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Die demografischen Entwicklungen werden in den nächsten Dekaden zu einem erheblichen Anstieg älterer Bevölkerungsgruppen führen, die seltener die Empfehlungen für körperliche Aktivität der WHO erreichen. Ein hohes Ausmaß an körperlicher Inaktivität ist ein zentraler Risikofaktor für zahlreiche nicht-übertragbare Erkrankungen wie Herz-Kreislauf-Erkrankungen (HKE), die weltweit zu den häufigsten Todesursachen zählen und zudem weitreichende ökonomische Belastungen verursachen. Schlussfolgernd resultiert zukünftig ein hoher Bedarf an wirksamen Präventionsstrategien. Erfolgreiche Konzepte zur Prävention von HKE erfordern ein weitreichendes Verständnis über die Auswirkungen von körperlicher Aktivität und Inaktivität, deren Zusammenspiel sowie über relevante Einflussfaktoren.
Die vorliegende Ausarbeitung stellt die zentralen Ergebnisse von zwei Veröffentlichungen heraus. Für beide Analysen wurden Daten aus der MOVING-Studie (2016 – 2018) genutzt, die in wissenschaftlicher Kooperation mit dem Deutschen Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung (DZHK) Greifswald durchgeführt wurde.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit bestand in der Untersuchung der Prävalenzen und der Determinanten von körperlicher Aktivität und körperlicher Inaktivität sowie die Analyse der Wirksamkeit einer niedrigschwelligen Intervention bei Menschen älterer Bevölkerungsgruppen. Es wurde eine Studie zur körperlichen Aktivität und Inaktivität in der Allgemeinbevölkerung durchgeführt und die Ergebnisse in zwei Publikation dargestellt.
Die erste Publikation (Prävalenz-Paper) quantifiziert das Ausmaß an körperlicher Aktivität und Inaktivität und bestimmt zudem relevante Prädiktoren. Die zweite Publikation (Effekt-Paper) analysiert weiterführend die Wirksamkeit einer niedrigschwelligen Intervention.
Zusammenfassend sind die wichtigsten Ergebnisse aus den beiden Veröffentlichungen, dass das Ausmaß an körperlicher Aktivität in der Stichprobe im Vergleich zur Allgemeinbevölkerung überdurchschnittlich hoch war. Über zwei Drittel der Studienteilnehmenden (72,8 % der Männer und 79,7 % der Frauen) erfüllten bereits zu Baseline die Empfehlungen für körperliche Aktivität für Menschen ab 65 Jahren der WHO. Insbesondere individuelle Faktoren wie Alter, Bildung und BMI haben einen signifikanten Einfluss auf körperliche Aktivität.
Unabhängig von der Prävalenz körperlicher Aktivität war auch das Ausmaß an in körperlicher Inaktivität verbrachter Zeit hoch und betrug im Mittel 68 % der Wachzeit der Probanden.
Beide Untersuchungen kamen zu dem Ergebnis, dass die Akzeptanz gegenüber dem Akzelerometer mit einer durchschnittlichen Tragezeit von etwa 14 Stunden kontinuierlich hoch war und das methodische Vorgehen damit als ein geeignetes Instrument zur Untersuchung des Forschungsfeldes angesehen werden kann.
Die Analyse der Intervention zeigt, dass der Effekt durch die Teilnahme von körperlich bereits sehr aktiven Probanden minimiert wurde, was einen Deckeneffekt vermuten lässt. Obgleich die Ergebnisse aus dem Effekt-Paper keine signifikanten Ergebnisse bezüglich des primären Outcomes liefern, geben die deskriptiven Auswertungen jedoch einen Hinweis darauf, dass die niedrigschwellige Intervention einen leichten positiven Einfluss auf das Ausmaß an körperlicher Aktivität hatte.
Die Anzahl an Richtlinien und Empfehlungen für körperliche Aktivität nahmen in der Vergangenheit kontinuierlich zu. In der Literatur herrscht weitestgehend Konsens über ein konkretes Ausmaß der zu empfehlenden körperlichen Aktivität für ältere Menschen ab 65 Jahren. Empfehlungen für körperliche Inaktivität sind bislang jedoch kaum vorhanden und enthalten keine konkreten Aussagen über Ausmaß an körperlicher Inaktivität. Bisherige Ausführungen geben eher grundsätzliche Empfehlungen für körperliche Inaktivität.
Aktuelle Veröffentlichungen der WHO beinhalten generell auch Empfehlungen zu sitzendem Verhalten. Dennoch mangelt es bislang an konkreten Empfehlungen, die über eine allgemeine Reduzierung von körperlicher Inaktivität hinausgehen und Obergrenzen definieren. Daher bedarf es insbesondere für körperliche Inaktivität weiterer Forschungsvorhaben, die vor allem die Dosis-Wirkungs-Beziehung fokussieren und im Rahmen von Empfehlungen Sitzzeiten quantifizieren.
Liver dysfunctions are commonly associated with diabetes and mortality in the general
population. However, previous studies lack to define these disorders with hepatic markers from
MRI, which have been shown to be more accurate and sensitive than hepatic ultrasound and
laboratory markers. Further, previous studies defining different categories of prediabetes by oral
glucose tolerance states revealed controversial findings. Hence, this dissertation contributed to
understand the associations of liver dysfunctions with glucose intolerance states and all-cause
mortality in the general population.
In the first part of the dissertation, the associations of MRI-related hepatic steatosis and hepatic
iron overload with prediabetes were investigated. Prediabetes was categorized into IFG, IGT,
(alone or in combination) or previously unknown type 2 diabetes mellitus using OGGT data, as
suggested by the ADA. For analyses, we included 1632 subjects with MRI who participated in
an OGTT and reported no type 2 diabetes mellitus. We found that hepatic steatosis was
positively associated with continuous markers of glucose metabolism. Similarly, subjects with
hepatic steatosis as defined by MRI had a higher relative risk ratio to be in the prediabetes
groups (i-IFG, i-IGT and IFG + IGT) or having undiagnosed diabetes than individuals without
this condition. The observed associations were more obvious for MRI-derived hepatic steatosis
compared to ultrasound. In comparison to hepatic steatosis, we found that MRI-assessed hepatic
iron overload was positively associated only with both 2-hour plasma glucose and the combined
IFG + IGT category. There were no significant associations between hepatic iron overload and
other glucose tolerance states or biomarkers of glucose metabolism, regardless of possible
confounding factors.
In the second part, the associations of liver volume and other markers of hepatic steatosis with
all-cause mortality in the general population were investigated. We included 2769 middle-aged
German subjects with a median follow-up of 8.9 years (23,898 person-years). Serum liver
enzymes and FIB-4 score were used as quantitative markers, while MRI measurements of liver
fat content and total liver volume included as qualitative markers of hepatic steatosis. Compared
to other markers of hepatic steatosis, larger liver volumes were significantly associated with a
nearly three-fold increase in the long-term risk of all-cause mortality. Furthermore, this
association was consistent across all subgroups considered (men vs. women; presence or absence
of metabolic syndrome or type 2 diabetes at baseline). A positive association between FIB-4
score and all-cause mortality was found both in the entire cohort and in women. Likewise,
positive associations of higher serum AST and GGT levels with all-cause mortality were found
in the entire cohort and in men.
To conclude, this dissertation acknowledges the fact that prevention and early intervention of
liver dysfunction has major impact to reduce the burden of public health problems. Thus, our
findings suggest that hepatic markers contributes to an increased risk of prediabetes and all-cause
mortality, which might be helpful to identify high risk groups who need closer attention with
respect to prevention of liver disorders and diabetes.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit erfolgte ein direkter Head-to-Head-Vergleich von ausgewählten Assessmentinstrumenten zur Ergebniserfassung von Heilverfahren bei Wirbelsäulenerkrankungen am Beispielkollektiv von Patienten mit traumatisch bedingter Fraktur eines Wirbels beziehungsweise zweier benachbarter Wirbel.
Die Studie war als prospektive, multizentrische Beobachtungsstudie über zwei Erhebungszeitpunkte konzipiert. Die Datenerhebung fand im Unfallkrankenhaus Berlin und in der BG-Unfallklinik Duisburg statt.
Die Patienten erhielten ein Fragebogenset, welches neben dem Indexinstrument EQ-5D als weitere Vertreter generischer Instrumente den SF-36 und das NHP sowie die spezifischen Instrumente FFbH-R, ODQ und RMDQ enthielt.
Um die geeignetste Methodik für Fragestellungen der rehabilitationswissenschaftlichen Forschung zu eruieren, aber auch Empfehlungen für die Auswahl von zur Routinedokumentation tauglichen Instrumenten zu generieren, wurden die genannten Instrumente hinsichtlich ihrer psychometrischen Eigenschaften analysiert. Betrachtet wurden hierbei die Verteilungseigenschaften (% Boden- und Deckeneffekte), die Praktikabilität (% fehlende Werte auf Skalenebene), die Änderungssensitivität anhand von t-Tests für gepaarte Stichproben und Effektgrößemaßen (standardisierte Mittelwertdifferenz, Effektgröße), die Reliabilität (Cronbach-Alpha) und die kriterienbezogene Validität mittels der Analyse der Pearson-Korrelationen.
Alle untersuchten spezifischen Fragebogen (FFbH-R, ODQ, RMDQ) sind zur Erfassung von patientenberichteten Outcomeparametern bei Wirbelkörperfrakturen geeignet und zeichnen ein ähnliches Bild der gesundheitsbezogenen Lebensqualität. Alle Instrumente sind in deutscher Sprache validiert, praktikabel und bilden Veränderungen im Zeitverlauf ab. Gleichwohl keines der Instrumente als allgemein überlegen erschien, kristallisierte sich der FFbH-R als besonders vorteilhaft raus. Hohe Praktikabilität sowohl für Probanden als auch für Anwender lassen ein breites Anwendungsspektrum zu.
Alle untersuchten generischen Instrumente (SF-36, NHP, EQ-5D) sind ebenfalls prinzipiell zur Erfassung des Gesundheitsstatus geeignet, wobei jedoch die analysierten Kennwerte hinter denen der spezifischen Instrumente zurückbleiben. Sie erfüllen die Standards der international geforderten Gütekriterien psychometrischer Methodik. Anhand der vorliegenden Analysen erscheint der SF-36 als günstigere Option eines Profilinstrumentes vor dem NHP. Der EQ-5D als einzig eingesetztes Indexinstrument zeigte kontinuierlich positive Eigenschaften.
Die gesundheitsbezogene Lebensqualität als ein derart komplexes Konstrukt ist nicht mittels eines einzelnen Maßes allumfassend zu beschreiben. Es gilt abhängig vom Untersuchungsziel ein Instrumentarium auszuwählen, welches sowohl den Gesundheitsstatus hinreichend operationalisiert als sich auch nach den praktischen Aspekten der geplanten Datenerhebung ausrichtet.
Eine Kombination verschiedener Instrumente ist erfolgversprechend. Für gesundheitsökonomische Analysen ist der Einsatz eines präferenzbasierten Indexinstrumentes unerlässlich. In der Bearbeitung verletzungsübergreifender Fragestellungen eignet sich ein generisches Instrument. Sobald das Patientenkollektiv hinsichtlich des Beschwerdebildes vergleichbar ist, sollte unweigerlich zusätzlich ein spezifisches Instrument eingesetzt werden.
Frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) is likely to be the second-most common cause of dementia in individuals under 65 years of age. Pathognomonic changes in personality, behavior and motivation are known to lead to high caregiver stress and burden, with little support being available. The aim of this work is to present the current state of knowledge on the characteristics, challenges and unmet needs of caregivers as well as on possible interventions.
Two scoping reviews on caregiver burden using the PRISMA checklist for scoping reviews were conducted using PubMed, Web of Science and ScienceDirect in April 2017 and November 2019, respectively. A total of 107 articles were considered eligible and were analyzed qualitatively and summarized.
Our results show that caregivers of patients with FTLD are often female, spouses of the PwD, younger in age, have underage children and provide care at home. Behavioral and motivational disturbances in the PwD are perceived to be the most burdensome aspects of caregiving. Those caring for an individual with the bvFTD subtype thus report higher levels of burden than caregivers of an individual with a form of PPA. With rising dementia severity, caregivers report higher levels of burden. Many caregivers experience a decline in their own physical and mental health as well as a significant financial burden resulting from care duties. The deterioration of the relationship between the PwD and their caregivers is a main burdensome aspect. Only few interventions were conducted so far, and none of those that were identified were designed as an RCT. The most efficacious interventions were those aimed directly at caregivers, whereas interventions aiming at the amelioration of symptoms in the PwD showed little effect.
Further research should reproduce and validate efficacious interventions and establish new interventional approaches. Another focus should be set on the situation of underage children of individuals with FTLD and relatives of a person with hereditary FTD. More research from non-Western countries is needed in order to identify culture-specific factors of caregiver burden. Along those lines, support structures for FTLD caregivers should be assessed on a local basis and extended accordingly. So far, no study has assessed the relationship between caregiver burden and possible consequences for the quality of care provided to the PwD in FTLD specifically. Awareness both in the wider population and among healthcare professionals is an urgent need for the future since FTLD is often misdiagnosed, leading to a delay in obtaining the correct diagnosis and access to suitable support.
Background
Few studies have assessed trajectories of alcohol use in the general population, and even fewer studies have assessed the impact of brief intervention on the trajectories. Especially for low-risk drinkers, it is unclear what trajectories occur, whether they benefit from intervention, and if so, when and how long. The aims were first, to identify alcohol use trajectories among at-risk and among low-risk drinkers, second, to explore potential effects of brief alcohol intervention and, third, to identify predictors of trajectories.
Methods
Adults aged 18-64 years were screened for alcohol use at a municipal registration office. Those with alcohol use in the past 12 months (N = 1646; participation rate: 67%) were randomized to assessment plus computer-generated individualized feedback letters or assessment only. Outcome was drinks/week assessed at months 3, 6, 12, and 36. Alcohol risk group (at-risk/low-risk) was determined using the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test–Consumption. Latent class growth models were estimated to identify alcohol use trajectories among each alcohol risk group. Sex, age, school education, employment status, self-reported health, and smoking status were tested as predictors.
Results
For at-risk drinkers, a light-stable class (46%), a medium-stable class (46%), and a high-decreasing class (8%) emerged. The light-stable class tended to benefit from intervention after 3 years (Incidence Rate Ratio, IRR=1.96; 95% Confidence Interval, CI: 1.14–3.37). Male sex, higher age, more years of school, and current smoking decreased the probability of belonging to the light-stable class (p-values<0.05). For low-risk drinkers, a very light-slightly increasing class (72%) and a light-increasing class (28%) emerged. The very light-slightly increasing class tended to benefit from intervention after 6 months (IRR=1.60; 95% CI: 1.12–2.28). Male sex and more years of school increased the probability of belonging to the light-increasing class (p-value < 0.05).
Conclusion
Most at-risk drinkers did not change, whereas the majority of low-risk drinkers increased alcohol use. There may be effects of alcohol feedback, with greater long-term benefits among persons with low drinking amounts. Our findings may help to identify refinements in the development of individualized interventions to reduce alcohol use.
Background
The COVID-19 pandemic and the imposed lockdowns severely affected routine care in general and specialized physician practices.
Objective
To describe the long-term impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the physician services provision and disease recognition in German physician practices and perceived causes for the observed changes.
Design
Observational study based on medical record data and survey data of general practitioners and specialists' practices.
Participants
996 general practitioners (GPs) and 798 specialist practices, who documented 6.1 million treatment cases for medical record data analyses and 645 physicians for survey data analyses.
Main measures
Within the medical record data, consultations, specialist referrals, hospital admissions, and documented diagnoses were extracted for the pandemic (March 2020–September 2021) and compared to corresponding pre-pandemic months in 2019. The additional online survey was used to assess changes in practice management during the COVID-19 pandemic and physicians' perceived main causes of affected primary and specialized care provision.
Main results
Hospital admissions (GPs: −22% vs. specialists: −16%), specialist referrals (−6 vs. −3%) and recognized diseases (−9 vs. −8%) significantly decreased over the pandemic. GPs consultations initially decreased (2020: −7%) but compensated at the end of 2021 (+3%), while specialists' consultation did not (−2%). Physicians saw changes in patient behavior, like appointment cancellation, as the main cause of the decrease. Contrary to this, they also mentioned substantial modifications of practice management, like reduced (nursing) home visits (41%) and opening hours (40%), suspended checkups (43%), and delayed consultations for high-risk patients (71%).
Conclusion
The pandemic left its mark on primary and specialized healthcare provision and its utilization. Both patient behavior and organizational changes in practice management may have caused decreased and non-compensation of services. Evaluating the long-term effect on patient outcomes and identifying potential improvements are vital to better prepare for future pandemic waves.
Variability of Thyroid Measurements from Ultrasound and Laboratory in a Repeated Measurements Study
(2020)
Background: Variability of measurements in medical research can be due to different sources. Quantification of measurement errors facilitates probabilistic sensitivity analyses in future research to minimize potential bias in epidemiological studies. We aimed to investigate the variation of thyroid-related outcomes derived from ultrasound (US) and laboratory analyses in a repeated measurements study. Subjects and Methods: Twenty-five volunteers (13 females, 12 males) aged 22–70 years were examined once a month over 1 year. US measurements included thyroid volume, goiter, and thyroid nodules. Laboratory measurements included urinary iodine concentrations and serum levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free triiodothyronine (fT3), free thyroxine (fT4), and thyroglobulin. Variations in continuous thyroid markers were assessed as coefficient of variation (CV) defined as mean of the individual CVs with bootstrapped confidence intervals and as intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Variations in dichotomous thyroid markers were assessed by Cohen’s kappa. Results: CV was highest for urinary iodine concentrations (56.9%), followed by TSH (27.2%), thyroglobulin (18.2%), thyroid volume (10.5%), fT3 (8.1%), and fT4 (6.3%). The ICC was lowest for urinary iodine concentrations (0.42), followed by fT3 (0.55), TSH (0.64), fT4 (0.72), thyroid volume (0.87), and thyroglobulin (0.90). Cohen’s kappa values for the presence of goiter or thyroid nodules were 0.64 and 0.70, respectively. Conclusion: Our study provides measures of variation for thyroid outcomes, which can be used for probabilistic sensitivity analyses of epidemiological data. The low intraindividual variation of serum thyroglobulin in comparison to urinary iodine concentrations emphasizes the potential of thyroglobulin as marker for the iodine status of populations.
Abstract
The increasing global prevalence of dementia demands concrete actions that are aimed strategically at optimizing processes that drive clinical innovation. The first step in this direction requires outlining hurdles in the transition from research to practice. The different parties needed to support translational processes have communication mismatches; methodological gaps hamper evidence‐based decision‐making; and data are insufficient to provide reliable estimates of long‐term health benefits and costs in decisional models. Pilot projects are tackling some of these gaps, but appropriate methods often still need to be devised or adapted to the dementia field. A consistent implementation perspective along the whole translational continuum, explicitly defined and shared among the relevant stakeholders, should overcome the “research‐versus‐adoption” dichotomy, and tackle the implementation cliff early on. Concrete next steps may consist of providing tools that support the effective participation of heterogeneous stakeholders and agreeing on a definition of clinical significance that facilitates the selection of proper outcome measures.
Background
Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, previous studies have shown that the physical as well as the mental health of children and adolescents significantly deteriorated. Future anxiety caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and its associations with quality of life has not previously been examined in school children.
Methods
As part of a cross-sectional web-based survey at schools in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Germany, two years after the outbreak of the pandemic, school children were asked about COVID-19-related future anxiety using the German epidemic-related Dark Future Scale for children (eDFS-K). Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) was assessed using the self-reported KIDSCREEN-10. The eDFS-K was psychometrically analyzed (internal consistency and confirmatory factor analysis) and thereafter examined as a predictor of HRQoL in a general linear regression model.
Results
A total of N = 840 8–18-year-old children and adolescents were included in the analysis. The eDFS-K demonstrated adequate internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.77), and the confirmatory factor analysis further supported the one-factor structure of the four-item scale with an acceptable model fit. Over 43% of students were found to have low HRQoL. In addition, 47% of the students sometimes to often reported COVID-19-related fears about the future. Children with COVID-19-related future anxiety had significantly lower HRQoL (B = – 0.94, p < 0.001). Other predictors of lower HRQoL were older age (B = – 0.63, p < 0.001), and female (B = – 3.12, p < 0.001) and diverse (B = – 6.82, p < 0.001) gender.
Conclusion
Two years after the outbreak of the pandemic, school-aged children continue to exhibit low HRQoL, which is further exacerbated in the presence of COVID-19-related future anxiety. Intervention programs with an increased focus on mental health also addressing future anxiety should be provided.