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40-Year Longitudinal Caries Development in German Adolescents in the Light of New Caries Measures
(2019)
This study assessed the 40-year longitudinal caries development in German adolescents in the light of the sixth National Oral Health Survey in Children (NOHSC, 2016) employing initial DMFT (IDMFT), Significant Caries Index (SiC) and Specific Affected Caries Index (SaC). On the basis of the current NOHSC (randomized cluster selection using school list or regional community school surveys, 55,956 12-year-old sixth-graders examined by 482 calibrated community/study dentists) DMFT, SiC, a novel IDMFT including initial lesions (IT) and the recently introduced SaC were calculated and also recalculated for national and international surveys from the last 4 decades. In 2016, 78.8% of children were caries-free (DMFT = 0), 65.5% including IT lesions. The mean DMFT was 0.44 (single components: DT = 0.14, MT = 0.02, FT = 0.29, IT = 0.52) showing a clear association with the school type as marker for the socio-economic status. The mean number of affected teeth in children with DMFT >0 was 2.07 (SaC) in comparison to almost 9 teeth in the 1970s. The current care index on the tooth level was 66.3%, leaving only 7.7% of children with restorative treatment needs. Longitudinally, a continuous caries decline of more than 80%, including the risk groups (SiC/SaC), to an internationally extremely low level was observed. In conclusion, the National Oral Health Surveys reveal a continuous caries decline to a very low caries level in 12-year-old 6th-graders in Germany even if IT lesions are included (IDMFT). In spite of proportional reductions in the risk groups (SiC/SaC), the polarized caries distribution according to socio-economic parameters reveals the need for targeted preventive programmes.
In the present work high density helicon plasma discharges are created and characterized as a promising concept towards the realization of plasma wakefield accelerators to build up electric fields in the order of GV/m to accelerate electrons to energies in the TeV range with proton driving bunches. For such a concept plasma sources are needed that are able to maintain discharges with plasma densities of n_e = 7E20 m^-3 over long distances with a low variation in plasma density. Measurements at the PROMETHEUS-A device are performed for variable parameters, like magnetic induction, RF heating power and filling gas pressure. A CO2 laser interferometer, a laser induced fluorescence (LIF) diagnostic and a reaction rate model are combined to give a full picture. It is shown that in most cases the plasma density is centrally peaked with a high density region +- 5 mm from the center. The peak plasma density increases with increasing filling gas pressure, RF heating power and magnetic induction, limited by the number of neutral particles in low pressure discharges, by the transferred heating power and the increasing recombination and electron quenching rates of argon ions in high filling pressure cases. The increase in plasma density with increasing magnetic induction correlates to the direct proportionality in the helicon dispersion relation. For all investigated operational parameters the time evolution of the helicon discharge shows the same characteristics and is reliably reproducable inside the error bars. The electron temperature is determined by combining the collisional radiative model with line ratio measurements of two spontaneously emitted LIF lines. The low electron temperature regime of 1.2 eV < T_e < 1.4 eV and the electron temperature profiles are consistent with helicon wave heating via collisional power dissipation. The maximum plasma density of n_e = (6 +- 1)E20 m^-3 is measured at high RF power of P_RF = 24 kW, p_0 = 9 Pa filling gas pressure and a magnetic induction of B = 105 mT with a maximum electron temperature at 1.4 eV. At these operational parameters the plasma density peaking time and width are determined to be 270E-6 s and 50E-6 s, respectively. This shows that specific plasma density requirements for the use of a wakefield accelerator are reachable and the duration of the peak plasma density is more than sufficient for a relativistic particle to pass a 1 km long plasma cell. Additionally time-resolved LIF profile measurements for neutral and singly ionized argon were conducted to complement the previously evaluated measurements. The time resolution of the LIF diagnostic was chosen in a way to adequately represent the evolution of densities and to allow full profile measurements over one day. A resolution of 200E-6 s was chosen. The time-resolved neutral and ion metastable densities show hollow profiles with high densities at the edges over the first ms indicating higher ionization levels and increasing electron quenching rates. The metastable densities are highly determined by electron temperature, RF heating power and filling neutral gas pressure and do not reflect the neutral argon evolution. To investigate the influence of neutral depletion on the density evolution and maximum plasma density, the argon neutral and ion ground state densities are determined. Both time-resolved density profiles show a hollow profile with highest densities at the edges over a longer time interval of 3-4 ms. The penetration depths (ionization mean-free paths) indicate increased ionization of neutral argon while dissipating inwards, corresponding well to the theoretical value of lambda = 20 mm. This results in a depletion of neutrals in the center of the discharge, leading to a limitation and a fast decrease of plasma density after the neutrals are partially ionized. The shown refilling effect of neutral argon is too slow to have an important impact. At operation parameters for highest plasma density, the calculated ground states also show a fast increase in density at the end of the discharge after the RF-heating is switched off. This indicates recombination effects to these atomic states and higher ionization levels than ArII in the helicon discharge.
Understanding the fundamental mechanisms in the extracellular matrix of cells (ECM) is crucial for the development of drugs and biomaterials. Therefore, an atomistic model of the extracellular matrix is a cost-efficient way to observe influences of drugs, test the effect of mutations or misfolds in proteins or study the properties of fibril or network-forming peptides.
With this thesis, a refined molecular model of an adhesion complex is proposed that contains collagen, fibronectin and the cell receptor integrin. During the building of the model, major new insights are given for each of these proteins and a powerful protein-folding algorithm is
developed.
This thesis describes experiments with clusters stored in an electrostatic ion trap called Multi-reflection time-of-flight (MR-ToF) analyzer. These devices are established as mass separators and analyzers with high resolving powers and fast processing times. The objective was to characterize an experiment that utilizes such analyzer for cluster research, to this end a laser-ablation ion source was combined with an MR-ToF analyzer.
In the first part, an experiment scheme that combines two operating modes, namely in-trap lift operation and mirror operation, is presented and characterized for the present setup. For ion capture in-trap lift switching was employed and exit-side mirror switching for ejection with higher information content. Measurements were performed with small lead clusters to illustrate individual advantages of both techniques and the gain of combining them with focus on the ions’ ToF ejection window.
In the second part, a recently introduced method of ion separation by transversal ejection of unwanted species inside the trap was studied for the present setup. The ejection is performed by appropriate pulses of the potentials of deflector electrodes located in the trap. The various parameters affecting the selection effectivity and resolving power are illustrated with tin-cluster measurements, with resolving powers of up to several tens of thousands.
The third part presents the experiment in detail, with the construction of each component and measurements for its various performance parameters. Because the heart of the setup is the MR-ToF analyzer the characterization focuses on the trap. In addition, cluster ions were mass selected in the MR-ToF device and photodissociated. The charged fragments were stored and mass analyzed in a proof-of principle MS/MS experiment where both MS steps were performed in the MR-ToF operation mode.
For a long time the apocryphal Ladder of Jacob was accessible only in arbitrarily selected translations. Without a critical edition and a comprehensive study of the whole textual segment, scholars were unable to evaluate its significance for Early Jewish and Christian literature. Since 2015/17, with the publication of a new critical edition and German translation (accompanied by a detailed introduction, footnote commentaries and appendices with related texts), a new approach to this important but hitherto widely unknown text has been made possible. This approach verifies the different layers or strata in the text, which are: a supposed Jewish apocalypse (mid-second century), a Christian expansion of the angels speech in light of the praeparatio evangelica tradition (fourth–seventh centuries), a Jewish mystical prayer (eleventh century) and the incorporation of this narrative block into the Tolkovaja Paleja together with a series of exegetical commentaries (end of the thirteenth century). In the light of the new approach, it can be said that the Ladder of Jacob is most of all an outstanding example of mutual relations between Jewish and Christian theology.
Hyperoxia is a well-known cause of cerebral white matter injury in preterm infants with male sex being an independent and critical risk factor for poor neurodevelopmental outcome. We investigated the underlying mechanisms behind such a sex dependent difference in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Our findings demonstrate that oxidative stress severely affects cellular functions related to energy metabolism, stress response, and maturation in male derived oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) whereas the female cells remain largely unaffected. This impairment of maturation is accompanied by the downregulation of nucleoporin and nuclear lamina proteins. We identify Nup133, which regulates OPC maturation as a major target protein affected by hyperoxia in male cells and that this differential response is mediated by an inverse Nup133 regulation in the male and female cells. It also regulates mitochondrial function and oxidative stress response through its downstream target Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (Nrf1). Additionally, the presence of 17-β estradiol and higher amounts of fetal zone steroids (precursors for maternal estrogen synthesis during fetal development) confer resistance to the female cells mediated by the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) along with Nup133. Both Nup133 and ERα regulate mitochondrial function and oxidative stress response by transcriptional regulation of Nrf1. These findings establish prominent sex based differences and the molecular mechanisms involved in differential response of OPCs towards oxidative stress and the important role of Nup133 in mediating a severe negative outcome in the male cells.
Microbial cell factories have been largely exploited for the controlled production of recombinant proteins, including industrial enzymes and biopharmaceuticals. The advent of high-throughput ‘-omics’ techniques have boosted the design of these production systems due to their valuable contribution to the field of systems metabolic engineering, a discipline integrating metabolic engineering with systems and synthetic biology. In order to thrive, the field of systems metabolic engineering needs absolute proteomics data to be generated, as proteins are the central players in the complex metabolic and adaptational networks. Due to advent of mass spectrometry-based proteomics, a substantial amount of absolute proteomic data became available in the past decade. However, membrane proteins remained inaccessible to these efforts.
Nonetheless, comparative studies targeting the membrane proteome have been quite successful in characterizing physiological processes. Hence, label-free proteomics was used in a study (Quesada-Ganuza et al, 2019 – Article I) to identify and optimize PrsA in Bacillus subtilis, for improved yield of amylase. Amylase is one of the most relevant enzymes in the biotechnological sector. By employing a label-free mass spectrometry approach targeting the membrane proteome of this bacterium, relative changes in heterologous and native levels of PrsA could be quantified. The results of this study evidenced that each PrsA shows different relative abundancies, but with no relevant impact in the yield of amylase.
Even though relative protein quantification can already provide a good visualization of the physiological changes occurring between different conditions, they are not sufficient to understand how resources are allocated in the cell under certain physiological conditions. Therefore, a global method for absolute membrane protein quantification remains the biggest requirement for systems metabolic engineering.
Hence, with this work, we successfully developed a mass spectrometry-based approach enabling the absolute quantification of membrane proteins (Antelo-Varela et al, 2019 – Article II). This study was also performed in the Gram-positive model organism Bacillus subtilis, regarded as a prolific microbial cell factory. The method developed in this work combines the comprehensiveness of shotgun proteomics with the sensitivity and accuracy of targeted mass spectrometry. Fundamental to the method is that it relies on the application of a correction and an enrichment factor to calibrate absolute membrane protein abundances derived from shotgun mass spectrometry. This has permitted, for the first time reported, the calculation of absolute membrane protein abundances in a living organism.
The newly developed approach enabled to accurately quantify ~40% of the predicted proteome of this bacterium, offering a clear visualization of the physiological rearrangements occurring upon the onset of osmotic stress. In addition, this work also provides evidence for new membrane protein stoichiometries.
Overall, this study enabled the development of a straightforward methodology long-needed in the scientific and biotechnological community and, for the first time reported, providing absolute abundances of one of the most puzzling fractions of the cell – the membrane proteome.
The next step of the work summarized here was to implement the afore described method to a biotechnological relevant strain, as absolute membrane protein abundances are essential to understand the fundamental principles of protein secretion and production stress. Hence, this work was applied in a genome-reduced B. subtilis strain, ‘midiBacillus’, expressing the major staphylococcal antigen IsaA (Antelo-Varela et al, submitted – Article III). The employed absolute membrane protein quantification methodology enabled the analysis of physiological rearrangements occurring upon the induction of heterologous protein production. This work showed that, even though IsaA was successfully secreted into the growth medium, one of the main requirements for the biotechnological sector, it was still partly accumulated in the cell membrane of this bacterium. This led to an exacerbated physiological response where membrane proteins involved in the management of secretion stress were activated. In addition, this study also showed that a rearrangement of the cell’s translocation machinery occurs upon induction of production, where a ‘game’ of in- and decrease of transporters takes place.
Anticipating the impact of genetic and environmental insults, such as the ones caused by production stress, is essential for the field of systems metabolic engineering. Thus, the highly accurate and comprehensive dataset generated during this work can be implemented in predictive mathematical models, thereby contributing in the rational design of next-generation secretion systems.
Analyse der metabolischen Anpassung von Streptococcus pneumoniae an antimikrobielle Umwelteinflüsse
(2019)
Das Gram-positive Bakterium Streptococcus pneumoniae ist ein humanspezifisches Pathogen des oberen Respirationstraktes. Der opportunistische Krankheitserreger kann jedoch mehrere Organe befallen und tiefer in den Körper vordringen, was zu lokalen Entzündungen wie Sinusitis und Otitis media oder zu lebensbedrohlichen Infektionen wie Pneumonie, Meningitis oder Sepsis führen kann. Für das Bakterium S. pneumoniae wurden bisher kaum Metabolom-Daten erhoben. Daher war das Ziel dieser Dissertation eine umfassende Charakterisierung des Metaboloms von S. pneumoniae. In dieser Dissertation wurden als analytische Methoden die Gaschromatografie (GC) und Flüssigkeitschromatografie (LC) jeweils gekoppelt mit Massenspektrometrie (MS) sowie die Kernspinresonanzspektroskopie (NMR) verwendet, um die Metaboliten zu analysieren. Es sind mehrere Analysetechniken erforderlich, um den Großteil des Metaboloms mit seinen chemisch verschiedenen Metaboliten zu erfassen. Artikel I fasst die Literatur zu Untersuchungen des Metabolismus von S. pneumoniae in den letzten Jahren zusammen. Um eine Momentaufnahme des biologischen Systems zum jeweiligen Zeitpunkt zu erhalten, ist neben dem reproduzierbaren Wachstum während der Kultivierung auch die exakte Probenahme zu beachten. Aus diesem Grund wurde in dieser Dissertation ein Probenahmeprotokoll für das Endometabolom von S. pneumoniae etabliert (Artikel II). Mithilfe des optimierten Protokolls wurde eine umfassende Metabolomanalyse in einem chemisch definierten Medium durchgeführt (Artikel II). Um S. pneumoniae in einer Umgebung ähnlich der im Wirt zu untersuchen, wurde in einem modifizierten Zellkulturmedium kultiviert. Intermediate zentraler Stoffwechselwege von S. pneumoniae wurden analysiert. Das intrazelluläre Stoffwechselprofil wies auf einen hohen glykolytischen Flux hin und bot Einblicke in den Peptidoglykan-Stoffwechsel. Darüber hinaus widerspiegelten die Ergebnisse die biochemische Abhängigkeit von S. pneumoniae von aus dem Wirt stammenden Nährstoffen. Ein umfassendes Verständnis der Stoffwechselwege von Pathogenen ist wichtig, um Erkenntnisse über die Anpassungsstrategien während einer Infektion zu gewinnen und so neue Angriffspunkte für Wirkstoffe zu identifizieren.
Die zunehmende Verbreitung von resistenten S. pneumoniae-Stämmen zwingt zur Suche nach neuen antibiotisch wirksamen Substanzen. Im Zuge dessen wurde in Artikel III die metabolische Reaktion von S. pneumoniae während des Wachstums unter dem Einfluss antibakterieller Substanzen mit dem Ziel der Identifizierung metabolischer Anpassungsprozesse untersucht. Dabei wurden Antibiotika mit unterschiedlichen Wirkmechanismen verwendet, wie die Beeinflussung der Zellwandbiosynthese (Cefotaxim, Teixobactin-Arg10), der Proteinbiosynthese (Azithromycin) sowie Nukleotidsynthese (Moxifloxacin). Es konnten keine Wirkmechanismus-spezifischen Marker-Metaboliten identifiziert werden. Jedes Antibiotikum verursachte weitreichende Veränderungen im gesamten Metabolom von S. pneumoniae. Die Nukleotid- und Zellwandsynthese waren am stärksten betroffen. Besonders vielversprechend sind Antibiotika mit zwei Wirkorten wie Teixobactin-Arg10 und Kombinationen aus zwei Antibiotika. In dieser Dissertation wurde das erste Mal das synthetisch hergestellte Teixobactin-Arg10 mittels einer der modernen OMICS-Techniken untersucht. Die vorliegende umfassende Metabolom-Studie bietet wertvolle Erkenntnisse für Forscher, die an der Identifizierung neuer antibakterieller Substanzen arbeiten.
Insgesamt tragen die Ergebnisse der Dissertation zu einem besseren Verständnis der bakteriellen Physiologie bei.
Uterine Leiomyosarkome (LMS) sind eine Rarität und dementsprechend ist für eine CT- und MRT-Bildgebung kaum Datenmaterial verfügbar.
Gynäkologen haben als „radiologische Laien“ große Probleme, vorliegende Bilder selbst zu interpretieren bzw. die physikalischen Befundbeschreibungen einem morphologischen Befund oder einer Diagnose zuzuordnen. Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand daher darin, erstmals anhand eines größeren Patientinnenkollektivs zusätzlich aus den Daten zur Indikation einer CT/MRT beim LMS Informationen zu gewinnen, die es auch dem nichtradiologischen Anwender ermöglichen aufgrund von typischen Befunden uterine LMS selbst besser zu erkennen.
Ausgewertet wurden 235 LMS - Beratungsfälle des Deutschen klinischen Kompetenzzentrums für genitale Sarkome und Mischtumore an der Universitätsmedizin Greifswald, bei denen eine CT- oder MRT- Untersuchung dokumentiert war, aus einem Zeitraum von August 2009 bis März 2017.
Eine präoperative CT (n = 69) bzw. MRT (n= 12) wurde nur selten angewendet. Die häufige klinische Fehldiagnose als LM (65,7 %) führte dazu, dass in 81,4 % bzw. 92,9 % der Fälle keine präoperative CT bzw. MRT und somit keine weiterführende bildgebende Diagnostik erfolgt ist. In der präoperativen CT bzw. MRT wurde in nur 14 % bzw. 18,2 % der Fälle der V. a. ein Sarkom gestellt. Diese Daten sind für den klinisch praktizierenden Arzt unbefriedigend. Die CT diente bei einem präoperativ bereits bekanntem LMS jedoch vorrangig der Ausbreitungsdiagnostik, mit der zu diesem Zeitpunkt in 17,6 % bereits Metastasen erkannt wurden.
Am häufigsten (17,5 %) wurde in der CT von den Radiologen eine nicht näher bezeichnete Raumforderung/tumoröse Läsion beschrieben. In 10,5 % der Fälle wurden ein auffälliges Myom bzw. ein „infizierter Uterus myomatosus“ oder ein „zentral nekrotisierendes Myom“ angeführt. Differentialdiagnosen zu einem in der CT-Untersuchung gesehenen Tumor lagen in 12,3 % der Fälle vor. Vermutet wurden dabei vom Ovar ausgehende Tumoren, wie Fibrome oder Granulosazelltumore. Aber auch ein Zervixkarzinom, ein Uterussarkom ohne nähere Bezeichnung, eine fokale Adenomyosis uteri, ein Endometriumkarzinom und ein Korpuskarzinom wurden als Differentialdiagnose in Betracht gezogen.
In den 12 Fällen der MRT lauteten die Befunde je einmal „V.a. Sarkom,“ „tumoröse Läsion bzw. Raumforderung“, „auffälliges Myom“ bzw. „unauffälliges Myom“. Der Verdacht auf ein anderes Malignom, in diesem Fall auf ein Ovarialkarzinom, ergab sich in einem Fall. Als Differentialdiagnose wurde in einem Fall ein Tumor, der vom Ovar ausgeht, wie z.B. ein Fibrom oder ein Granulosazelltumor, betrachtet.
Bei der Auswertung der Übereinstimmung der tatsächlichen Tumorgröße aus dem pathologisch-anatomischen Befund mit der Tumorgröße in der Bildgebung fällt auf, dass die Tumorgröße in der Hälfte der Fälle in der CT größer beschrieben wird, während sie in der MRT zu gleichen Anteilen (je 37,5 %) größer und kleiner als im pathologisch-anatomischen Befund angegeben wird. Eine Übereinstimmung hinsichtlich der zystischen Anteile im Tumor und dem pathologisch-anatomischen Befund lag nur in der CT vor. Hingegen zeigt sich in allen Fällen eine Übereinstimmung zwischen den in der Bildgebung beschriebenen zentralen Nekrosen und dem pathologisch-anatomischen Befund.
Aufgrund der postoperativen Zufallsdiagnose LMS und der konsekutiven Staging- bzw. Nachsorgeuntersuchungen wurde eine CT (136 Fälle) bzw. eine MRT (29 Fälle) postoperativ deutlich häufiger angewendet. Bei einer unmittelbar postoperativ durchgeführten CT lagen in nur 5,1 % der Fälle Metastasen vor, während bei einer CT, die über einen Monat nach der Operation stattgefunden hat, bereits bei 41,7 % der Patientinnen Metastasen mehrheitlich in der Lunge nachgewiesen werden konnten. In allen 34 (25 %) CT und 11 (37,9 %) MRT, die unter der Indikation „Rezidivdiagnostik“ durchgeführt wurden, zeigte sich in der Bildgebung tatsächlich ein Rezidiv. Pelvine Rezidive waren dabei in der CT mit 67,6 % und in der MRT mit 72,7 % die häufigste Lokalisation.
Zusammenfassend sprechen nach den eigenen Daten und der berücksichtigten Fachliteratur folgende Kriterien für ein LMS: MRT - irreguläre und schlecht definierte Tumorgrenzen, eine hohe Signalintensität in der T2W in Kombination mit hyperintensen Abschnitten in der T1W sowie Zeichen von Zysten und/oder Nekrosen. CT - große unregelmäßig begrenzte Tumoren mit unterschiedlichen Densitäten im Sinne von Nekrosen und/oder Zysten und/oder Einblutungen. Die Aussagekraft der CT hinsichtlich der Tumorentität ist sehr begrenzt.
Da die analysierten diagnostischen Aussagen zur CT- und MRT-Bildgebung für den Anwender unbefriedigend waren, sollte daher die interdisziplinäre Zusammenarbeit zwischen Radiologen und Gynäkologen verbessert werden. Voraussetzung dafür ist, dass dem Radiologen ausreichend anamnestisches und diagnostisches Material (einschließlich Laborwerte z.B.: LDH) mit gezielter Fragestellung zur Verfügung gestellt und ihm zusätzlich nach der Enddiagnose der genaue morphologische Befund übermittelt wird.
In phylogenetics, evolutionary relationships of different species are represented by phylogenetic trees.
In this thesis, we are mainly concerned with the reconstruction of ancestral sequences and the accuracy of this reconstruction given a rooted binary phylogenetic tree.
For example, we wish to estimate the DNA sequences of the ancestors given the observed DNA sequences of today living species.
In particular, we are interested in reconstructing the DNA sequence of the last common ancestor of all species under consideration. Note that this last common ancestor corresponds to the root of the tree.
There exist various methods for the reconstruction of ancestral sequences.
A widely used principle for ancestral sequence reconstruction is the principle of parsimony (Maximum Parsimony).
This principle means that the simplest explanation it the best.
Applied to the reconstruction of ancestral sequences this means that a sequence which requires the fewest evolutionary changes along the tree is reconstructed.
Thus, the number of changes is minimized, which explains the name of Maximum Parsimony.
Instead of estimating a whole DNA sequence, Maximum Parsimony considers each position in the sequence separately. Thus in the following, each sequence position is regarded separately, and we call a single position in a sequence state.
It can happen that the state of the last common ancestor is reconstructed unambiguously, for example as A. On the other hand, Maximum Parsimony might be indecisive between two DNA nucleotides, say for example A and C.
In this case, the last common ancestor will be reconstructed as {A,C}.
Therefore we consider, after an introduction and some preliminary definitions, the following question in Section 3: how many present-day species need to be in a certain state, for example A, such that the Maximum Parsimony estimate of the last common ancestor is also {A}?
The answer of this question depends on the tree topology as well as on the number of different states.
In Section 4, we provide a sufficient condition for Maximum Parsimony to recover the ancestral state at the root correctly from the observed states at the leaves.
The so-called reconstruction accuracy for the reconstruction of ancestral states is introduced in Section 5. The reconstruction accuracy is the probability that the true root state is indeed reconstructed and always takes two processes into account: on the one hand the approach to reconstruct ancestral states, and on the other hand the way how the states evolve along the edges of the tree. The latter is given by an evolutionary model.
In the present thesis, we focus on a simple symmetric model, the Neyman model.
The symmetry of the model means for example that a change from A to C is equally likely than a change from C to A.
Intuitively, one could expect that the reconstruction accuracy it the highest when all present-day species are taken into account. However, it has long been known that the reconstruction accuracy improves when some taxa are disregarded for the estimation.
Therefore, the question if there exits at least a lower bound for the reconstruction accuracy arises, i.e. if it is best to consider all today living species instead of just one for the reconstruction.
This is bad news for Maximum Parsimony as a criterion for ancestral state reconstruction, and therefore the question if there exists at least a lower bound for the reconstruction accuracy arises.
In Section 5, we start with considering ultrametric trees, which are trees where the expected number of substitutions from the root to each leaf is the same.
For such trees, we investigate a lower bound for the reconstruction accuracy, when the number of different states at the leaves of the tree is 3 or 4.
Subsequently in Section 6, in order to generalize this result, we introduce a new method for ancestral state reconstruction: the coin-toss method.
We obtain new results for the reconstruction accuracy of Maximum Parsimony by relating Maximum Parsimony to the coin-toss method.
Some of these results do not require the underlying tree to be ultrametric.
Then, in Section 7 we investigate the influence of specific tree topologies on the reconstruction accuracy of Maximum Parsimony. In particular, we consider balanced and imbalanced trees as the balance of a tree may have an influence on the reconstruction accuracy.
We end by introducing the Colless index in Section 8, an index which measures the degree of balance a rooted binary tree can have, and analyze its extremal properties.
Spinal cord injury (SCI) above mid-thoracic levels leads to autonomic dysfunction affecting both the cardiovascular system and thermoregulation. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) which is a potent regulator of blood pressure, including its novel beneficial arm with the receptor Mas could be an interesting target in post-SCI hemodynamics. To test the hypothesis that hemodynamics, activity and diurnal patterns of those are more affected in the Mas deficient mice post-SCI we used a mouse model of SCI with complete transection of spinal cord at thoracic level 4 (T4-Tx) and performed telemetric monitoring of blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR). Our data revealed that hypothermia deteriorated physiological BP and HR control. Preserving normothermia by keeping mice at 30°C prevented severe hypotension and bradycardia post-SCI. Moreover, it facilitated rapid return of diurnal regulation of BP, HR and activity in wild type (WT) mice. In contrast, although Mas deficient mice had comparable reacquisition of diurnal HR rhythm, they showed delayed recovery of diurnal rhythmicity in BP and significantly lower nocturnal activity. Exposing mice with T4-Tx (kept in temperature-controlled cages) to 23°C room temperature for one hour at different time-points post-SCI, demonstrated their inability to maintain core body temperature, Mas deficient mice being significantly more impaired than WT littermates. We conclude that Mas deficient mice were more resistant to acute hypotension, delayed nocturnal recovery, lower activity and more severely impaired thermoregulation. The ambient temperature had significant effect on hemodynamics and, thus it should be taken into account when assessing cardiovascular parameters post-SCI in mice.
Die Stimulation des Vagusnervs ist eine vielversprechende therapeutische Methode der Neuromodulation zur Behandlung von akuten und chronischen Schmerzen, epileptischen Anfällen sowie Stimmungs-störungen und Angstzuständen. Dabei kann die Stimulation elektrisch mit Hilfe invasiver Elektroden sowie noninvasiv transkutan erfolgen. Als Ort für eine nicht-invasive Stimulation des Vagus-Nervs eignet sich insbesondere die Ohrmuschel, da dort die Haut unter anderem von vagalen Afferenzen innerviert ist (Peuker & Filler, 2002). In der folgenden Arbeit sollen zunächst kurz die Besonderheiten sowie die therapeutischen Anwendungen der Stimulation dieses Hirnnervs beschrieben werden. Auf Grundlage von vier Publikationen unserer Arbeitsgruppe wird die Vagusnervstimulation als möglicher Wirkmechanismus der Ohrakupunktur postuliert. Anschließend werden die Ergebnisse unserer experimentellen Studie zur Wirkung von tVNS auf die Wahrnehmung von wiederholten schmerzhaften Hitzereizen vorgestellt und diskutiert. Im letzten Teil der Arbeit wird auf der Grundlage der Ergebnisse zweier weiterer Untersuchungen zu den Effekten von Ohrakupunktur zur Reduktion von Prüfungsangst sowie prä-operativer Angst ein alternativer Wirkmechanismus der tVNS sowie dessen systematische Untersuchung in zukünftigen Studien vorgeschlagen.
Summary
The susceptibility of Candida albicans biofilms to a non‐thermal plasma treatment has been investigated in terms of growth, survival and cell viability by a series of in vitro experiments. For different time periods, the C. albicans strain SC5314 was treated with a microwave‐induced plasma torch (MiniMIP). The MiniMIP treatment had a strong effect (reduction factor (RF) = 2.97 after 50 s treatment) at a distance of 3 cm between the nozzle and the superior regions of the biofilms. In addition, a viability reduction of 77% after a 20 s plasma treatment and a metabolism reduction of 90% after a 40 s plasma treatment time were observed for C. albicans. After such a treatment, the biofilms revealed an altered morphology of their cells by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Additionally, fluorescence microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analyses of plasma‐treated biofilms showed that an inactivation of cells mainly appeared on the bottom side of the biofilms. Thus, the plasma inactivation of the overgrown surface reveals a new possibility to combat biofilms.
Zielsetzung: Cutibacterium (C.) acnes ist Teil des anaeroben Haut-Mikrobioms. Besonders in der Schulterchirurgie kommt es postoperativ häufig zu Infektionen mit C. acnes auf Grund der schwierigen Erreichbarkeit des Erregers durch das Hautantiseptikum in den Haarfollikeln der Haut.
Basierend auf der Hypothese, dass eine verlängerte Einwirkzeit des Hautantiseptikums in talgdrüsenreichen Arealen wie der Schulter das Eindringen in die Haarfollikel begünstigt und dadurch die antiseptische Wirksamkeit verbessert wird, sollte die Effektivität der derzeit üblichen Einwirkzeit von 2,5 min mit der Einwirkzeit von 30 min verglichen werden. Aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Eigenschaften von PVP-Iod und Chlorhexidindigluconat (CHG) sollten zwei handelsübliche alkoholische Hautantiseptika mit Gehalt an PVP-Iod bzw. CHG miteinander verglichen werden.
Methode: Im cross-over-Design wurde auf der Schulter von 16 gesunden, freiwilligen Probanden die Einwirkzeit von 2,5 min mit einer Einwirkzeit von 30 min jeweils mit einem PVP-I-haltigen Hautantiseptikum und einem CHG-haltigen Hautantiseptikum verglichen werden. Die Probenentnahmen erfolgten vor, direkt nach und 3h nach erfolgter Hautantiseptik. Analysiert wurde sowohl die aerobe als auch die anaerobe Hautflora.
Ergebnisse: Die aerobe residente Hautflora wurde durch beide Antiseptika bereits bei der kurzen Einwirkzeit effektiv eradiziert.
Die anaerobe residente Flora wurde hinsichtlich der Sofortwerte durch das PVP-I-haltige Antiseptikum sowohl bei der Einwirkungszeit von 2,5 min als auch von 30 min effektiver reduziert als durch das CHG-haltige Antiseptikum. Die nach 3 h erhobenen Werte zeigten dagegen nur die Tendenz der höheren Wirksamkeit bei der verlängerten Einwirkzeit des PVP-I-haltigen Antiseptikums. Die verlängerte Einwirkzeit hatte bei beiden Antiseptika keinen negativen Einfluss auf die intakte Haut, d.h. keiner der Probanden klagte über Hautirritationen oder Beschwerden.
Schlussfolgerung: Die alkoholische Zubereitung mit PVP-Iod ist dem CHG basierten Alkohol an Wirksamkeit gegen die anaerobe Flora im Sofortwert überlegen. Die klinische Relevanz dieser Studie sollte in einer randomisierten klinischen Studie mit dem Endpunkt SSI verifiziert werden.
Introduction: Hearing and vision loss are highly prevalent in elderly adults, and thus frequently occur in conjunction with cognitive impairments. Studies have shown that hearing impairment is associated with a higher risk of dementia. However, evidence concerning the association between vision loss and dementia, as well as the co-occurrence of vision and hearing loss and dementia, has been inconclusive.
Objectives: To assess the association between: (i) either hearing or vision loss and the risk of dementia, as well as between; and (ii) the combination of both sensory impairments and the risk of dementia.
Methods: This case-control study was based on a 5-year data set that included patients aged 65 years and older who had initially been diagnosed with dementia diseases by one of 1,203 general practitioners in Germany between January 2013 and December 2017. In total, 61,354 identified dementia cases were matched to non-dementia controls, resulting in a sample size of 122,708 individuals. Hearing loss and vision loss were identified using the ICD-10 diagnoses documented in the general practitioners’ files prior to the initial dementia diagnosis. Multivariate logistic regression models were fitted to evaluate the associations between visual and/or hearing impairment and the risk of dementia and controlled for sociodemographic and clinical variables.
Results: Hearing impairment was documented in 11.2% of patients with a dementia diagnosis and 9.5% of patients without such a diagnosis. Some form of vision impairment was documented in 28.4% of patients diagnosed with dementia and 28.8% of controls. Visual impairment was not significantly associated with dementia (OR = 0.97, CI = 95% 0.97–1.02, p = 0.219). However, patients with hearing impairment were at a significantly higher risk of developing dementia (OR = 1.26, CI = 95% 1.15–1.38, p < 0.001), a finding that very likely led to the observed significant association of the combination of both visual and hearing impairments and the risk of dementia (OR = 1.14, CI = 95% 1.04–1.24, p = 0.005).
Discussion: This analysis adds important evidence that contributes to the limited body of knowledge about the association between hearing and/or vision loss and dementia. It further demonstrates that, of the two, only hearing impairment affects patients’ cognition and thus contributes to dementia risk.