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Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is a positive-sense RNA virus of the family Picornaviridae that comprises of seven serotypes and is distinguished by a high contagiosity with the ability of rapid spread. Strategies for abatement and control are based on an early detection, quick initiation of retaliatory actions and mass vaccinations. Therefore, aim of the study was the development of a fast and easy method for genome sequencing as well as an investigation into the causes, why some cell lines that are mainly used for vaccine production, are resistant towards FMDV infection. Finally, adaptive sequence changes in different cell culture systems and associated effects on particle stability and immunogenicity were examined.
In case of an outbreak it is of major importance to detect and rapidly characterize the circulating virus isolate to choose an appropriate vaccine to minimize the viral spread. In addition, comprehensive genome analysis of the outbreak strain provides information about the origin of the virus and allows molecular epidemiology. A universal primer set, covering most parts of the open reading frame of the viral genome, was developed to perform quick sequence analyses, independently of the viral serotype (Paper I). Especially in endemic regions, vaccination of susceptible animal species is the main action to combat foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) in an acute outbreak situation as well as a preventive measure. Reasons, why some baby hamster kidney (BHK) cell lines are resistant towards an infection with FMDV, were examined in a second study that narrowed down the cause for this phenomenon to an impaired attachment of the virus to the cell surface. Furthermore, an alternative approach could be developed to successfully adapt the virus to the resistant vaccine-production cell line by using a FMDV-sensitive “wet-nurse” cell line (Paper II). Adaptive changes in the capsid-coding region of the viral genome caused through cultivation and passaging of the virus in different BHK cell systems were the topics of the third study. It was shown that capsid alterations are rather serotype-specific and dependent on the cell line used than influenced by the cell media. Viral titers and neutralization profiles of the adapted isolates were not affected compared to the original viruses (Paper III).
Overall, this work expanded our knowledge on the control and eradication of FMD and will support the global effort to combat the disease.
Body sensations play a crucial role in the etiology and maintenance of diverse anxiety and health problems (e.g., in panic disorder or respiratory diseases) as they may be perceived as threatening and consequently elicit anxious responses. The factors that may affect the perception of bodily sensations as a threat and thus modulate the anxious response to body sensations have so far rarely been studied. Therefore, the present thesis targeted at elucidating the effect of contextual (i.e., the predictability, expectation, and proximity of a threat) and dispositional factors (i.e., tendency to fear arousal sensations or trait fear of suffocation) on the defensive response to body sensations.
In study 1, it was investigated how a personality factor, that is, fear of suffocation, affects the acquisition of fear to body sensations (i.e., mild dyspnea induced by inspiratory resistive loads) and contexts when faced with a predictable and unpredictable respiratory threat (i.e., severe dyspnea). Study 2 aimed at examining the main and interactive effects of the tendency to fear arousal sensations, again a personality trait factor, and current arousal expectations as varied by situational variables on anxious responding to arousal sensations. In this study, expected and unexpected arousal sensations were induced by administering caffeine in coffee or bitter lemon soda, respectively. Moreover, in study 3, it was explored how subjective anxiety, bodily symptoms, and defensive respiratory responses change and might culminate into active defense behavior (i.e., escape/active avoidance) during increasing dyspnea that was evoked by inspiratory resistive loads increasing in intensity. For a detailed analysis of the factors that contribute to the initiation and maintenance of avoidance of or escape from increasing dyspnea, in study 4 changes in subjective, autonomic, somatic reflex and brain responses were analyzed during repeated avoidance of increasing dyspnea.
In study 1, it was demonstrated that only individuals who fear suffocation learned to fear mild dyspnea preceding the onset of severe dyspnea and developed anxiety during a context of unpredictable respiratory threat. Moreover, the data from study 2 indicate that individuals who fear arousal sensations show an increased attention allocation towards unexpected arousal sensations and higher threat appraisal when expecting arousal sensations. Increasing intensity of dyspnea as provoked in study 3 led to increased defensive respiratory responses that were associated with increased symptom reports in individuals with high compared to low fear of suffocation. Moreover, culminating dyspnea elicited repeated avoidance behavior preceded by increases in defensive respiratory mobilization. The analysis of repeated avoidance of increasing dyspnea in study 4 revealed that physiological fear responses might be involved in the initial initiation of this avoidance behavior while no indication of response preparation and physiological arousal was related to persistent avoidance.
Taken together, the present data suggest that the fear of suffocation, as well as the tendency to fear arousal sensations along with the predictability, expectation, or proximity of interoceptive threat, may increase the perceived threat and thus the anxious response to body sensations. Therefore, contextual and dispositional factors may set the stage for the culmination of body sensations into defensive action and might contribute to the development of pathological anxiety and fear of body sensations. The present findings are integrated into the current literature and discussed in relation to the development and maintenance of pathological anxiety and fear of body sensations.
This thesis highlights the impact of surface charges and negative ions on the pre-ionization, breakdown mechanism, and lateral structure of dielectric barrier discharges operated in binary mixtures of helium with nitrogen or electronegative oxygen. Sophisticated diagnostic methods, e.g., non-invasive optical emission spectroscopy and the electro-optic Pockels effect as well as invasive laser photodetachment and laser photodesorption, were applied at one plane-parallel discharge configuration to investigate both relevant volume and surface processes. Moreover, the experimental findings were supported by numerical fluid simulations of the discharge. For the first time, the memory effect of the measured surface charge distribution was quantified and its impact on the local self-stabilization of discharge filaments was pointed out. As well, it turned out that a few additional seed electrons, either desorbed from the charged dielectric surface or detached from negative ions in the volume, significantly contribute to the pre-ionization resulting in a reduced voltage necessary for discharge breakdown. Finally, effective secondary electron emission coefficients of different dielectrics were estimated from the measured breakdown voltage using an analytical model.
The aim of the study was to develop and evaluate the reliability and agreement of new computer planimetric method for measurement and assessment of plaque on all types of removable dental prostheses RPDs. The instrument (new method) was tested by evaluating the efficacy of the rotating needles device in cleaning specific parts of RPD. From a database containing 780 images, which were taken in a standardized method for 65 RDPs for 49 participants, 55 images were selected randomly for image analysis. Adobe Photoshop software was used according to a standard operating procedure (SOP) by a main examiner two times in different sessions, and 1 time by 3 other examiners. In order to estimate the intra- and inter-examiner reliability, intraclass correlation coefficients ICC(2,1) was used. Three parameters were used to estimate agreement: standard error of measurement (SEM), smallest detectable change at 95% confidence level (SDC95%), and limits of agreement (LoA) according to Bland¨CAltman method. In the database, only 34 subjects were found with double crown retained removable denture and veneer over the secondary crown. 49x2 (before x after) images for 34 RDPs went under image analyses to calculate POP before and after cleaning the RDPs with the rotating needle device. Data were analysed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. In all steps of image analysis, both intra-examiner and inter- examiner reliability were excellent with ICC(2,1) values > 0.85 at 95% confidence level. Intra- and inter-examiner values for both, SEM and SDC95% were ¡Ü 6% and ¡Ü17% respectively. The Bland¨CAltman analysis revealed a satisfactory level of agreement. POP is significantly more on the veneer than on the base(B-O), P <0.05. The rotating needles device is effective in cleaning the veneer and base(B-O), P <0.05 with absolute effect size 0.62. No statistical significance was detected in the effectiveness of the rotating needles device between base(B-O) and veneer. This study showed an excellent inter- and intra-examiner reproducibility, satisfactory level of examiners agreement, and acceptable measurement error of the new computer planimetric method . Furthermore, the method can be used with all types of RDPs. The rotating needles device can significantly reduce plaque on the double crown retained removable denture. The Computerized Planimetric Method (CPM) is more suitable for clinical researches because of its objectivity, reliability, high level of standardization, and the ability to detect and quantify small changes in plaque. Extra attention should be given to the veneer over the secondary crown as they are a potential part for RDP plaque accumulation.
The overarching goal of this work was to develop a biosensor based on functional nucleic acids. The biosensor should be modular, such that by exchange of the recognition unit, tailored biosensors could be created, allowing detecting a variety of analytes on demand. In the context of the cooperation with a company, initially, TNFalpha was chosen as an analyte. In a previous work, it was tried to build a modular aptazyme for TNFalpha that was based on four aptamers that were developed by SELEX. Here, these aptamers were investigated more closely by different methods (SPR, QCM). In the present work, it was proven beyond doubt that this attempt was not feasible. The aptamers were not able to bind the biologically active form of TNFalpha. An even more interesting finding was that a common tool to immobilize molecules to investigate their interactions with a binding partner, namely the streptavidin-biotin interaction, can strongly influence the result of the assay and causing false-positive results. Afterwards, it was decided to continue the work with a DNAzyme and modular approach was strictly refrained. It was tried to build aptazymes for TNFa or creatinine by in vitro selection, which failed. Most likely, the crucial factors were the ligands itself and the high demand on in vitro selection to select two functionalities (aptamer and catalytic activity) in parallel. This was the reason, to develop a new and a different method with streptavidin as a model analyte. The new strategy was to combine in vitro selection and rational design. The 17E-DNAzyme was chosen as catalytically active module. In preparation of the in vitro selection work, its properties were analyzed. An oligo-based inhibitor of the 17E-DNAzyme was rationally designed and its functionality was experimentally evaluated. Then, a library was designed which contained the 17E-DNAzyme, a randomized domain, and the inhibitor and its functionality was experimentally proven. The in vitro selection for the aptamer and the catalytic function were separated in two steps where the substrate strand was introduced in the second step. The knowledge about in vitro selection procedures, which was gained in the first trials with TNFalpha and creatinine was applied and could be substantially broadened. The crucial factors for the success of this process were identified. Most important steps are the amplification steps between the rounds and the in vitro selection pressure. The template concentration in the PCR has to be very low; the selection pressure has to be high. However, in fact, the exact quantity of "low" and "high" is difficult to determine exactly, it has to be individually evaluated for every amplification step, and this makes in vitro selection a method that requires a lot of experimental skills, optimization procedures, and experience. An EMSA was established and performed to qualitatively prove the affinity of the library for streptavidin in the first step of the in vitro selection method. For the second step, the in vitro selection of the catalytic function, considerable effort was done, but the in vitro selection did not succeed. Using the Biacore, the dissociation constant of the pool, which was applied in the second step of in vitro selection, was determined to be KD = 38 nM. This is very low, and by sequencing the pool it was found that the sequence variability was too low. The sequences share a cramp-like stem-loop structure, which hold the DNAzyme in an inactive conformation. This work presents valuable results for the development of biosensors based on nucleic acids, applying in vitro selection and rational design. Aptamers for streptavidin were selected. The library, which was used for this in vitro selection was structurally constrained. This obviously, represented an exceptionally good starting point for the in vitro selection. In this work, a lot of information about the development of in vitro selection systems was gained. Important work was done on establishing a click chemistry-based immobilization strategy. This work is going to fundamentally facilitate a new in vitro selection approach based on this immobilization strategy.
Interoceptive sensations, that means, perceptions of the physiological body state, play an important role in the generation and expression of emotion. The focus of the research presented here is on respiratory sensations as specific interoceptive signals. Such respiratory sensations (like the feeling of dyspnea) play an important role in symptom perception in somatic (e.g., asthma) as well as in mental disorders (e.g., anxiety disorders). There are several different ways to manipulate respiratory sensations in an experimental environment, but many of them did not equal sensations in daily life. Here, stimuli (inspiratory resistive loads, caffeine) were used that trigger nearly naturally occurring interoceptive sensations. Taking into account that the elicited interoceptive experience also induces an unpleasant feeling state it is most likely that individuals show defensive physiological responding to such cues and try to avoid them. According to a bidirectional motivational system defensive behaviors are regulated by a defensive motivational system that is activated by threatening cues. From research with exteroceptive stimuli it is known that defensive responding is typically characterized by heightened autonomic arousal, increased respiration, and a potentiated startle eyeblink response. In contrast, only a few studies using interoceptive stimuli have incorporated the measurement of physiological data in their experimental designs. If included, studies show also heightened autonomic responding, whilst a heterogeneous respiratory as well as startle eyeblink responding is observed. Thus, the studies presented here were designed to clarify the factors that mediate defensive responding to interoceptive sensations. Study 1 investigated the influence of anxiety on the subjective, respiratory, and autonomic response to an individually determined inspiratory resistive load, while study 2 focuses on the effect of attentional modulation of the startle eyeblink response to a mild respiratory threat. In study 3 the modulation of subjective, respiratory and autonomic reactions by arousal expectations was examined. Therefore, caffeine, a respiratory stimulant, or a placebo were administered without the participants’ knowledge. The fourth study examined the influence of the process of worrying, a strategy to deal with unpleasant body symptoms, on defensive responding. Depending on the study design subjective, respiratory and autonomic (skin conductance level, heart rate) parameters were assessed as marker for defensive mobilization. In study 2 and 4 the startle eyeblink response was measured as further index of defensive activation. Besides that in study 2 also the P3 component of the event-related potential, as an index for attentional allocation, was recorded. The main findings of the presented dissertation are the following: Study 1 revealed that 1) only high anxiety sensitive individuals reporting also high suffocation fear respond to lower stimulus intensities with stronger defensive responding, and 2) that this group demonstrated a maladaptive compensatory breathing pattern. Additionally, study 2 exhibited that 1) the startle eyeblink response is relatively inhibited during a mild interoceptive threat, and 2) this inhibition corresponds to an attention allocation towards breathing as indicated by a reduced P3 amplitude to the startle noise as well as subjective report. Furthermore, highly anxiety sensitive individuals showed a more pronounced defensive responding if the interoceptive sensations were unexpected (study 3). Recently, study 4 demonstrated that worry led to an increased defensive response mobilization. All studies are discussed in the context of the theoretical background of the defensive response modulation to exteroceptive and interoceptive sensations with respect to mediating factors. Showing exaggerated defensive responding and maladaptive adaptation processes in high anxious individuals the results point towards the important role of interoceptive sensations in the etiology, maintenance and therapy of mental disorders, especially the anxiety disorders.
Since its introduction in 2006, the NOD/scid mouse model has greatly contributed to the understanding of the pathomechanisms of antibody-mediated thrombocytopenia. This progress has however been hampered by inter-laboratory differences. With this work, we make several suggestions to minimise these differences:
We suggest that human platelets (blood group 0) be injected into the mice (age- and sex-matched, 8-16 weeks) via the tail vein. For antibody injection, scientists may choose between intraperitoneal and tail vein injection, each of which has strengths and drawbacks. In case of low antibody titer or low avidity antibodies, preincubation of the platelets with the patient serum prior to injection promotes platelet elimination where standard protocols fail. For subsequent sample preparation, we found that newly-launched ready-to-use kits present a good alternative to classical density gradient centrifugation by reducing man-hours and turnover time without affecting the quality of flow cytometry analysis.
In a second part, we used the revised mouse model to study anti-CD36 mediated thrombocytopenia in vivo. Anti-CD36 antibodies have been suggested as frequent case for FNAIT in Asia. The mechanisms behind this remain partly unclear. After injecting anti-CD36 monoclonal antibody or anti-CD36 patient immunoglobulin into the system, circulating human platelets were rapidly cleared. Interestingly, the polyclonal patient immunoglobulins used were not uniform in their anti-platelet reactivity. On further examination, we found that the anti-CD36 antibodies induce platelet activation and aggregation, which we were able to inhibit by the addition of an Fcγ-receptor blocking agent. This suggests a possible role for Fcγ-receptor in the activation and elimination process.
As our results from the experiments on the role of complement in the elimination process are however ambiguous, further studies are needed. The clinical relevance of anti-CD36 antibody-mediated platelet activation and aggregation for the high abortion rates in affected women has yet to be evaluated.
Presumably every organism on earth is involved in at least one mutualistic interaction with one or several other species. To interact with each other, the species need traits that provide benefits to the partner species. Surprisingly, the function of traits for the stabilization of mutualisms has rarely been investigated, despite of a general lack of knowledge how mutualisms are maintained. The aim of this work was to find functional traits, which stabilize the mutualism between a bat species and a carnivorous pitcher plant in Northern Borneo. Kerivoula hardwickii is the only bat species known to roost in pitcher-shaped trapping organs of Palaeotropical pitcher plants (Nepenthes). These bats fertilize the pitcher plant Nepenthes hemsleyana with their nutritious nitrogen-rich faeces while roosting inside the pitchers. The plants have outsourced capture and digestion of arthropod prey to the bats on which they strongly rely for nutrient acquisition. The bats in contrast are less dependent on their mutualism partner as they also roost in pitchers of two further Nepenthes species as well as in developing furled leaves of various plant species in the order Zingiberales. In earlier studies, we found that N. hemsleyana outcompetes alternative roosts by providing high-quality roosts for the bats. However, which traits exactly stabilize the mutualism between K. hardwickii and N. hemsleyana was still unclear. I found that both the bats and the pitcher plants show traits, which have the potential to stabilize their interaction. On the level of morphological traits, I found that the pitchers have a low fluid level and a particular shape that provide just enough roosting space for one individual of the solitary K. hardwickii, a mother with juvenile or a mating couple. The bats have enlarged thumb and foot pads that enable them to cling to the smooth surfaces of their roosts without using their claws. This avoids damage to the sensitive N. hemsleyana pitchers. On the level of communicational traits, again N. hemsleyana acquired morphological structures that act as effective ultrasound-reflectors, which guide the echo-orientating bats to the opening of the pitchers and help the bats to identify their mutualism partner. The bats’ calls on the other hand are characterized by extraordinary high starting frequencies and broad bandwidths, which enable K. hardwickii to easily locate pitchers of N. hemsleyana and other Nepenthes species in their dense habitats. Finally, on the level of behavioural traits the bats often but not always prefer their mutualism partner to other roosts when they can select roosts in their natural environment or in behavioural experiments. The reason for this behaviour seems to be a combination of 1) N. hemsleyana’s superior quality compared to alternative roosts and 2) different roosting traditions of the bats. In conclusion, the mutualism between bats and pitcher plants is asymmetric as N. hemsleyana is more dependent on K. hardwickii than vice versa. For the plants bat faeces present their most important nutrient source. In contrast, K. hardwickii can select between alternative roosting plants. This asymmetric dependency is reflected in the specifity and function of the traits that stabilize the mutualism in each of the two involved species. Especially on the morphological level, N. hemsleyana seems to have evolved several traits that perfectly fit to K. hardwickii. In contrast, the bats’ traits more generally facilitate their roosting in funnel-shaped plant structures and their occurrence in cluttered habitats. Thus, they are probably exaptations (i.e. traits that evolved for another reason) that are nevertheless functional and stabilize the mutualism with N. hemsleyana. This plant‘s superior roost quality is likely a consequence of the competition with alternative roosting plants and is a pre-requisite for the bats to prefer N. hemsleyana. Moreover, my study confirms earlier findings that asymmetric dependencies support the stabilization of mutualistic interactions. Finally, my work indicates that the specifity of functional traits can be used as a measure to determine mutual dependencies of mutualistic partners.
Tourism is a multifaceted economy and based on existing nature, as well as on culture in a geographical space to become a successful destination for tourism. The topic of this survey is how tourism in the transitioning country of Vietnam influences culture and nature or vice versa. A special focus will be on the transitioning aspect. This study gives insights about how in the transitioning country of Vietnam, tourism can act as an additional driver of change in terms of nature and culture or if tourism is only adapting to these changes. Therefore in the beginning the subject of ‘social-ecological transformation’ is described and furthermore the situation in Vietnam will be introduced. The key aspects here will be within the range of geography and sociology. It becomes evident, that scientific views on this topic are rather diverse, but nevertheless many theoretical aspects can be observed also in the investigation area Vietnam. Within the country several aspects of economic transition already became reality, while others, like social, ecological or political reforms, are still at the beginning. The empirical part of this study deals with existing thoughts, according to the topic of transition, in relation to tourism development and respectively to environmental understanding, by analyzing and comparing positions of 21 international and Vietnamese experts, 569 international tourists and 710 Vietnamese students. By doing so, similarities within opinions about tourism development and the environmental situation in the country became observable. While tourism is rated as a mostly positive development, the current environmental situation has mostly been criticized by all survey participants. Apart from that, connections between both aspects (tourism economy and nature) are often of no importance or the relationship is identified to be just a rudimentary one. In case of these opinions, involvement within one social group and personal experience is of larger importance than cultural conditioning (European or Asian), e.g. own travels, own jobs and own education. This fact becomes visible by very similar ratings of environmental problems on the one hand and the beauty of natural landscapes on the other hand, done by both survey groups; namely international tourists and Vietnamese students.
Coastal and marginal seas – like the Baltic Sea – serve as natural reaction sites for the turnover and accumulation of land-derived inputs. The main location for the modification and deposition of the introduced material is, in most cases, not the water mass, but the sediment. Its key function as central reactor in the interaction between land and sea has so far been insufficiently studied and assessed. This study was part of the interdisciplinary SECOS project that aimed to identify and evaluate the service functions of sediments in German coastal seas in the context of human use with a focus on the Baltic Sea. One of its goals was to assess sediment functions related to the intermediate storage or final sink of imported material like nutrients and contaminants, and quantify their inventory as well as their mass accumulation rates on multi-decadal to multi-centennial time scales. For that, a detailed examination of the natural and anthropogenic processes that interfere with sediment accumulation in the south-western Baltic Sea basins is essential.