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III Reviews
(2018)
One of the major problems in the study of the dynamics of proteins is the visualization of changing conformations that are important for processes ranging from enzyme catalysis to signaling. A protein exhibiting conformational dynamics is the soluble blood protein beta 2-glycoprotein I (beta2GPI), which exists in two conformations: the closed (circular) form and the open (linear) form. It is hypothesized that an increased proportion of the open conformation leads to the autoimmune disease antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). A characteristic feature of beta2GPI is the high content of lysine residues. However, the potential role of lysine in the conformational dynamics of beta2GPI has been poorly investigated. Here, we report on a strategy to permanently open up the closed protein conformation by chemical acetylation of lysine residues using acetic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (NHS-Ac). Specific and complete acetylation was demonstrated by the quantification of primary amino groups with fluoraldehyde o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) reagent, as well as western blot analysis with an anti-acetylated lysine antibody. Our results demonstrate that acetylated beta2GPI preserves its secondary and tertiary structures, as shown by circular dichroism spectroscopy. We found that after lysine acetylation, the majority of proteins are in the open conformation as revealed by atomic force microscopy high-resolution images. Using this strategy, we proved that the electrostatic interaction of lysine residues plays a major role in stabilizing the beta2GPI closed conformation, as confirmed by lysine charge distribution calculations. We foresee that our approach will be applied to other lysine-rich proteins (e.g. histones) undergoing conformational transitions. For instance, conformational dynamics can be triggered by environmental conditions (e.g. pH, ion concentration, post-translational modifications, and binding of ligands). Therefore, our study may be relevant for investigating the equilibrium of protein conformations causing diseases.
Zielstellung: In dieser prospektiven Arbeit überprüften wir, ob ein sequenzbasierter Softwarealgorithmus zur Geräuschreduktion in der Magnetresonanztomographie (MRT) einen Einfluss auf die Bildqualität und das Signal-zu-Rauschverhältnis (SNR) besitzt.
Material und Methoden: Einunddreißig Patienten, 18 Männer, 13 Frauen, Durchschnittsalter 58,3 ± 14,5 Jahren, unterzogen sich einer indizierten, kranialen MRT-Bildgebung. Das Sequenzprotokoll schloss FLAIR-Sequenzen ein, welche mit identischen Scanparametern jeweils mit und ohne Anwendung des Softwarealgorithmus Quiet Suite (QS) (Siemens Healthcare) angefertigt wurden. Mit Hilfe eines Schalldruckpegelmessgerätes (Testo, Typ 815) wurden die maximalen Lautstärkepegel für beide Sequenzen im Untersuchungsraum ermittelt. Es erfolgte die subjektive Beurteilung der Bildqualität auf einer Fünf-Punkte-Skala (1 sehr gut - 5 inadäquat) durch zwei Radiologen unabhängig voneinander. Separat wurde das SNR für die graue Hirnsubstanz, weiße Hirnsubstanz und den Liquor für beide Sequenzen ermittelt. Zusätzlich erfolgte die Auswertung von Detektionsraten pathologischer Läsionen innerhalb der weißen Hirnsubstanz jeweils mit und ohne Verwendung von QS. Die statistische Analyse mit dem Vergleich beider Sequenzen erfolgte mittels Mann-Whitney-U-Test.
Ergebnisse: Unsere Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Verwendung von QS die Schalldruckpegelspitzen signifikant reduziert (83,5 ± 7,3 dB(A) versus 81,5 ± 7,5 dB(A) mit QS, p ≤ 0,017). Hinsichtlich der Beurteilung der subjektiven Bildqualität wurden keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen beiden Befundern ermittelt (Befunder 1: 2,03/2,07, p = 0,730; Befunder 2: 1,98/2,10, p = 0,362). QS führte für ausgewählte Bereiche zu einem Anstieg des SNR (graue Substanz, p ≤ 0,001; weiße Substanz p = 0,006). Die Detektionsraten von suspekten Läsionen innerhalb der weißen Substanz zeigten keine signifikanten Unterschiede unter Verwendung von QS (Befunder 1, p = 0,944; Befunder 2, p = 0,952).
Schlussfolgerungen: Sequenzbasierte Softwarealgorithmen, wie QS, besitzen das Potential die Schalldruckpegelspitzen in der MRT signifikant zu reduzieren ohne die subjektive Bildqualität zu kompromittieren oder die diagnostische Genauigkeit zu gefährden.
We aimed to evaluate the outcome of different treatment modalities for extremity venous thrombosis (VT) in neonates and infants, highlighting the current debate on their best tool of management. This retrospective study took place over a 9-year period from January 2009 to December 2017. All treated patients were referred to the vascular and pediatric surgery departments from the neonatal intensive care unit. All patients underwent a thorough history-taking as well as general clinical and local examination of the affected limb. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group I included those who underwent a conservative treated with the sole administration of unfractionated heparin (UFH), whereas group II included those who were treated with UFH plus warfarin. Sixty-three patients were included in this study. They were 36 males and 27 females. Their age ranged from 3 to 302 days. Forty-one (65%) patients had VT in the upper limb, whereas the remaining 22 (35%) had lower extremity VT. The success rate of the nonsurgical treatment was accomplished in 81% of patients. The remaining 19% underwent limb severing, due to established gangrene. The Kaplan-Meier survival method revealed a highly significant increase in both mean and median survival times in those groups treated with heparin and warfarin compared to heparin-only group (P < .001). Nonoperative treatment with anticoagulation or observation (ie, wait-and-see policy) alone may be an easily applicable, effective, and a safe modality for management of VT in neonates and infants, especially in developing countries with poor or highly challenged resource settings.
With improvements in breast imaging, mammography, ultrasound and minimally invasive interventions, the detection of early breast cancer, non-invasive cancers, lesions of uncertain malignant potential, and benign lesions has increased. However, with the improved diagnostic capabilities comes a substantial risk of false-positive benign lesions and vice versa false-negative malignant lesions. A statement is provided on the manifestation, imaging, and diagnostic verification of isolated benign breast tumours that have a frequent manifestation, in addition to general therapy management recommendations. Histological evaluation of benign breast tumours is the most reliable diagnostic method. According to the S3 guideline and information gained from analysis of the literature, preference is to be given to core biopsy for each type of tumour as the preferred diagnostic method. An indication for open biopsy is also to be established should the tumour increase in size in the follow-up interval, after recurring discrepancies in the vacuum biopsy results, or at the request of the patient. As an alternative, minimally invasive procedures such as therapeutic vacuum biopsy, cryoablation or high-intensity focused ultrasound are also becoming possible alternatives in definitive surgical management. The newer minimally invasive methods show an adequate degree of accuracy and hardly any restrictions in terms of post-interventional cosmetics so that current requirements of extensive breast imaging can be thoroughly met.