ein Gesamtbetrag fĂŒr die Hygienekosten fĂŒr das Jahr 2010 von 128.247,99 âŹ. Eine Prognose der Hygienekosten auf Grund der Kostenerfassung fĂŒr vier Quartale eines Jahres ist nicht möglich, da dieses Vorgehen unrealistische Ergebnisse liefert. Es wird daher empfohlen, fĂŒr eine Prognose die Daten von mindestens drei aufeinander folgenden Jahren zu verwenden.
Sowohl Kaubewegungen als auch deren Kaumuster erweisen sich als sehr komplexe und variantenreiche VorgĂ€nge, welche durch zahlreiche Faktoren beeinflusst werden können. Bei 271 vollbezahnten Probanden, davon 109 mĂ€nnliche und 162 weibliche, aus der bevölkerungsreprĂ€sentativen Basisstudie SHIP-0 wurden die Kaubewegungen mit dem Jaw Motion Analyser (JMA) der Firma Zebris Medical (D-Isny) aufgezeichnet. Als viskoelastisches Kaugut wurde jeweils ein GummibĂ€rchen der Firma Haribo (D-Bonn) verwendet. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigen keine eindeutigen Unterschiede der VariabilitĂ€t der Ăffnungs- und SchlieĂbewegungen des Inzisalpunktes in okklusaler NĂ€he in Bezug auf Geschlecht, Alter, bevorzugter Kauseite oder Dysfunktionsgrad. Lediglich die SchlieĂbewegungen weisen eine tendenzielle Abnahme der VariabilitĂ€t bei steigendem Dysfunktionsgrad auf. Wie auch bei den Kaubewegungen besteht bei den Kaumusterfeldverteilungen eine hohe Ăhnlichkeit zwischen angewiesenem Rechts- und Linkskauen. Die Auswertung zeigt, dass weder die Bevorzugung einer Kauseite noch das Geschlecht einen erkennbaren Einfluss haben. In AbhĂ€ngigkeit vom Alter hingegen nimmt tendenziell mit steigendem Alter die relative Anzahl der FĂ€lle mit zahngefĂŒhrten Anteilen (KMF A) zu. Die Auswertung der Kaumusterfeldverteilung nach allgemeinen Dysfunktionsgraden lĂ€sst keine eindeutige Zuordnung einzelner Kaumusterfelder (KMF) zu. Das tropfenförmige KMF C tritt bei allen Schweregraden verhĂ€ltnismĂ€Ăig am hĂ€ufigsten auf. Lediglich im konkreten Fall der Gelenkdysfunktion lieĂ sich fĂŒr beide angewiesenen Kauseiten eine charakteristische Zunahme der prozentualen Anzahl der FĂ€lle mit Dysfunktionen im KMF D feststellen. Im Einzelfall hat eine Kaumusterklassifizierung somit keine gesicherte Aussagekraft ĂŒber das Vorhandensein oder gar die Art einer Dysfunktion.
Genomics is the field of modern biology that studies the genome as the sum of all genes of a given organism. Genomics includes the analysis of genomic variations in order to identify genetic susceptibility loci for various human diseases. Besides genomics, there are related fields summarized by the term "Omics" such as transcriptomics and proteomics, studying the sum of all transcripts and proteins in a defined biological system, respectively. Genetic variants, namely single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and copy number variations (CNVs) are used to identify genomic loci associated with human traits and diseases. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) based on SNP data have been performed for a wide range of human traits and diseases. In the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP) and the independent SHIP-TREND study, whole-genome genotyping data were available for 4081 and 986 individuals, respectively. In contrast to the widely used GWAS based on SNPs, association studies using CNV data are difficult to implement and thus less common. Therefore, one aim of this work was to detect CNVs using the whole-genome genotyping data available for 4081 individuals from SHIP. Another aim was to develop an efficient workflow for the analysis of these CNVs. As most common genetic variants exhibit only relatively small effects on phenotypic variability, large sample sizes are needed to maximize the statistical power to detect such effects. Therefore, the integration of data from multiple collaborating studies is indispensable. In this context, several CNV studies with the SHIP data have been performed and published, for example on body mass index (BMI) phenotypes where the SHIP cohort was used as a population-based control. Trait-associated genetic markers identified through GWASs are often intergenic or synonymous coding, and those loci identified through whole-genome CNV analyses often contain multiple genes, making it difficult to identify the causal variants. In this context, the functional analysis of identified loci aids in determining causal variant(s). One possibility to conduct functional analysis is the expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis, defined as the association of genome-wide genotyping data with genome-wide gene expression data based on measured transcriptomes. This allows the identification of genetic variants influencing the expression levels of defined genes. A further example are transcriptome-wide association analysis (TWAS), defined as the association of phenotype data with whole-genome expression data. Thus, another aim of this work was to establish an analysis pipeline for processing such expression data, which were available for about 1000 individuals from the SHIP-TREND study. Here, array-based gene expression data were generated using RNA prepared from whole-blood. Interpretation of TWAS results is often difficult, because of possible reverse causation on gene expression data. Furthermore, technical errors of measurement may bias the results. In a comprehensive work, biological and technical factors influencing measured gene expression data have been identified and were subsequently taken into account to improve the association analyses. To further elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the relationship of gene expression levels with human traits or diseases, pathway analyses using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) tool have been performed in connection with the TWAS. As for GWASs, the associations identified in TWAS usually exhibit only small effect sizes, highlighting the need for larger studies or meta-analysis to identify all susceptibility variants. In this context several eQTL- and TWAS meta-analyses using the SHIP-TREND data have been performed, for example on the phenotypes age, sex, BMI, smoking status and serum lipid traits. The results of these analyses are in preparation for publication and the most advanced example, the correlation of expression data with BMI, is presented here. The integration of whole-genome genotyping and expression data provides new functional information of the underlying biological mechanisms of complex human traits and diseases. Within the frame of this work, this could be demonstrated for the example of susceptibility to Helicobacter pylori infection.
Betrachtet werden Optimalsteuerungsaufgaben der dreidimensionalen Fischpopulationsmodelle. Solche Modelle gehören zu der Klasse der sogenannten Lotka-Volterra-Modelle. Fischerei-Probleme mit Steuerungen werden fĂŒr Steuerungsfunktionen verschiedener Klassen gelöst. Der Schwerpunkt der Arbeit liegt auf den notwendigen OptimalitĂ€tsbedingungen, die mit Hilfe des Bellman-Prinzips hergeleitet werden.
The focus of the first two articles was the engineering and application of enzymes for the conversion of the bio-based resources glycerol and its oxidation product glyceraldehyde for the production of the value added product glyceric acid. Article III focuses on the cloning, exploration and engineering of a polyol dehydrogenase, which later on was used as cofactor recycling system in order to produce Δ-caprolactone from cyclohexanol as presented in arti-cle IV. The following paragraphs will give a short outline of each article. ARTICLE I: ASYMMETRIC SYNTHESIS OF D-GLYCERIC ACID BY AN ALDITOL OXIDASE AND DIRECTED EVOLUTION FOR ENHANCED OXIDATIVE ACTIVITY TOWARDS GLYCEROL. GERSTENBRUCH, S., WULF, H., MUĂMANN, N., OâCONNELL, T., MAURER, K.-H. & BORNSCHEUER, U. T. (2012). Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 96, 1243-1252. The alditol oxidase of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) (AldO) was used to catalyze the oxida-tion of glycerol to glyceraldehyde and glyceric acid. The enantioselectivity for the FAD-de-pendent glycerol oxidation was elucidated and different strategies were used to enhance the substrate specificity towards glycerol. Directed evolution by error-prone PCR led to an AldO double mutant with 1.5-fold improved activity for glycerol. Further improvement of activity was achieved by combination of mutations, leading to a quadruple mutant with 2.4-fold higher specific activity towards glycerol compared to the wild-type enzyme. In small-scale biotransformation concentrations up to 2.0 gâąl-1 D-glyceric acid could be reached using whole cells. InvestiÂŹgation of the effects of the introduced mutations led to a further identification of esÂŹsential amino acids with respect to enzyme functionality and structural stability. ARTICLE II: KINETIC RESOLUTION OF GLYCERALDEHYDE USING AN ALDEHYDE DEHYDROGENASE FROM DEINOCOCCUS GEOTHERMALIS DSM 11300 COMBINED WITH ELECTROCHEMICAL COFACTOR RECYCLING. WULF, H., PERZBORN, M., SIEVERS, G., SCHOLZ, F. & BORNSCHEUER, U. T. (2012). J. Mol. Catal. B Enzym. 74, 144-150. Two aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDH) from Escherichia coli BL21 and Deinococcus geother-malis were cloned, characterized and evaluated according to their applicability for a bio-catalysis setup with electrolytic cofactor recycling. Both ALDHs turned out to have a simÂŹilar substrate scope and favor short to medium chain aldehydes and both oxidize glyceraldeÂŹhyde to D-glyceric acid. The ALDH variant of D. geothermalis shows higher specific activity towards glyceraldehyde and has an elevated optimum temperature compared to the BL21 enzyme. Due to the higher specific activity of the ALDH of D. geothermalis, this enzyme was used to conduct a kinetic resolution of glyceraldehyde with electrolytic NAD+ recycling at a glassy carbon foam electrode with ABTS as redox mediator yielding in 1.8 gâąl-1 glyceric acid. ARTICLE III: PROTEIN ENGINEERING OF A THERMOSTABLE POLYOL DEHYDROGENASE. WULF, H.*, MALLIN, H.*, BORNSCHEUER U.T. (2012). Enzyme Microb. Technol. 51, 217-224 (*equally contributed). The new enzyme polyol dehydrogenase PDH-11300 from D. geothermalis was extensively characterized regarding its temperature optimum and thermostability. A peptide stretch responsible for substrate recognition from the PDH-11300 was substituted by this particular stretch of a homolog enzyme, the galactitol dehydrogenase from Rhodobacter sphaeroides (PDH-158), resulting in a chimeric enzyme (PDH-loop). The substrate scopes were deter-mined and basically the chimeric enzyme represented the average of both wild-type en-zymes. A rather unexpected finding was the notably increased T5060, by 7°C to 55.3°C, and an increased specific activity against cyclohexanol. Finally, the cofactor specificity was sucÂŹcess-fully altered from NADH to NADPH by an Asp55Asn mutation, which is located at the NAD+ binding cleft, without influencing the catalytic properties of the dehydrogenase. ARTICLE IV: A SELF-SUFFICIENT BAEYER-VILLIGER BIOCATALYSIS SYSTEM FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF Ɛ-CAPROLACTONE FROM CYCLOHEXANOL. MALLIN, H. *, WULF, H. *, BORNSCHEUER U.T. (2013). Enzyme Microb. Technol., online, DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2013.01.007 (*equally contributed). The application of the engineered PDH-loopN mutant [1] (Article III) for the production of Δ-caprolactone from cyclohexanol was investigated in a co-immobilization approach with the cyclohexanone monooxygenase from Acinetobacter calcoaceticus. Biotransformation with solubilized enzymes led to an isolated yield of 55% pure Δ-caprolactone with no residual cy-clohexanol to be detected. During the immobilization experiments a higher enzyme ratio in favor of the CHMO led to higher reaction velocities. Similarly, the addition of soluble fresh CHMO during reuse of co-immobilization batches significantly increased the activity identi-fying the CHMO as the bottleneck in this reaction setup.
Metabolomics is the scientific study of metabolites of an organism, cell, or tissue. Metabolomics makes use of different analytical approaches. In this thesis, an analytical platform consisting of proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS, EI/quadrupol) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS, ESI/TOF) was used for metabolite analysis. Due to the high physicochemical diversity of metabolites, the usage of different analytics is profitable. Focusing on metabolome analysis of microorganisms, the development of viable protocols was prerequisite. To ensure metabolome samples of best possible quality, particularly the sampling procedure has to be optimized for each microorganism to be analyzed individually. In microbial metabolomics, the energy charge value is a commonly used parameter to assure high sample quality (Atkinson 1968). The pathogenic bacterium Staphylococcus aureus and the biotechnical relevant bacterium Bacillus subtilis were main target of research. The sampling protocol development âA protocol for the investigation of the intracellular Staphylococcus aureus metabolomeâ (Meyer et al. 2010) and âMethodological approaches to help unravel the intracellular metabolome of Bacillus subtilisâs (Meyer et al. 2013) confirmed the need for development and verification of viable protocols. It was observed, that minor differences in the sampling procedure can cause major differences in sample quality. Using the validated analytical platform and the optimized protocols, we were able to investigate the metabolome of S. aureus and B. subtilis under different conditions. Investigations of the pathogenic bacterium S. aureus are of major interest due to its increasing resistance to antibiotics. Methicillin (multi)-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains are responsible for several difficult-to-treat infections. The cell wall of bacteria is the target of an array of antibiotics, like the beta-lactam antibiotics. Our study âA metabolomic view of Staphylococcus aureus and Its Ser/Thr kinase and phosphatase deletion mutants: Involvement in cell wall biosynthesisâ (Liebeke et al. 2010) revealed the influence of the serine-threonine kinase on cell wall biosynthesis of S. aureus. LC-MS based metabolome data uncovered prevalent wall teichoic acid precursors in the serine-threonine kinase deletion mutant (ÎpknB), and predominantly peptidoglycan precursors in the phosphatase deletion mutant (Îstp), compared to the S. aureus wild type strain 8325. This uncovered a so far undescribed importance of the serine-threonine kinase on the cell wall metabolism and provides new insights into its regulation. The nasopharynx and the human skin are often the ecological niche of S. aureus. Furthermore, S. aureus exists outside its host, for example on catheters. Depending on its niche, S. aureus is exposed to several stress factors and limitation conditions, such as carbon source limitation and starvation. To cope with the latter, a number of regulatory cellular processes take place. In âLife and death of proteins: a case study of glucose-starved Staphylococcus aureusâ (Michalik et al. 2012) protein degradation during glucose starvation was monitored. An intriguing observation was that proteins involved in branch chain amino acid biosynthesis and purine nucleotide biosynthesis were distinctly down-regulated in the clpP mutant. This lead to the assumption of a stronger repression of CodY-dependent genes in the clpP mutant. Intracellular metabolome data revealed higher GTP concentrations in the clpP mutant. This may explain the higher CodY activity and thereby stronger repression of CodY-dependent genes in the clpP mutant. Since different S. aureus strains are known to colonize different niches, global carbon source (glucose, glucose 6-phosphate, glycerol, lactate, lactose and a mixture of all) and carbon source limitation dependent exo-metabolome analyses were performed using three different S. aureus strains (HG001: laboratory strain, EN493: human endocarditis isolate and RF122: bovine mastitis strain). The most apparent observation was that RF122 can utilize lactose best, while EN493 and HG001 are better at utilizing glucose-6-phosphate compared to the bovine RF122 strain. Bacillus subtilis is an extensively studied Gram-positive and non-pathogenic bacterium. In the functional genomics approach âSystem-wide temporal proteomics profiling in glucose-starved Bacillus subtilisâ (Otto et al. 2010) growth phase dependent changes in the proteome, transcriptome and extracellular metabolome were monitored. By mass spectrometric analysis of five different cellular subfractions, ~ 52% of the predicted proteins could be identified. To confirm and complete the proteomic data transcriptome and extracellular metabolome analyses were performed. The extracellular metabolome data ensured that cells were glucose-starved and revealed growth phase dependent metabolic footprints. In âA time resolved metabolomics study: The influence of different carbon sources during growth and starvation of Bacillus subtilisâ ((Meyer et al. 2013) submitted) four different compounded cultivation media were investigated as only glucose, glucose and malate, glucose and fumarate and glucose and citrate as carbon source. It could be shown, that B. subtilis is able to maintain an intracellular metabolite homeostasis independent of the available carbon source. On the other hand, in the exo-metabolome, carbon source as well as growth phase dependent differences were detected. Furthermore, in this study the influence of ATP and GTP on the activation of the alternative RNA polymerase sigma factor B (ÏB) was discussed. The concentration of ATP and GTP decreased for all conditions, as cells entered the stationary growth phase. While cell growth on solely glucose and during growth on glucose and additional malate, the ATP and GTP concentrations increased slightly when the consumption of the second carbon source was initiated. Only under these conditions, a considerable ÏB activity increase during the transition from exponential to stationary growth phase was observed. Furthermore, the developed sampling protocol for metabolome analysis of B. subtilis enabled us to be part of a âmulti omicsâ system biological approach to study the physiological adjustment of B. subtilis to cope with osmotic stress under chemostat conditions.
This thesis aims at improving the current representation of adaptation in economic frameworks of climate change by a) accounting for the time-dependent evolution of the adaptive capacities of countries and b) quantifying unwelcome feedbacks of the adaptation process. In this context, it is proposed that economic assessments of climate change incorporate adaptation as a cyclic and phase-dependent process while devising their cost methodologies. A phase-dependent process acknowledges the existence of adaptation barriers while a cyclic process accounts for potential unwanted feedbacks of adaptation. By analyzing economic assessments against this framework, it is shown that dependencies between phases of adaptation and phases altogether are often disregarded. Furthermore, potential negative consequences associated with adaptation are rarely considered and adaptation is generally assumed to be unconstrained. The assumption of unconstrained adaptation is only acceptable in the context of high adaptive capacity. This concept was further investigated through a review of vulnerability assessments regarding their operation of the adaptive capacity component. It was found that adaptive capacity is mostly equated to proxies that reflect the knowledge, financial and livelihood capacities of the system under analysis. With this theoretical considerations in mind, a dynamic representation of adaptive capacity was elaborated at a country-level. The Human Development Index (HDI) was used as a proxy of the adaptive capacity of countries and its evolution in time extrapolated. The time required for countries to achieve developed world standards of human development was then estimated. The results indicate that between 2005 and 2020, half of the world population will live in countries with low adaptive capacity. This percentage is then progressively reduced to 15% in the year 2050, with marked regional differences. The time required for a country to achieve an appropriate level of development sets a clear constraint on when, and to what extent, the country can engage on climate change adaptation. This does not imply that adaptation will not take place before development occurs. Rather, it calls for adaptation options to be tailored in order to t the current and future adaptive capacities of countries. Obtaining higher levels of adaptive capacity is likely to be associated with negative consequences for the climatic system. The statistical relation between HDI and per-capita emissions of countries was established and future projections made. Between 2010 and 2050 approx. 300 Gt of CO2 are estimated to be associated with the increase of adaptive capacities of current developing countries. This value represents about 30% of the allowed CO2-budgets to restrict global temperatures to an increase of 2 degrees by 2100 compared to pre-industrial times - conditional to a 25% risk of failing to meet the target. For the case of sea-level rise, the modelling framework DIVA (Dynamic Interactive Vulnerability Assessment) was used in order to illustrate the drawbacks of a simplistic representation of adaptation. The results show that adaptation via the construction of protective infrastructure might be economically feasible for particular countries. For others, modeled results fail to provide a clear choice between adaptation or inaction. The assumption of unconstrained adaptation resulted in the valuation of costly protection options whose financial and knowledge requirements can be at odds with the capacities of some coastal countries - namely developing countries. Further, infrastructural protection as adaptive measure to prevent coastal damages can have the counter-productive effect of raising the amount and value of assets at risk. This is a direct result of DIVA disregarding the potential unwelcome feedbacks of adaptation itself. In conclusion, the full potential of economic assessments of climate adaptation is likely to remain unlocked as long as adaptation continues to be misrepresented. The methodologies discussed in this work provide a way forward to alleviate this deficiency in forthcoming assessments. For the case of sea-level rise, the modeling framework DIVA (Dynamic Interactive Vulnerability Assessment) was used in order to illustrate the drawbacks of a simplistic representation of adaptation. The results show that adaptation via the construction of protective infrastructure might be economically feasible for particular countries. For others, modeled results fail to provide a clear choice between adaptation or inaction. The assumption of unconstrained adaptation resulted in the valuation of costly protection options whose financial and knowledge requirements can be at odds with the capacities of some coastal countries - namely developing countries. Further, infrastructural protection as adaptive measure to prevent coastal damages can have the counter-productive effect of raising the amount and value of assets at risk. This is a direct result of DIVA disregarding the potential unwelcome feedbacks of adaptation itself. In conclusion, the full potential of economic assessments of climate adaptation is likely to remain unlocked as long as adaptation continues to be misrepresented. The methodologies discussed in this work provide a way forward to alleviate this deficiency in forthcoming assessments.