Doctoral Thesis
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Die Diagnostik des Diabetes mellitus erfolgt mit Hilfe festgelegter diagnostischer Grenzwerte für bestimmte Biomarker, z.B. für die Plasmaglukosekonzentration. Die DDG empfiehlt in ihrer Praxisempfehlung zur Definition, Klassifizierung und Diagnose von Diabetes mellitus, die Impräzision der Plasmaglukosekonzentrationsbestimmung mit Hilfe der Minimal Difference (MD) anzugeben. Sie leitet sich von der SD ab und beschreibt die kleinste Differenz zwischen zwei Messwerten, die erforderlich ist, um diese als voneinander verschieden zu bezeichnen. Die MD der Glukosekonzentrationsbestimmung soll 0.7 mmol/L bei einer Konzentration von 7.0 mmol/L nicht überschreiten, wenn das Ergebnis für die Diagnose des DM eingesetzt wird. Um verlässliche MD-Werte zu erhalten, wurden in der vorliegenden Studie zwei Ansätze verfolgt:
1. Langzeitauswertung von QK-Daten aus der Krankenversorgung über zehn Jahre Zeitraum Januar 2009 bis Dezember 2018 sowie
2. Kurzzeitauswertung mittels intensiviertem Schema, mit stündlichen Messungen von QK-Material über eine Woche im September 2012.
Die MD der für die Diagnose von DM relevanten Glukosekonzentration wurde in beiden Ansätzen berechnet und verglichen. Die Impräzision der Langzeitauswertung, ausgedrückt als MDcut-off 7.0, betrug 0.44 mmol/L und lag daher deutlich unter dem empfohlenen Grenzwert von 0.7 mmol/L. Stündliche Messungen über einen Zeitraum von einer Woche bestätigen diese Ergebnisse und veranschaulichen das MD-Konzept. Die von QK gemessene Impräzision ist über viele Jahre bemerkenswert stabil. Die derzeitige Impräzionsbewertung konzentriert sich auf einzelne Instrumente, wohingegen klinisch tätige Ärzte die kombinierte analytische Leistung aller Instrumente, die für eine bestimmten Messgröße in einem Labor verwendet werden, beurteilen. Aus diesem Grund wäre zu empfehlen, den MDcut-off aus allen Instrumenten und Kontrollzyklen abzuleiten, die für die Verwendung der Patientenversorgung in einem bestimmten medizinischen Labor herangezogen werden. Hier lagen nach ungefähr 30 unabhängigen Kontrollzyklen, bzw. einem Jahr, stabile Ergebnisse für MDcut-off 7.0 vor. Die Einrichtung einer kontinuierlichen Überwachung der MDcut-off kann die traditionelle Qualitätssicherung ergänzen.
Obesity and diabetes have reached epidemic proportions and have emerged as massive public health problems globally. The etiology of both obesity and diabetes are related, multifactorial, highly complex, and involves interplay of genetic, environmental, socio-economic and physiological factors, which calls for a more extensive research in understanding the risk factors and biological pathways. Hence, this dissertation contributed in part to understanding the role of iron markers in the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the role of intrauterine hyperglycemia in influencing the risk of offspring obesity along with investigating potential pathways.
In the first part of my dissertation, the associations of iron markers (ferritin and transferrin) with type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome were investigated using the population-based Study of Health in Pomerania. The present analyses were based on 3,232 participants aged 20-81 years with a follow-up time of nearly 11 years. The results suggest that serum ferritin concentrations were associated with a higher prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome in the total population as well as in men. However, the effects of serum ferritin on incident type 2 diabetes mellitus were observed only in women, while the effects on incident metabolic syndrome were seen in the total population. Serum ferritin is also known to reflect systemic inflammation or hepatic dysfunction in addition to increased iron stores. Hence, upon further analyses, the associations were found to be attenuated after adjustment for hepatic enzymes but not after adjustment for inflammation. Transferrin was not associated with any of the outcomes. Thus, our study provides evidence for a link between the iron marker ferritin and type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome, although the association seemed to vary by sex. Moreover, hepatic dysfunction seems likely to be in the pathway between ferritin and type 2 diabetes mellitus and metabolic syndrome.
In the second part of my dissertation, the association between maternal hyperglycemia and the risk of offspring overweight and obesity were investigated using three different cohorts: TEDDY, TEENDIAB and BABYDIAB/BABYDIET. The present analyses were based on a total of 8,103 children who were followed until 6 years of age in TEDDY study and until 18 years of age in TEENDIAB and BABYDIAB/BABYDIET studies. The dissertation revealed that maternal hyperglycemia in general may be associated with increased risk for childhood overweight and obesity, and that the association gets stronger as children grow older, with the risk being clearly evident at late childhood and adolescence. Moreover, this dissertation adds that this association can be driven by different pathways based on the type of maternal diabetes to which the offspring was exposed. The association of maternal gestational diabetes mellitus with offspring overweight can be largely explained by the confounding influence of maternal BMI, whereas the association of maternal type 1 diabetes mellitus with offspring overweight can be substantially explained by birthweight in all three studies. In our attempt to understand biological pathways at a cellular level, we found that the offspring metabolome was unlikely to be in the causal pathway between maternal type 1 diabetes mellitus and overweight, because this association could not be explained by any of the potentially relevant metabolites.
To conclude, this dissertation acknowledges the fact that prevention and early intervention of obesity and diabetes is of paramount importance to lessen the impact of these public health problems. Thus, our findings of the role of ferritin in increasing the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus/ metabolic syndrome and the role of intrauterine hyperglycemia in increasing the risk of offspring overweight helped to identify particular risk groups who may need closer attention with respect to prevention of obesity and diabetes.