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A long-standing controversy in emotion research concerns the question whether stimuli must be conceptually interpreted, or semantically categorized, to evoke emotional reactions. According to the semantic primacy hypothesis, the answer to this question is positive; whereas according to the affective primacy hypothesis, it is negative: Emotions can also be, and perhaps often are, elicited by preconceptual stimulus representations, such as particular shapes or color patterns.
In the present dissertation project, the semantic primacy hypothesis was tested in eight experiments using different latency judgment paradigms in which the perceptual latencies of object recognition and affect onset were measured and compared. The chronometric measurement methods comprised temporal judgments (temporal order judgments and simultaneity judgments: Publication A, Experiments 1–4; the rotating spot / rotating clock hand method: Publication B, Experiments 1–2) and speeded reaction time measurements (Publication C, Experiments 1–2). To elicit affective responses, pictures of pleasant (e.g., cats, children) and unpleasant objects (e.g., spiders, moldy food) from everyday life were presented.
According to the semantic primacy hypothesis, object recognition is a necessary partial cause of affect. This implies the following three predictions that were tested in the studies: (1) Because causes must precede their effects, the time of the onset of object recognition must precede the time of the onset of affect. (2) The longer it takes a person to recognize an object, the longer it should also take them, other factors constant, to experience affect; therefore, the latencies of the two mental events should be positively correlated across individuals. (3) An experimental manipulation that delays the onset of object recognition (in this case a moderate blurring of the pictures) should also delay the onset of affect, and the effect of the manipulation on affect latency should be mediated by the delay in object recognition.
In agreement with Prediction 1, regardless of the chronometric method used, the latency of object recognition consistently proved to be shorter than the latency of affect onset. According to the meta-analytically integrated latency differences estimated in the temporal judgment experiments, affect followed object recognition with a delay of 117 ms. This result was obtained for both pleasant and unpleasant stimuli and was independent of task order. Supporting Prediction 2, the latencies for object recognition and affect onset were positively correlated across participants (meta-analytic r = .50). Supporting Prediction 3, delaying object recognition by blurring the affective pictures was found to also delay the onset of affect and the effect of blurring on the latency of affect was found to be partly mediated by delayed object recognition.
Two additional predictions tested and confirmed in Experiment C2 were: (4) False-coloring the affective pictures delays the onset of affect but not object recognition, and this effect is mediated by reduced affect intensity. (5) Judgments of the valence of the stimuli (i.e., whether the imaged object is pleasant or unpleasant) take more time than reports of object recognition, but less time than affect onset reports, for which valence judgments have often been used as a substitute in previous studies.
Taken together, the results of the eight experiments provided consistent support for semantic primacy in the generation of pleasant and unpleasant feelings evoked by affective pictures: Object recognition can be considered a necessary partial cause of affect in the reported experiments. The results are compared to previous findings, possible reasons for deviant response patterns found in a small minority of the participants are considered, and several implications of the findings for emotion research are derived. Possible adaptations of the chronometric approach to investigate other questions of emotion research are suggested. Finally, limitations of the dissertation project are pointed out and possible ways to address these in future research are proposed.
Die zunehmende Digitalisierung und Technologisierung sorgt branchenübergreifend für eine Verlagerung der subjektiv erlebten Beanspruchung von physischer hin zu mentaler Beanspruchung. Um Arbeitsabläufe hinsichtlich auftretender Schwankungen mentaler Beanspruchung optimierbar zu machen, muss diese in Echtzeit am Arbeitsplatz erfassbar sein. Die Verwendung physiologischer Messinstrumente wie Elektrokardiogramm, Eye Tracking und Hautleitfähigkeit bieten dabei eine Möglichkeit der objektiven Quantifizierung der auftretenden Schwankungen. Im Rahmen verschiedener Feld- und Laborstudien konnte gezeigt werden, dass, in Abhängigkeit der Analyseeinheit (gesamter Prozess oder einzelne beanspruchungsinduzierende Events), unterschiedliche physiologische Parameter in der Lage sind Veränderungen der mentalen Beanspruchung nachzuweisen. Insgesamt erwiesen sich dabei die Herzfrequenz sowie die Ausdehnung der Pupille als sensitivste Indikatoren. Für eine live Erfassung im Arbeitsprozess bedarf es zukünftig, neben der Weiterentwicklung von tragbarer Messmethodik (Wearables), eine Entwicklung neuer Algorithmen zur Kombination verschiedener Parameter zu einem allgemeinen Indikator für mentale Beanspruchung, sowie der Bearbeitung einiger theoretischer Probleme, wie unter anderem der Definition von Grenzwerten der mentalen Beanspruchung. Um abseits bestehender Probleme Veränderungen der Beanspruchung am konkreten Arbeitsplatz einschätzbar zu machen, wurde eine alternative Auswertungsstrategie basierend auf kurzfristigen Peaks und längerfristigen Plateaus vorgeschlagen.
Gefahrenlagen, wie schwere Unwetter, Terroranschläge oder die COVID-19-Pandemie, stellen aktuell und zukünftig eine Bedrohung unserer Gesellschaft dar. Im Fall dieser und weiterer Gefahren können Warnungen helfen, Schäden zu verhindern und Menschenleben zu retten, indem sie die Empfänger*innen informieren und Schutzmaßnahmen vermitteln. Das Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) (Lindell & Perry, 2012) bietet einen theoretischen Rahmen, der Verarbeitungsprozesse von Warnungen und die Entstehung von Schutzverhalten abbildet. Neben zahlreichen weiteren Elementen beinhaltet das PADM die Wahrnehmung von Risiko als zentralen Faktor. Im Sinne des Modells sowie bereits existierender Literatur wird Risikowahrnehmung jedoch häufig ausschließlich kognitiv abgebildet. Zudem untersuchen Studien vorwiegend einzelne Gefahrenlagentypen oder singuläre Ereignisse.
Die vorliegende Arbeit bildet mit drei Beobachtungsstudien sowie einer experimentellen Studie Verarbeitungsprozesse von Warnungen vor verschiedenen Gefahrenlagen ab. Untersucht wurde der Einfluss der Warnungen auf kognitive und affektive Facetten der Risikowahrnehmung und ihre Rolle bei der Suche nach Informationen sowie der Intention, Schutzverhalten auszuführen. Über Online-Befragungen erhielten die Teilnehmenden Warnungen zu verschiedenen Gefahrenlagen (schweres Unwetter, Großbrand, extreme Gewalttat, Ausfall der Notrufnummer, Fund einer Weltkriegsbombe, COVID-19-Pandemie, Gewitter), die Informationen zur Gefahr sowie Handlungsempfehlungen enthielten. Befragt wurden sie unter anderem hinsichtlich ihrer Risikowahrnehmung vor und nach Warnerhalt sowie ihrer Intention, die angegebenen Schutzmaßnahmen zu befolgen oder sich Informationen zu suchen. Zudem wurden Eigenschaften der Warnungsempfänger*innen erhoben.
Die Ergebnisse stärken die Rolle affektiver Risikowahrnehmung für die Verarbeitung
von Warnungen sowie die Entstehung von Schutzverhalten und Informationssuche. Dies gilt
jedoch nicht für alle Gefahrenlagen gleichermaßen, sodass der Einfluss von Eigenschaften der Gefahr, wie Häufigkeit oder Schweregrad, deutlich wird. Bezüglich der Eigenschaften der Empfänger*innen ergab sich ebenfalls kein einheitliches Bild. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen wird eine Erweiterung des PADM um ein Modellelement der affektiven Risikowahrnehmung vorgeschlagen.
Fortführende Forschung zu Warnungen sollte eine multifacettierte Sichtweise von Risikowahrnehmung anstreben. Darüber hinaus sollten Gefahrenlagen vergleichend untersucht und ihre Eigenschaften sowie Eigenschaften der Warnungen systematisch variiert werden.
Introduction: To maintain a sufficient donor pool, deferred first-time donors (FTD) should be motivated to return for blood donation. This pilot study investigates how deferral affects momentary mood, satisfaction with the donation process, and subsequent return behavior to examine their potential for motivating (deferred) FTD. Methods: All of the subjects (n = 96) completed a first questionnaire (A1) before pre-donation assessment. Deferred FTD (n = 22) were asked to complete a second questionnaire (A2) immediately after deferral, while non-deferred FTD (n = 74) filled in the second questionnaire (A3) after blood donation. The impact of deferral, momentary mood, and satisfaction with the donation process on return behavior within 12 months was tested by calculating two path analyses, controlling for sex and age. Results: Mood (p < 0.001) and satisfaction with social aspects of the donation process (p = 0.01) were decreased after deferral. Deferred FTD were less likely than non-deferred FTD to return to the blood donation center within 12 months (60.8 vs. 36.4%; p = 0.043). However, path analyses revealed that deferral effects on mood and satisfaction were not connected to return behavior. Instead, age had a significant influence on return behavior (p < 0.05) such that, overall, non-returning FTD were older than returning FTD, regardless of their deferral status. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that mood and satisfaction with the donation process are directly affected by deferral but not clearly responsible for low return rates. It seems promising to embed these variables in established health behavior models in further studies to increase the return rates of deferred FTD.
Abstract
Background
The need to optimize exposure treatments for anxiety disorders may be addressed by temporally intensified exposure sessions. Effects on symptom reduction and public health benefits should be examined across different anxiety disorders with comorbid conditions.
Methods
This multicenter randomized controlled trial compared two variants of prediction error‐based exposure therapy (PeEx) in various anxiety disorders (both 12 sessions + 2 booster sessions, 100 min/session): temporally intensified exposure (PeEx‐I) with exposure sessions condensed to 2 weeks (n = 358) and standard nonintensified exposure (PeEx‐S) with weekly exposure sessions (n = 368). Primary outcomes were anxiety symptoms (pre, post, and 6‐months follow‐up). Secondary outcomes were global severity (across sessions), quality of life, disability days, and comorbid depression.
Results
Both treatments resulted in substantial improvements at post (PeEx‐I: dwithin = 1.50, PeEx‐S: dwithin = 1.78) and follow‐up (PeEx‐I: dwithin = 2.34; PeEx‐S: dwithin = 2.03). Both groups showed formally equivalent symptom reduction at post and follow‐up. However, time until response during treatment was 32% shorter in PeEx‐I (median = 68 days) than PeEx‐S (108 days; TRPeEx‐I = 0.68). Interestingly, drop‐out rates were lower during intensified exposure. PeEx‐I was also superior in reducing disability days and improving quality of life at follow‐up without increasing relapse.
Conclusions
Both treatment variants focusing on the transdiagnostic exposure‐based violation of threat beliefs were effective in reducing symptom severity and disability in severe anxiety disorders. Temporally intensified exposure resulted in faster treatment response with substantial public health benefits and lower drop‐out during the exposure phase, without higher relapse. Clinicians can expect better or at least comparable outcomes when delivering exposure in a temporally intensified manner.
Abstract
Lately, the use of patient‐reported outcome measures (PROM) to adapt and improve ongoing psychotherapeutic treatments has become more widespread. Their main purpose is to support data‐informed, collaborative treatment decisions which include the patient's point of view on their progress. In case of nonresponse or deterioration, these systems are able to warn clinicians and guide the process “back on track” in treatment. In this case illustration, the Greifswald Psychotherapy Navigator System (GPNS) detected the deterioration of 19‐year‐old Sarah during the first eight sessions of cognitive‐behavioral therapy for social anxiety and depression. Here, the GPNS helped the therapist gain insight as to how Sarah's social anxiety affected their treatment and adjust her strategy accordingly. Using the symptom curves and progress scales of the GPNS, the therapist was able to then address her patient's struggles in detail during their sessions and with her supervisor. After adapting her therapeutic approach, the patient's deterioration could be averted while simultaneously strengthening their communication in the process. Clinical implications and the benefits of using PROM systems for evidence‐based personalization of psychotherapy are presented.
Body dissatisfaction is pervasive among young women in Western countries. Among the many forces that contribute to body dissatisfaction, the overrepresentation of thin bodies in visual media has received notable attention. In this study, we proposed that prevalence-induced concept change may be one of the cognitive mechanisms that explain how beauty standards shift. We conducted a preregistered online experiment with young women (N = 419) and found that when the prevalence of thin bodies in the environment increased, the concept of being overweight expanded to include bodies that would otherwise be judged as “normal.” Exploratory analyses revealed significant individual differences in sensitivity to this effect, in terms of women’s judgments about other bodies as well as their own. These results suggest that women’s judgments about other women’s bodies are biased by an overrepresentation of thinness and lend initial support to policies designed to increase size-inclusive representation in the media.
Abstract. Most feedback we receive or give is correct (deterministic
feedback), though a small fraction can be wrong for various reasons. Children need to cope
with receiving some portion of wrong feedback (stochastic feedback). It is still unknown
if better social functioning and communication skills or outstanding intelligence (IQ) or
chronological age support children in the coping process. We tested a sample of
7-, 9-, and 11-year-old children (N = 60) who deduced a
sequence of four left and right button presses from a red and green stochastic feedback
signal that was wrong in 15 % of the trials. Children performed worse with
stochastic than with deterministic feedback but improved in the repeated trials,
especially after receiving positive feedback about whether true or false. Controlling for
IQ improved and confirmed these effects, while social and communicative competence
explained little or no variance.
Zusammenfassung. Die Vereinbarkeit von Wissenschaft und Familie ist für Eltern im
Allgemeinen und Frauen im Besonderen eine große Herausforderung. Tagungsteilnahmen sind wichtige
Karrierebausteine und eine organisatorische Herausforderung für Eltern. In diesem Positionspapier wird
ein Stimmungsbild zu familienfreundlicheren Kongressgestaltung in der Fachgruppe (FG) Klinische Psychologie
und Psychotherapie der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Psychologie (DGPs) erfragt. 147 FG-Mitglieder
(Rücklaufquote: 18.36 %) beantworteten Fragen zur Demographie, sowie Einstellungen gegenüber
der FG-Tagung, Betreuungsmöglichkeiten und familienfreundlichen Maßnahmen. Von den Teilnehmenden
waren 66 % Eltern, 45 % sagten wegen familiärer Verpflichtungen die FG-Tagung ab.
Zusätzliche Kosten durch familiäre Verpflichtungen wurden als hoch eingeschätzt und
familienfreundlichere Maßnahmen von vielen Teilnehmenden gewünscht. Familienfreundliche Konferenzen
können ein klares Signal der Inklusion und Solidarität setzen und für die Aufrechterhaltung und
Nachhaltigkeit wissenschaftlicher Kompetenz sorgen. Konkrete Empfehlungen für eine familienfreundliche
Konferenzgestaltung werden als Checkliste im elektronischen Anhang zur Verfügung gestellt.
Background
Longitudinal observational studies play on an important role for evidence-based research on health services and psychiatric rehabilitation. However, information is missing about the reasons, why patients participate in such studies, and how they evaluate their participation experience.
Methods
Subsequently to their final assessment in a 2-year follow-up study on supported housing for persons with severe mental illness, n = 182 patients answered a short questionnaire on their study participation experience (prior experiences, participation reasons, burden due to study assessments, intention to participate in studies again). Basic respondent characteristics as well as symptom severity (SCL-K9) were also included in the descriptive and analytical statistics.
Results
To help other people and curiosity were cited as the main initial reasons for study participation (>85%). Further motives were significantly associated with demographic and/or clinical variables. For instance, “relieve from boredom” was more frequently reported by men and patients with substance use disorders (compared to mood disorders), and participants ‘motive” to talk about illness” was associated with higher symptom severity at study entry. Furthermore, only a small proportion of respondents indicated significant burdens by study participation and about 87% would also participate in future studies.
Conclusions
The respondents gave an overall positive evaluation regarding their participation experience in an observational study on psychiatric rehabilitation. The results additionally suggest that health and social care professionals should be responsive to the expectations and needs of patients with mental illness regarding participation in research.