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Die hier vorliegende Dissertation befasst sich mit der Frage, ob es möglich ist eine diffuse Makulopathie, wie sie im Rahmen einer diabetischen Retinopathie auftreten kann, mit einer panretinalen Photokoagulation zu therapieren. Mit Hilfe einer ausführlichen Literaturrecherche wurden im ersten Teil der Arbeit mehrere Veröffentlichungen, welche sich mit panretinaler Lasertherapie befassen, untereinander verglichen. Ziel war es für die verschiedenen Laserparameter Konfigurationen zu finden, mit denen die Resorption eines bestehenden Makulaödems gefördert wird. Die größten Unterschiede, welche sich innerhalb der betrachteten Arbeiten bezüglich einer Ödemzunahme zeigten, bezogen sich auf die Reihenfolge der Lasersitzungen. Um eine Ödemreduktion zu erzielen wird empfohlen, primär die mittlere Netzhautperipherie zu koagulieren um danach am hinteren Augenpol fortzufahren, wobei ein Abstand von mehr als zwei Papillendurchmesser zur Fovea von Bedeutung ist. So kann die eingangs hypoxische Netzhaut durch Gefäßanpassungen die Laser-induzierte inflammatorische Situation besser abfangen. Berücksichtigt werden sollte dabei, dass durch eine panretinale Laserkoagulation keine fokalen Netzhautveränderungen im Bereich der Makula beeinflusst werden können. Eine vorherige Netzhautdickenbestimmung mit Hilfe einer Optical Coherence Tomography erlaubt es diffuse Ödeme mit einer schlechten Prognose zu differenzieren. Da sich die in der Literaturrecherche gefundenen Parameter kaum von denen in der Augenklinik Greifswald unterscheiden, wurden im weiteren Verlauf der Studie die Daten von Diabetespatienten mit einem diffusen Makulaödem untersucht, welche von Juni 2008 bis Mai 2012 in der Laserabteilung der Klinik und Poliklinik für Augenheilkunde in Greifswald behandelt wurden. Die Ergebnisse dieser Auswertung führen einerseits zu der Empfehlung Patienten mit einer nicht-proliferativen diabetischen Retinopathie und einer diffusen Makulopathie vor einer panretinalen Photokoagulation einer GRID-Laserkoagulation zur Netzhautdickenreduktion zuzuführen. Andererseits wird eine prospektive Patientenstudie empfohlen, die weitere Untersuchungsparameter berücksichtigt um eine bessere Kontrolle der gefunden Ausschlusskriterien zu gewährleisten.
The anaerobic, gastrointestinal pathogen Clostridioides difficile can cause severe forms of enterocolitis which is mainly mediated by the toxins it produces. The RNA polymerase inhibitor Fidaxomicin is the current gold standard for the therapy of C. difficile infections due to several beneficial features including its ability to suppress toxin synthesis in C. difficile. In contrast to the Rifamycins, Fidaxomicin binds to the RNA polymerase switch region, which is also the binding site for Myxopyronin B. Here, serial broth dilution assays were performed to test the susceptibility of C. difficile and other anaerobes to Myxopyronin B, proving that the natural product is considerably active against C. difficile and that there is no cross-resistance between Fidaxomicin and Myxopyronin B in a Fidaxomicin-resistant C. difficile strain. Moreover, mass spectrometry analysis indicated that Myxopyronin B is able to suppress early phase toxin synthesis in C. difficile to the same degree as Fidaxomicin. Conclusively, Myxopyronin B is proposed as a new lead structure for the design of novel antibiotics for the therapy of C. difficile infections.
Objective
Obesity, often associated with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is characterized by an imbalance between energy expenditure and food intake, which is also reflected by desensitization of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). FGF21 is strongly influenced, among others, by TNFα, which is known to be upregulated in obesity-induced inflammation. Successful long-term treatments of NAFLD might be dietary modification, exercise, or fasting.
Materials and methods
Whether succeeded NAFLD recovery is linked with improved FGF21 sensitivity and finally reverted FGF21 resistance was the focus of the present study. For this purpose, mice received a high-fat diet (HFD) for 6 months to establish obesity. Afterward, the mice were subjected to three different weight loss interventions, namely, dietary change to low-fat diet (LFD), treadmill training, and/or time-restricted feeding for additional 6 months, whereas one group remained on HFD.
Results
In addition to the expected decrease in NAFLD activity with dietary change, this was also observed in the HFD group with additional time-restricted feeding. There was also an associated decrease in hepatic TNFα and FGF21 expression and an increase in ß-klotho expression, demonstrated mainly by using principal component analysis. Pearson correlation analysis shows that independent of any intervention, TNFα expression decreased with improved NAFLD recovery. This was accompanied with higher FGF21 sensitivity, as expressed by an increase in β-klotho and FGFR1c expression and concomitantly decreased FGF21 levels.
Conclusion
In summary, we conclude that successful NAFLD therapy is associated with a reversion of the TNFα-triggered FGF21-resistant state or desensitization.
Multi-drug resistant (MDR), gram-negative Enterobacteriaceae, such as Escherichia coli (E. coli) limit therapeutic options and increase morbidity, mortality, and treatment costs worldwide. They pose a serious burden on healthcare systems, especially in developing countries like Rwanda. Several studies have shown the effects caused by the global spread of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli. However, limited data is available on transmission dynamics of these pathogens and the mobile elements they carry in the context of clinical and community locations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we examined 120 ESBL-producing E. coli strains from patients hospitalized in the University Teaching Hospital of Butare (Rwanda), their attending caregivers as well as associated community members and livestock. Based on whole-genome analysis, the genetic diversification and phylogenetics were assessed. Moreover, the content of carried plasmids was characterized and investigated for putative transmission among strains, and for their potential role as drivers for the spread of antibiotic resistance. We show that among the 30 different sequence types (ST) detected were the pandemic clonal lineages ST131, ST648 and ST410, which combine high-level antimicrobial resistance with virulence. In addition to the frequently found resistance genes blaCTX–M–15, tet(34), and aph(6)-Id, we identified csg genes, which are required for curli fiber synthesis and thus biofilm formation. Numerous strains harbored multiple virulence-associated genes (VAGs) including pap (P fimbriae adhesion cluster), fim (type I fimbriae) and chu (Chu heme uptake system). Furthermore, we found phylogenetic relationships among strains from patients and their caregivers or related community members and animals, which indicates transmission of pathogens. Also, we demonstrated the presence and potential transfer of identical/similar ESBL-plasmids in different strains from the Rwandan setting and when compared to an external plasmid. This study highlights the circulation of clinically relevant, pathogenic ESBL-producing E. coli among patients, caregivers and the community in Rwanda. Combining antimicrobial resistance with virulence in addition to the putative exchange of mobile genetic elements among bacterial pathogens poses a significant risk around the world.