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Nano-size silver and copper clusters were produced with a DC magnetron-based gas aggregation source. The typical mass of the studied clusters was in the range of 10000 atoms for copper clusters, and in the range of 1000 atoms for silver clusters. The processes of cluster formation, cluster charging and cluster flow were investigated. Technique for measurement of cluster ion velocity distribution functions was developed and applied. Influence of the magnetron target erosion on the mass spectra was systematically investigated and quantitatively characterized. Results of the present work include an experimental and theoretical investigation of the effects, which are of great importance for the production of cluster beams with the desired properties.
Until now proximal caries is still a significant problem in the clinical dentistry in spite of the caries decline recently. As resin infiltration offers a new micro-invasive treatment to arrest the progression of proximal initial carious lesions, this study aimed to evaluate its clinical applicability, safety and effect. In the study population of 50 children, adolescents and young adults (mean age 17.9 years ± 6.8), ten dentists at University of Greifswald applied the infiltration material ICON® (DMG, Germany) on non-cavitated proximal lesions in permanent and primary teeth as described in the manual instructions from the producer. The results showed good patient satisfaction with the procedure. The time for the infiltration (24.3 min ± 7.4), which included rubber dam application (7.7 min ± 4), and the effort were perceived as comparable to a composite filling by the dentist or as even easier. In three patients (6%), it was not possible to gain sufficient proximal space for the application of an infiltration. The location of the infiltrated tooth, separation problems as well as the routine of the dentists with the infiltration technique had an effect on the duration of the infiltration. A clear learning curve with a reduction of treatment time for subsequent treatments was observed (P < 0.001). Within the follow-up interval of 12 months, vitality of all infiltrated teeth was still positive and no relevant differences in plaque accumulation or gingival status were recorded. In addition, the infiltrated surfaces showed smooth margins and considerable decrease in the discoloration. In the radiographic evaluation after one year, only two lesions (4.7%) have progressed. Thus, caries infiltration is an applicable method for the treatment of initial non-cavitated proximal lesions without prior temporary tooth separation. Even without special training it can be applied easily by dentist and they experience a clear learning curve within the first 5-10 applications. In addition, the infiltration technique shows a high acceptance by the patients. Furthermore, caries infiltration lead to very good results regarding safety and preventing the lesion progression of non-cavitated proximal caries lesions located in the enamel or in the outer third of dentin.
The confinement of energy has always been a challenge in magnetic confinement fusion devices. Due to their toroidal shape there exist regions of high and low magnetic field, so that the particles are divided into two classes - trapped ones that are periodically reflected in regions of high magnetic field with a characteristic frequency, and passing particles, whose parallel velocity is high enough that they largely follow a magnetic field line around the torus without being reflected. The radial drift that a particle experiences due to the field inhomogeneity depends strongly on its position, and the net drift therefore depends on the path taken by the particle. While the radial drift is close to zero for passing particles, trapped particles experience a finite radial net drift and are therefore lost in classical stellarators. These losses are described by the so-called neoclassical transport theory. Recent optimised stellarator geometries, however, in which the trapped particles precess around the torus poloidally and do not experience any net drift, promise to reduce the neoclassical transport down to the level of tokamaks. In these optimised stellarators, the neoclassical transport becomes small enough so that turbulent transport may limit the confinement instead. The turbulence is driven by small-scale-instabilities, which tap the free energy of density or temperature gradients in the plasma. Some of these instabilities are driven by the trapped particles and therefore depend strongly on the magnetic geometry, so the question arises how the optimisation affects the stability. In this thesis, collisionless electrostatic microinstabilities are studied both analytically and numerically. Magnetic configurations where the action integral of trapped-particle bounce motion, J, only depends on the radial position in the plasma and where its maximum is in the plasma centre, so-called maximum-J configurations, are of special interest. This condition can be achieved approximately in quasi-isodynamic stellarators, for example Wendelstein 7-X. In such configurations the precessional drift of the trapped particles is in the opposite direction from the direction of propagation of drift waves. Instabilities that are driven by the trapped particles usually rely on a resonance between these two frequencies. Here it is shown analytically by analysing the electrostatic energy transfer between the particles and the instability that, thanks to the absence of the resonance, a particle species draws energy from the mode if the frequency of the mode is well below the charateristic bounce frequency. Due to the low electron mass and the fast bounce motion, electrons are almost always found to be stabilising. Most of the trapped-particle instabilities are therefore predicted to be absent in maximum- J configurations in large parts of parameter space. Analytical theory thus predicts enhanced linear stability of trapped-particle modes in quasi-isodynamic stellarators compared with tokamaks. Moreover, since the electrons are expected to be stabilising, or at least less destabilising, for all instabilities whose frequency lies below the trapped-electron bounce frequency, other modes might benefit from the enhanced stability as well. In reality, however, stellarators are never perfectly quasi-isodynamic, and the question thus arises whether they still benefit from enhanced stability. Here the stability properties of Wendelstein 7-X and a more quasi-isodynamic configuration, QIPC, are investigated numerically and compared with another, non-quasiisodynamic stellarator, the National Compact Stellarator Experiment (NCSX) and a typical tokamak. In gyrokinetic simulations, performed with the gyrokinetic code GENE in the electrostatic and collisionless approximation, several microinstabilities, driven by the density as well as both ion and electron temperature gradients, are studied. Wendelstein 7-X and QIPC exhibit significantly reduced growth rates for all simulations that include kinetic electrons, and the latter are indeed found to be stabilising when the electrostatic energy transfer is analysed. In contrast, if only the ions are treated kinetically but the electrons are taken to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, no such stabilising effect is observed. These results suggest that imperfectly optimised stellarators can retain most of the stabilising properties predicted for perfect maximum-J configurations. Quasi-isodynamic stellarators, in addition to having reduced neoclassical transport, might therefore also show reduced turbulent transport, at least in certain regions of parameter space.
In terms of climate change and climate change mitigation, the quantitative knowledge of global carbon pools is important information. On the one hand, knowledge on the amount of carbon cycling among – and stored in – global pools (i.e. Atmosphere, Biosphere, Cryosphere, Hydrosphere, and Lithosphere) may improve the reliability of models predicting atmospheric CO2 concentrations in terms of fossil fuel combustion. On the other hand, the carbon sequestration potential of specific ecosystems allows for estimating their feasibility regarding carbon trade mechanisms such as the Clean Development Mechanism or the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation Program (REDD+). However, up to date, the majority of terrestrial carbon assessments have focused on forests and peatlands, leaving a data gap open regarding the remaining ecosystems. This data gap is likely to be explained by the relatively high carbon densities and/or productivities of forests and peatlands. Nevertheless, to get a precise as possible global picture, information on carbon pools and sequestration of other ecosystems is needed. Although desert ecosystems generally express low carbon densities, they may absolutely store a remarkable amount of carbon due to their large areal extent. In this context, Central Asian Deserts (in particular within the Turanian Deserts, i.e. Karakum, Kysylkum, Muyunkum) likely inhibit comparably high carbon pools as they express a sparse vegetation cover due to an exceptionally high annual precipitation if compared to the World’s deserts. In this dissertation, three important woody plant species – Populus euphratica and Haloxylon aphyllum and Haloxylon persicum – of Central Asian Deserts were investigated for their carbon pools and carbon sequestration potential. These species were chosen as they I) locally express high carbon densities, II) are dominant species, III) have a rather large spatial distribution, and IV) have experienced a strong degradation throughout the 20th century. Thus, they likely show a remarkable potential for carbon re-sequestration through restoration and thus for an application of carbon trade mechanisms (CHAPTER I). P. euphratica was investigated in the nature reserve Kabakly at the Amu Darya, Turkmenistan and in Iminqak at the Tarim He, Xinjiang, China. The assessment of Haloxylon species was restricted to the Turanian deserts west of the Tain Shan. To achieve a first scientific basis for large scale estimates, different methodologies, ranging from allometric formulas, over dendrochronology to remote sensing were combined (CHAPTERS II-V). In CHAPTER II allometric formulas were successfully developed for Haloxylon aphyllum and Haloxylon persicum and applied to six study sites distributed over the Turanian Deserts to represent the allometric variability of Haloxylon species in Central Asia. CHAPTER III derives another allometric formula (only based on canopy area) for H. aphyllum and combines it with a remote sensing analysis from the nature reserve Repetek. Thereby, a first large scale estimate covering the Northeastern Karakum Desert of carbon pools related to mono specific H. aphyllum stands is achieved. CHAPTER IV describes the wood structure of Populus euphratica forests in the nature reserve Kabakly (Turkmenistan) and in Iminqak (Xinjiang, China). In CHAPTER V a dendrochronological approach derives models for predicting the Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and the age of P. euphratica in the nature reserve Kabakly. Thereby, a first feasibility assessment regarding remote sensing analyses and the upscaling of the obtained NPP results is carried out. First estimates based on these local studies (CHAPTER VI), reveal carbon densities ranging from 0.1 – 26.3 t C ha 1 for the three investigated species. Highest maximum and median carbon densities were found for P. euphratica, but Haloxylon aphyllum expressed remarkable maximum carbon densities (13.1 t C ha-1), too. The total carbon pools were estimated at 6480 kt C for P. euphratica, 520 kt C for H. aphyllum stands and 6900 kt C for Haloxylon persicum shrubland. Accounting for the extent of degraded areas, the total re-sequestration potentials of the respective species were estimated at 4320 kt C, 1620 kt C and 21900 kt C, this highlighting the remarkable absolute re-sequestration potential of H. persicum shrubland despite its low average carbon densities. In the end, the main results were put into a broader context (CHAPTER VI), discussing the general feasibility of reforestations both in ecological terms as well as in terms of carbon trade mechanisms. A short example highlights the strong connection between the feasibility of reforestations and the global carbon market. Finally, open research questions are brought forth revealing the yet large research potential of Central Asian Desert ecosystems in general and in terms of carbon sequestration.
The absolute density of the metastable N2(A,v=0) molecule was extensively studied in nitrogen barrier discharges at 500 mbar. For the detection of the metastables laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIF) was used, at which for the calibration of the absoute metastables density a comparison with Rayleigh scattering was performed. To get the ratio of the LIF signal to the Rayleigh signal it is shown that the LIF signal is the convolution of the Rayleigh signal with an exponential decay. Besides, the different cross sections are calculated and the ratio of the detection sensitivities at the laser and fluorescence wavelength is determined. As a first step on the way to atmospheric pressure barrier discharges, the laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy was implemented in low pressure capacitively coupled radio-frequency discharges. The determined metastables density in the capacitively coupled radio-frequency discharge is somewhat below 10^12 cm^(-3) at 40 Pa and somewhat below 10^13 cm^(-3) at 1000 Pa. The axial density profiles show a nearly symmetric shape due to the long lifetime of the metastable state. At a pressure of 500 mbar the two discharge modes of the barrier discharge, the filamentary and the diffuse mode, were analysed. The filamentary mode was mainly investigated in an asymmetric discharge configuration. Typical densities in the detection volume are in the range of 10^13 cm^(-3), resulting in maximal densities of up to 10^15 cm^(-3) in the microdischarge channel. Such large densities are in agreement with the fast decay by the pooling reaction after the maximum of the metastables density in the afterglow of the discharge pulse. The time dependent measurements in the afterglow of single microdischarges offer a delay of the metastables production with respect to the discharge current. This delay indicates that the metastables production takes place mostly by cascades from higher triplet states, which are in turn excited by electron impact. The axial density profiles show a maximum in metastables density in front of the anode in agreement with optical emission spectroscopy, but which cannot be clearly identified because of the asymmetric discharge configuration. The measurements for the diffuse discharge mode were performed in a symmetric discharge configuration. The metastables density is in the range of 10^13 cm^(-3). It increases during the current pulse of the discharge and decays afterwards. The maximum of the metastables density is delayed with respect to the maximum of the discharge current. The depletion of metastables in the early discharge afterglow is dominated by the pooling reaction, afterwards quenching by nitrogen atoms becomes important assuming a nitrogen atom density in the order of 10^14 cm^(-3). As for the filamentary mode, the losses by diffusion are negligible for the measurement positions. The measured axial density profiles show an accumulation of metastables in front of the anode, whereas the density in front of the cathode is below the detection limit. To calculate the metastables current density to the dielectrics after the discharge pulse a simulation is developed including the dominant volume processes for the depletion of metastables and the axial diffusion. Starting point for the simulation is the axial metastables density distribution at the end of the discharge pulse. The calculated metastables current density at the dielectrics is in the range of 10^14 cm^(-2)s^(-1). With the use of recently calculated secondary electron emission coefficients a comparison of the secondary electron emission by metastables with the discharge current is done. It is figured out that the secondary electron emission current is large enough to be important during the discharge ignition. To expand the simulation to the whole voltage cycle, the excitation of metastables is assumed to be proportional to the discharge current and electron density. Using this model, the measured time dependences of the metastables density are well reproduced for the investigated parameter variations. This is not the case for the axial profiles, where a metastables loss process is missed to explain the formation of a density plateau in front of the anode during the discharge pulse. The intended calculation of the metastables current density shows that the delay of the metastables production with respect to the discharge current might be responsible for the ignition of microdischarges at the beginning of the discharge pulse.
The LINC (Linker of Nucleo- and Cytoskeleton) complex is an evolutionarily conserved complex of nuclear envelope (NE) proteins that forms a direct connection between the nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton. Primarily, members of two protein families form the complex: SUN and giant nesprin isoforms that reside in the inner and outer nuclear membrane, respectively, thus forming a “bridge” across the NE. Lamin A/C and emerin are additional LINC complex components. Mutations in the genes encoding the LINC complex components have been associated with at least a dozen diseases, the majority of them muscular diseases. Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy (EDMD), an inherited neuromuscular disorder with variable clinical presentation, is one of these diseases. But only around 46% of all EDMD patients are linked to a disease allele. Except of SUN1 and SUN2 all known LINC complex components had been associated with EDMD. Following a functional candidate gene approach the SUN1 and SUN2 genes were sequenced in a cohort of pseudoanonymized 175 EDMD patients without a known mutation and 70 patients with known causative mutations in other LINC components. Based on these results the pathomechanism causing the phenotype in patients with SUN1 or SUN2 mutations was investigated. Autosomal recessive inheritance was observed in one patient with compound heterozygous SUN1 mutations. Patient myoblasts showed defective protein interactions within the LINC complex, altered mRNA expression levels of some LINC components, an enhanced differentiation rate and defects in myonuclear organization. This provides first insights into a new pathomechanism based on weakening of the LINC complex and resulting in disruption of myonuclear alignment. In six patients with known EMD or LMNA mutations additional heterozygous SUN1 or SUN2 mutations modifying the disease have been identified, causing a significantly more severe course. Thus the modifying effect of SUN mutations found in the present study helps to explain the clinical intra- and interfamilial variability observed in EDMD. Further evidence for the influence of mutations in LINC complex components on the molecular pathology of muscular dystrophies comes from a study on primary fibroblasts of a patient suffering Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and of a patient showing signs of EDMD and Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome (CMT). The DMD patient had apart from a mutation in the DMD gene two variants in genes encoding the LINC components nesprin 1α2 and SUN1. The EDMD/CMT patient carried two variants in nesprin 1α1 and SUN2. Fibroblasts of both patients showed changes in cell adhesion, cell migration, senescence and stress response as well as characteristics typical for laminopathies like changes in nuclear shape and NE composition. Mutations in genes encoding LINC complex proteins are also associated with a number of other diseases. Pleiotropic LMNA mutations have also been linked with progeroid syndromes – genetic diseases that mimic clinical and molecular features of aging including Hutchinson Gilford progeria syndrome (HGPS), mandibuloacral dysplasia (MAD), restrictive dermopathy (RD) and atypical Werner’s syndrome (aWS) as well as a couple of overlapping phenotypes. MAD and RD can also be caused by mutations in ZMPSTE24, a gene encoding the ZMPSTE24 metalloproteinase necessary for the processing of prelamin A to mature lamin A. It is expected that insights into the pathomechanism of this group of diseases might provide clues to normal aging process. Analyzing RD and MAD patients for mutations in the ZMPSTE24 gene, some novel mutations have been identified. Based on this results and a review of the literature regarding ZMPSTE24 mutations could be shown that all mutations involved in RD are null mutations, whereas all patients with MAD are compound heterozygotes carrying one loss-of-function mutation and one missense mutation. This shows a clear genotype-phenotype correlation. A further part of this work is the description of the molecular genetics and functional background of a rare, unclassified progeroid syndrome. The clinical course of the affected patient appeared as an accelerated HGPS finally ending up in a delayed RD with overlapping clinical features of MAD. Mutational analysis revealed a homozygous LMNA mutation caused by a partial uniparental disomy of chromosome 1. Immunohistological analyses of tissue samples taken at the beginning and the end of the disease course showed a decreasing amount of lamin A and increasing amounts of DNA double strand breaks. Functional analysis in transfected human normal fibroblasts showed an impaired ability of the mutant lamin A to recruit 53BP1, a component of the DNA repair pathway, to damaged DNA sites. This case provides the first evidence of human lamin A direct involvement in DNA repair and that increased DNA damage is a major pathophysiological factor in progeroid laminopathies.
Background: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the etiological agent of an acute self-limiting hepatitis in humans worldwide. The main route of infection is by ingestion of food or water contaminated with the virus. In Germany, several hundred human cases are reported each year, while preliminary studies suggest a high infestation rate of herds of domestic pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) and sounders of wild boar (Sus scrofa). Autochthonous cases are originating mainly from zoonotic transmission from domestic pig and wild boar, but other animals may also be involved. Recently, a novel strain of HEV (ratHEV) had been found in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) in Germany, that could contribute to human epidemiology. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the seroprevalence of both HEV and the novel ratHEV in human, domestic pig and rat. For each of the three mammal species, an indirect immunoglobulin G (IgG) enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was established, that based on an Escherichia coli-expressed carboxy-terminal segment (GT3-Ctr, amino acid (aa) 326–608) of the capsid protein of the autochthonous genotype 3 (GT3), derived from a wild boar from Germany. In parallel, a segment from ratHEV homologous to GT3-Ctr was also expressed in E. coli (ratHEV-Ctr, aa315–599) and was used in the ELISA. Hence, the established tests detect antibodies directed against HEV GT3 when using GT3-Ctr as antigen and ratHEV when using ratHEV-Ctr. Results: The GT3-based in-house human IgG test was validated using a commercial assay and showed high specificity and sensitivity. The average human population (represented by a panel of blood donors from Berlin and Brandenburg) reached a seroprevalence of 12.3% (37/301) with the in-house ELISA. A panel of forestry workers from Brandenburg had an even higher seroprevalence of 21.4% (119/555). Furthermore, ratHEV-specific antibodies could be detected in several sera of forestry workers. The novel ratHEV-based rat IgG ELISA could not be compared to similar tests, however, parallel testing with GT3-Ctr and statistical inference allowed conclusion of a seroprevalence. Rats trapped from several sites in Germany had an overall seroprevalence of 24.5% (36/147). The sera were reactive exclusively with ratHEV-Ctr. As with the in-house ELISA for human sera, the porcine IgG test was validated using a commercial assay, yielding high specificity and sensitivity. A panel of domestic pigs from ten federal states of Germany showed a seroprevalence of 42.7% (383/898) when tested with the in-house ELISA. Reactivity with ratHEV was present, but seemed to be caused mostly by cross-reactivity to GT3-Ctr. Conclusion: The HEV seroprevalence observed for human sera of the average population of Germany is among the highest in Europe and has been confirmed recently by other authors. The high seroprevalence found in forestry workers suggests that they should be counted as a risk group for HEV infection. Populations of rats have been shown to be infested heavily with ratHEV, as rats from all trapping sites situated within cities had a high prevalence for ratHEV exclusively and no serum reacted exclusively with GT3-Ctr. Seroprevalence in domestic pigs was demonstrated to be distributed evenly across federal states and districts. However, a vast difference of infestation could be detected in different herds, suggesting either differences in husbandry conditions, or an external source of infection that acts locally only. The rare but exclusive reactivity of human sera with ratHEV as well as the high cross-reactivity of swine sera with ratHEV suggests that viral strains other than the ones already known may contribute to cases of hepatitis E.
There is a wide variety of Alfvén waves in tokamak and stellarator plasmas. While most of them are damped, some of the global eigenmodes can be driven unstable when they interact with energetic particles. By coupling the MHD code CKA with the gyrokinetic code EUTERPE, a hybrid kinetic-MHD model is created to describe this wave–particle interaction in stellarator geometry. In this thesis, the CKA-EUTERPE code package is presented. This numerical tool can be used for linear perturbative stability analysis of Alfvén waves in the presence of energetic particles. The equations for the hybrid model are based on the gyrokinetic equations. The fast particles are described with linearized gyrokinetic equations. The reduced MHD equations are derived by taking velocity moments of the gyrokinetic equations. An equation for describing the Alfvén waves is derived by combining the reduced MHD equations. The Alfvén wave equation can retain kinetic corrections. Considering the energy transfer between the particles and the waves, the stability of the waves can be calculated. Numerically, the Alfvén waves are calculated using the CKA code. The equations are solved as an eigenvalue problem to determine the frequency spectrum and the mode structure of the waves. The results of the MHD model are in good agreement with other sophisticated MHD codes. CKA results are shown for a JET and a W7-AS example. The linear version of the EUTERPE code is used to study the motion of energetic particles in the wavefield with fixed spatial structure, and harmonic oscillations in time. In EUTERPE, the gyrokinetic equations are discretized with a PIC scheme using the delta-f method, and both full orbit width and finite Larmor radius effects are included. The code is modified to be able to use the wavefield calculated externally by CKA. Different slowing-down distribution functions are also implemented. The work done by the electric field on the particles is measured to calculate the energy transfer between the particles and the wave and from that the growth rate is determined. The advantage of this approach is that the full magnetic geometry is retained without any limiting assumptions on guiding center orbits. Extensive benchmarks have been performed to test the new CKA-EUTERPE code. Three tokamak benchmarks are presented, where the stability of TAE modes are studied as a function of fast particle energy, or in one case as a function of the fast particle charge. The benchmarks show good agreement with other codes. Stellarator calculations were performed for Wendelstein 7-AS and the results demonstrate that the finite orbit width effects tend to be strongly stabilizing.
Tourism is booming on global level since many decades and developing countries often capture tourism as a lever to push up their economy. Many regions in Vietnam invest lots of money in this development hoping to change the traditional economic structure. Located in the North Central Vietnam, about 170 km from Ha Noi capital to the south at the coastline, Sam Son is known as an ideal location for holiday makers. Currently the number of tourist has been counted to millions. Realizing its potential, the local authorities decided to enlarge and improve tourism to become the biggest tourism center in the North Central part of Vietnam. As many mass tourism destinations, Sam Son is facing several hidden drawbacks, which are generated by a (too) fast growth. Thats why unexpected problems may occur very soon. One path to mitigate weaknesses and to strengthen the positive impacts of tourism is to develop tourism in a more sustainable manner. As the very first step Sam Son needs to delineate a proper strategy and to establish a powerful "Destination Management System". Although several studies have been conducted already, the destination lacks reliable empirical data. This research intends to fill the gap by supplying concrete information with specific focus on “making tourism more sustainable”. In the study methodological triangulation has been applied to collect data and information. Besides literature review and secondary data analysis, two surveys - statistically well secured - have been conducted: A household survey with more than one thousand questionnaires to record the situation and opinion of local people and a visitor survey with 1139 face-to-face interviews to collect structural data about current guests in Sam Son as well as to explore their behaviour. Moreover expert and stakeholder interviews were included to supplement the information basis. As the research acquired the information directly from local people and from tourists by face-to-face interviews several weaknesses could be unveiled which official statistical data cannot show. There are three facets out of balance in terms of economic benefit: Compared with the political awareness and the financial support the tourism sector does not ensure the livelihood of an adequate number of people; the economic benefits from tourism are very unequally distributed and also the spatial dimension indicates a strong imbalance - only people living directly in the core area of tourism participate in tourism sector, the positive impact of tourism does not reach till the outskirts. In addition social and environmental problems are recognized by a majority of local people as consequences of tourism in the region. Regarding the touristic demand side a very low level of satisfaction has been detected: A small variety and low quality of touristic offers are the main reasons of dissatisfaction. The most exiting finding is that tourists treasure environment in the destination, whereas this aspect is underestimated in the locals view. In addition, tourists are really willing to pay for an improvement of environmental and touristic quality! Even if the amount of voluntary payments is very low, the total sum can enable the local government to develop the destination in a very proper way. Although this is a case study the results deliver valuable information and furthermore a concrete delineated roadmap for all destinations, which are in the same situation as Sam Son today. It is an example how to analyze and evaluate the present condition and how to continue in a proper way towards a more sustainable tourism development.