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Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most aggressive malignancy and projected to be the third leading cause of cancer related death by 2030. Despite extensive knowledge and insights into biological properties and genetic aberrations of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma cells, therapeutic options remain temporary and ineffective. One plausible explanation for the futile response to therapy is an insufficient and nonspecific delivery of anticancer drugs to the tumor site. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) coupled with siRNA targeted against the cell cycle specific serine-threonine-kinase, Polo-like kinase-1 (siPLK1-StAv-SPIONs) could serve a dual purpose for delivery of siPLK1 to tumor and noninvasive assessment of delivery in vivo. siPLK1-StAv-SPIONs were designed as theranostics to function via a membrane translocation peptide (MPAP-) as well as a tumor selective peptide (EPPT-1) to increase intracellular delivery and tumor specificity, respectively. In vitro and in vivo experiments using a syngenic orthotopic PDAC model as well as the endogenous LSL-KrasG12D,LSL-Trp53R172H,Pdx-1-Cre model revealed significant accumulation of siPLK1-StAv-SPIONs in PDAC resulting in efficient PLK1 silencing. Tumor specific silencing of PLK1 halts tumor growth, marked by decrease in tumor cell proliferation and increase in apoptosis. siPLK1-StAv-SPIONs are well tolerated with no observed systemic side effects. Our data suggests, siPLK1-StAv-SPIONs with dual specificity residues for tumor targeting and membrane translocation, represent an exciting opportunity for targeted therapy in PDAC.
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), due to its genomic heterogeneity and lack of development of effective therapies, will become the second leading cause of cancer-related death within 10 years. Therefore, identifying novel targets that can predict response to specific treatments is a key goal to personalize pancreatic cancer therapy and improve survival. Given that the occurrence of oncogenic KRAS mutations is a characteristic event in PDAC leading to genome instability, a better understanding of the role of DNA repair mechanisms in this process is desirable. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of the error-prone DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) repair pathway, alt-EJ in the presence of KRAS G12D mutation in pancreatic cancer formation. Our findings showed that oncogenic KRAS contributes to the activation of the alt-EJ mechanism by increasing the expression of Polθ, Lig3 and Mre11, key components of alt-EJ in both mouse and human PDAC models. In addition, we demonstrated that alt-EJ has increased activity in DNA DSBs repair pathway in a mouse and human model of PDAC bearing KRAS G12D mutation. We further focused on estimating the impact of alt-EJ inactivation by polymerase theta (Polθ) deletion on pancreatic cancer development and survival in genetically engineered mouse models (GEMMs). Here, we described that although deficiency of Polθ resulted in delayed cancer progression and prolonged survival of experimental mice, it can lead to full-blown PDAC. Our study showed that disabling one component of the alt-EJ may be insufficient to fully suppress pancreatic cancer progression and a complete understanding of all alt-EJ factors and their involvement in DSB repair and oncogenesis is required.