Doctoral Thesis
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In the 1940s cytochrome P450 monooxygenases have been discovered and have been the focus of many studies ever since. Although they catalyze very interesting reactions that might find applications in the production of fine chemicals or pharmaceuticals, their low activity and stability often reduces their economic value. Both properties, the activity and the stability, are influenced by the uncoupling of the catalytic cycle.
In this PhD thesis, an assay for the screening of activity and uncoupling of cytochrome P450 enzymes was successfully developed. After finding optimal conditions for the assay, concerning pH and enzyme concentration, the uncoupling of cytochrome P450 BM3 and five mutants (F87Y, R47L, Y51F, A82L and T268A) was investigated. With the results obtained, a comparison of data from literature was possible and revealed similarities. Additionally, through negative controls, the reliability of the assay could be further demonstrated. Although other methods have been described for the detection of hydrogen peroxide formation, the combination of NADPH consumption measurement and hydrogen peroxide formation in parallel was new and represents a very good basis for a pre-screening of large mutant libraries, followed by closer investigation of selected variants.
For the investigation of the activity of the CYP11A1 system, consisting of CYP11A1 and Adx and AdR as redox partner system, the expression and purification for all three proteins was investigated first. For the protein CYP11A1 and Adx, good expression levels were achieved, whereas for AdR the protein concentration obtained was very low. The purification of all three proteins was partially accomplished but left room for improvement. Therefore, in the Master thesis of Christopher Grimm, the pH and temperature stability of all three proteins was further investigated in order to improve conditions used for ion exchange chromatography and to investigate possible conditions for in vitro biocatalysis. As unfortunately even with further investigation of the expression of AdR, no improvement was achieved, a whole-cell system was further investigated. Here, the product formation could be increased 8-fold in comparison to the published data, from 0.27% conversion to 2.2% conversion over 24 h by using a different detergent for substrate solubilization, which might have led to a better substrate supply to the enzyme.
Due to the low activity and stability, a different P450 system, the CYP17A1 enzyme, was subsequently investigated, first by in vitro biocatalysis with the human CYP17A1 expressed in E. coli. Therefore, a suitable redox partner system needed to be found for efficient electron supply of the enzyme. In in vitro biocatalysis, in combination with the Pdx/PdR system of P. putida the CYP17A1 enzyme showed the highest conversion with 91% after 24 h. To investigate the activity of the enzyme further, all active site residues in 4 Å proximity to the bound substrate were exchanged with alanine. After expression of the variants, almost no correctly folded protein was obtained for the variants. Also, after investigating different buffers to possibly enhance the stability, no improvements were achieved. Therefore, a whole-cell approach with the bovine enzyme was chosen in order to investigate the activity of the alanine variants. Here the importance of positions N202, R239, G297, E305, and T306A, described in literature to be important for catalytic activity, was confirmed. Most importantly, three positions that alter the regioselectivity of the enzyme were identified. The reaction of the V483A mutant was therefore also further investigated by preparative biocatalysis. Afterwards the new product was separated by preparative HPLC and identified as 16α- hydroxyprogesterone as confirmed by NMR spectroscopy analysis.
In the last part of the thesis, another screening approach for possible high-throughput screening was investigated. In contrast to the other screening approach, here the investigation of the substrate conversion and the hydrogen peroxide formation were optimized for application in droplets. After finding that DCFH-DA was not sensitive enough towards hydrogen peroxide, the AmplifluTM Red probe was used. As both fluorescent products were found to stay in the aqueous phase above pH 7.4, the conditions investigated for the AmplifluTM Red assay were applied and only NADPH to substrate ratio was investigated by using an uncoupling variant, an active variant from literature and the cytochrome P450 BM3 wild-type enzyme. After finding a good ratio, the five variants used for the investigation of the AmplifluTM Red assay were investigated in the same concentration later on found in the droplets (1 cell per 4 pL), and one variant showed improved product formation compared to wild-type. This finding clearly shows the applicability of the assay for high-throughput screening in droplets.