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Background and Aim: High-risk neuroblastoma (HR-NB) is associated with a dismal prognosis despite the utilization of multimodal treatment, including therapy with an anti-GD2 monoclonal antibody (mAb). Here we investigated the use of an anti-idiotypic vaccine (ganglidiomab) in patients with HR-NB with or without relapse. Ganglidiomab is a murine monoclonal anti-idiotypic antibody and a structural mimic of GD2.
Patients and Methods: In this compassionate use program, seven HR-NB patients (two with relapsed disease) who achieved complete remission after salvage therapy were enrolled. They received 6-22 subcutaneous vaccine injections every two weeks. Each subcutaneous vaccine injection consisted of 0.5mg of ganglidiomab with 1.67mg aluminum as adjuvant. The immune response was quantified by ELISA methods. We investigated the vaccine-induced antibody response against ganglidiomab (vaccine), against ganglidiximab (a human-mouse chimeric variant of ganglidiomab), as well as against GD2, in immunized patients and determined the time to relapse or progression to last follow-up.
Results: Among the patients enrolled, 6/7 showed an immune response against ganglidiomab as well as an anti-ganglidiximab seroconversion. The non-responding patient had a haploidentical stem cell transplantation as part of the previous treatment, which is associated with B-cell immunodeficiency. However, an anti-GD2 seroconversion was only seen in 2/7 patients. Common toxicities were self-limited, including injection-related local reactions. No fever, pain, neuropathy, or grade 3/4 toxicities occurred during or post-treatment. All immunized patients did not experience a relapse or progression of their neuroblastoma with a median range of 56 months and 16 days from the first vaccine dose to the last follow-up, which contrasts with what is expected from historical control cohorts.
Conclusions: This is the first in man use of the anti-idiotype vaccine ganglidiomab in HR-NB patients. The vaccine was well-tolerated, and none of the vaccinated patients experienced a relapse or progression. These findings provide an important basis for the design of prospective clinical trials.