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Die Hämophagozytose ist ein Phänomen, bei dem Makrophagen Blutzellen oder deren Bestandteile aufnehmen. Diese Hämomakrophagen sind insbesondere im Knochenmark lokalisiert, können aber auch in lymphatischem Gewebe vorkommen. Diese Beobachtung ist bereits als Teil von primären, also angeborenen, und erworbenen sekundären Hämophagozytose-Syndromen (HPS) bekannt. Jedoch kommen Hämomakrophagen auch in Knochenmarkausstrichen vor, ohne dass ein komplexes Krankheitsbild eines HPS vorliegt. Die Bedeutung dieses Phänomens ist noch unklar, findet aber in der Literatur zunehmend Erwähnung. So wird eine begleitende Hämophagozytose bei viralen, bakteriellen, parasitären, systemischen und malignen Erkrankungen beschrieben. In dieser Arbeit wurden Knochenmarkausstriche von Patienten aus der Klinik für Hämatologie und Onkologie der Universitätsklinik Greifswald auf das Vorkommen von Hämomakrophagen, mögliche Zusammenhänge mit hämatologischen und onkologischen Erkrankungen und deren Bedeutung hin untersucht.
Häufig sind Pathologien an der Aorta mit Veränderungen des Aortendurchmessers verbunden. Kenntnisse über Referenzwerte des Aortendurchmessers und deren Einflussfaktoren sind wichtige Aspekte der Prävention und optimalen Versorgung von potenziell lebensbedrohlichen Erkrankungen in diesem Abschnitt des Gefäßsystems. Die Ziele dieser Arbeit waren die Bestätigung einer ausreichenden Validität von Messungen des Durchmessers der thorakalen und abdominalen Aorta in nativen VIBE-Sequenzen der MRT, die Beschreibung von bevölkerungsrelevanten Referenzwerten des Durchmessers der abdominalen Aorta und die Untersuchung des Einflusses von kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren auf diesen Durchmesser. Für die Analyse der Validität standen 50 männliche Probanden zur Verfügung, bei welchen im Rahmen der SHiP-Studie sowohl eine CE-MRA, als auch eine native MRT in der VIBE-Sequenz durchgeführt wurde. Die Vermessung der Aorta erfolgte dabei in der CE-MRA in orthogonaler und in der VIBE-Sequenz in axialer Darstellung. Zur Überprüfung der Validität wurde im Anschluss der Korrelationskoeffizient r nach Bravais und Pearson berechnet, wobei sich starke Korrelationen ergaben für die Aorta Ascendens mit r = 0,95 (P<0,0001), für die Aorta Descendens mit r = 0,88 (P<0,0001), für die suprarenale Aorta mit r = 0,92 (P<0,0001) und die infrarenale Aorta mit r = 0,87 (P<0,0001). Beim Arcus Aortae zeigte sich eine moderate Korrelation mit r = 0,78 (P<0,0001). Bei einer durchgeführten Bland-Altman-Analyse lag der größte mean bias bei 5,55% für die infrarenale Aorta, was einer Abweichung von unter 0,1cm entspricht. Bei allen weiteren Abschnitten war der mean bias geringer. Die 95% LOA lagen für alle Abschnitte unter 15% mit maximal 14,29% bei der infrarenalen Aorta, was weniger als 0,5cm entspricht. Die Analyse der Intraoberservervariabilität erbrachten einen maximalen mean bias von 1,32% und die 95% LOA immer unter 13%. Bei der Interobservervariabilität ergab sich ein maximaler mean bias von 1,61% und die 95% LOA lagen stets unter 10%. Demensprechend besitzt die axiale Durchmesserbestimmung der Aorta in der nativen VIBE-Sequenz eine ausreichende Validität und Reliabilität und kann für epidemiologische Studien genutzt werden. Für die Erstellung von Referenzwerten des Durchmessers der abdominalen Aorta konnten Bilddaten von 1759 Probanden der SHiP-Studie genutzt werden. Die erstellten Referenzwerte sind nach Geschlecht aufgeteilt, an die Körperoberfläche angepasst und beinhalten den Median und die 5. und 95. Perzentile des Durchmessers der subphrenischen, suprarenalen und infrarenalen Aorta. Zur Untersuchung des Einflusses von kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren wurden Modelle der linearen Regression genutzt. Hier zeigten sich konstante Zunahmen des angepassten Aortendurchmessers in Verbindung mit dem Alter, dem Rauchverhalten, dem diastolischen Blutdruck und dem HDL-Cholesterin. Konstant negative Korrelationen ergaben sich bei der Untersuchung des Einflusses des systolischen Blutdrucks, des HbA1c, des LDL-Cholesterins und der Triglyzeride. Das männliche Geschlecht war lediglich bei der infrarenalen Aorta mit einer Durchmesserzunahme assoziiert und der angepasste Durchmesser war bei Männern im Bereich der subphrenischen und suprarenalen Aorta kleiner als bei Frauen. Durch die in dieser Arbeit beschriebenen Referenzwerte und die Untersuchung des Einflusses von kardiovaskulären Risikofaktoren wird eine individuellere Beurteilung des Durchmessers der abdominalen Aorta ermöglicht. Zusätzlich können durch die Validierung der Durchmesserbestimmung in nativen MRT-Aufnahmen zukünftige Studien auf diesem Gebiet erleichtert werden.
Im Laufe der menschlichen Evolution sind Populationsunterschiede der Schädelmorphologie entstanden. Als eine Ursache dieser unterschiedlichen Schädelmorphologie werden neben phylogenetischen Faktoren auch Adaptionsprozesse durch geographische Bedingungen vermutet. Die genauen Auswirkungen geographischer und insbesondere klimatischer Einflüsse auf viele einzelne Schädelstrukturen sind jedoch nicht abschließend geklärt. Speziell wird der Einfluss der Umgebungstemperatur auf die Schädelpneumatisation kontrovers diskutiert. Während diesbezüglich Studien zum Volumen der Kieferhöhlen zu widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen kommen, liegen für die Volumina der Keilbeinhöhlen und der Siebbeinzellen keine Untersuchungen vor. In dieser Arbeit wurde deshalb die Beziehung der Morphologie aller Nasennebenhöhlen zum Gesichtsschädel unter Berücksichtigung klimatischer Faktoren untersucht. Die Untersuchung erfolgte an 63 mazerierten Schädeln von vier menschlichen Populationen, welche sich in der zeitlichen Einordnung und der geographischen Herkunft unterscheiden. Die Individuen der Population Jena lebten in der Jungsteinzeit und Bronzezeit in der zentralen Elbe-Saale-Region. Zwei weitere Populationen stammen aus Litauen. Die Population Plinkaigalis repräsentiert eisenzeitliche Dorfbewohner, während die Population Alytus einer mittelalterlichen Stadtbevölkerung zugeordnet ist. Die rezente Population Kyoto entstammt dem Gebiet der gleichnamigen japanischen Metropole. Anhand koronarer computertomographischer Schichtaufnahmen wurde das Volumen der einzelnen Nasennebenhöhlen mit Hilfe der Winsurf-Software errechnet. Zur Einordnung der erhobenen Volumina wurden alle Schädel extern vermessen. Ausgewählte Messwerte wurden zur Berechnung zweier Gesichtsschädelvolumina verwendet. Das erste Gesichtsschädelvolumen basiert auf den Maßen Gaumenlänge, Mittelgesichtsbreite und Obergesichtshöhe, während das zweite Gesichtsschädelvolumen aus den Werten der Gesichtslänge, Schädelbasislänge, Mittelgesichtsbreite und Obergesichtshöhe berechnet wurde. Um den Anteil der einzelnen Nasennebenhöhlen am Pneumatisationsgrad des Gesichtsschädels festzustellen, wurden die Volumina der einzelnen Sinus in Form von Indizes in Beziehung zu den Gesichtsschädelvolumina gesetzt. Die Messwerte wurden mittels H-Test (Kruskal-Wallis-Test) und Mann-Whitney-U-Test auf Populationsunterschiede untersucht. Zur Beurteilung von Merkmalszusammenhängen wurden Korrelations- und lineare Regressionsanalysen durchgeführt. Für die Korrelations- und Regressionsanalysen wurden die Populationen zusammengefasst. Die Ergebnisse zeigen enge Zusammenhänge der Nasennebenhöhlenvolumina mit vielen externen Schädelmaßen. Während für das Volumen der Siebbeinzellen enge Zusammenhänge mit externen Maßen der Schädelbasis bestehen, korrelieren die Volumina der anderen Nasennebenhöhlen stärker mit den berechneten Gesichtsschädelvolumina. Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit zeigen Populationsunterschiede der absoluten und relativen Volumina der Nasennebenhöhlen. Die Volumina aller vier Nasennebenhöhlen sind umso größer, je niedriger die mittlere Januartemperatur im Lebensraum der jeweiligen Population ist. Vergleicht man die absoluten und relativen Nasennebenhöhlenvolumina der Population mit der niedrigsten Temperatur mit den Volumina der Population mit der wärmsten Umgebungstemperatur, so sind die Unterschiede fast durchgängig signifikant. Die Ergebnisse deuten an, dass klimatische Einflüsse auf die Größe aller Nasennebenhöhlen nicht auszuschließen sind. Es sind weiterführende Untersuchungen notwendig, um den Zusammenhang zu belegen.
Inwieweit wird das Krankheitsbild Depression in der Allgemeinbevölkerung als Burnout bezeichnet, und hat dies Auswirkungen auf die Einstellungen zu den Betroffenen sowie auf die Behandlungsempfehlungen, Ursachenzuschreibungen und emotionalen Reaktionen? Repräsentative Bevölkerungsumfragen in Deutschland 2001 und 2011. Die Verwendung der Bezeichnung Burnout für eine Depression hat deutlich zugenommen. Ein Burnout ist im Vergleich zu einer Depression mit einer etwas geringeren Ablehnung verbunden. Menschen mit einer Depression wird in stärkerem Maße professionelle Hilfe empfohlen. Als ursächlich für einen Burnout wird berufliche Belastung, für eine Depression Vererbung angenommen. Die Bezeichnung Burnout ist mit positiveren emotionalen Reaktionen verbunden, als die Bezeichnung Depression. Leichten Vorteilen bei der sozialen Akzeptanz stehen deutliche Nachteile hinsichtlich der Behandlungsempfehlungen gegenüber, so dass die Gefahr besteht, dass Erkrankungen übersehen und nicht behandelt werden. Vererbung als Ursache ist eher mit der Bezeichnung Depression, beruflicher Stress eher mit der Bezeichnung Burnout assoziiert. Einordung der Symptome als Extremform normaler Alltagserfahrungen ist ebenfalls mit der Bezeichnung Burnout verbunden. Der Burnout-Begriff ist mit spezifischen Krankheitsvorstellungen assoziiert, weist aber auch Überschneidungen mit dem Begriff Depression auf. Insgesamt zeigt die vorliegende Arbeit, dass die emotionalen Reaktionen eher positiver sind, wenn das Problem Burnout genannt wird und eher negativer sind, wenn es Depression genannt wird. Wir diskutieren mögliche Ursachen für diese Unterschiede.
All types of muscles use Ca2+ as their main intracellular messenger. In skeletal muscle fibers abnormal levels of intracellular calcium result in altered contractile properties, altered energy metabolism, and altered gene expression. Moreover, long term failure of normal Ca2+ homeostasis can lead to cell death of muscle fibers by necrosis and apoptosis. Elevations of intracellular Ca2+ levels are more and more regarded as the reason for pathological changes and muscle fiber damage in Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD). DMD is a severe recessive x-linked muscle disease caused by mutations in the dystrophin gene. The characteristics of DMD are muscle tissue wasting and fibrosis. Both muscle wasting and intracellular Ca2+ are to be reflected in changes of muscle force. Several Ca2+ conducting channels including transient receptor potential (TRP) channels are supposed to account for the abnormal Ca2+ homeostasis in DMD. Gene expressions of TRP channels have been studied in human and mouse skeletal muscle and among others TRPC3, TRPC6 and TRPV4 channels were found to occur in skeletal muscles. The present study followed the hypothesis that TRPC3, TRPC6 and TRPV4 are functional in skeletal muscle fibers and that they contribute to muscular Ca2+ homeostasis. Further, it was assumed that dysfunction of the mentioned TRP channels contributes to abnormal contractile properties and pathology and of dystrophin-deficient muscle. To study Ca2+ changes in mouse skeletal muscle fibers the fluorescent calcium indicator Fura-2 was used. Further, the technique of Mn2+ quench of Fura-2 fluorescence was applied. Muscle force measurements of mouse soleus and diaphragm strips were performed. To elucidate abnormalities of TRP channel function in dystrophin-deficient muscle, muscles and muscle fibers of mdx mice were studied. Hyperforin, an activator of TRPC6 channels elicited increases of calcium levels in wildtype muscle fibers. These increases were partly inhibited by the TRPC6 inhibitor 1-(5-chloronaphthalenesulfonyl) homopiperazine hydrochloride (ML-9). The TRPC3/TPRC6 activator 1-oleoyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycerol (OAG) resulted in increased calcium entry, which was attenuated by ML-9. 2-aminoethoxydiphenylborane (2-APB), an unspecific TRP channel inhibitor, suppressed calcium entry in muscle fibers under basal conditions. In addition, the specific TRPC3 inhibitor Pyr3, strongly inhibited background calcium entry. The TRPV4 activator 4α-phorbol 12,13-didecanoate (4α-PDD) induced significant increased calcium entry and this increase could be inhibited by the TRPV4 inhibitor HC 067047. During muscle force recordings ML-9 significantly inhibited twitches and tetani and accelerated muscle fatigue during sustained repetitive stimulation. The results indicate that TRPC3, TRPC6 and TRPV4 are functionally expressed in mouse muscle fibers. TRPC3 stays active under the basal conditions and contributes to background calcium entry. In contrast, TRPC6 and TRPV4 did not seem to be active at resting conditions, but could be pharmacologically activated. TRPC6 may play a role to counteract the calcium loss under long-term muscle fatigue. Though TRPC3 and C6 play a role for muscular Ca2+ homeostasis, it is unclear whether and how the two channels associate and cross-talk with each other in skeletal muscle cells. In mdx fibers Pyr3 inhibited background calcium influx stronger that in WT fibers, implying a possible over-activation of TRPC3 channels in mdx muscle fibers. At later stages mdx muscle showed marked decrease in force reflecting muscle wasting. Soleus showed moderate decrease and diaphragm showed severe decrease (more than 60%) in force. Resistance to muscle fatigue was shown in mdx soleus muscle when compared with WT soleus muscle. Diaphragm segments of mdx mice showed very strong resistance to muscle fatigue. The results indicate a substantial loss of muscle mass, an increase in oxidative fiber types and a reduction of fast fatigable muscle fibers. It is concluded that the hypothesis of functional expression of TRPC3, TRPC6 and TRPV4 in mouse skeletal muscle has been confirmed. The results give improved knowledge about the relation of Ca2+ homeostasis, mdx pathology and TRP channels. Diaphragms of old mdx mice show severe muscle weakness but the remaining fibers of the diaphragm showed strong fatigue-resistance. The application of a TRPC3 inhibitor may be a promising treatment to prevent high Ca2+ mediated muscle damage in muscular dystrophy.
Background: Despite of the remarkable caries reduction in permanent dentition, caries levels of primary teeth has stagnated in Germany. Early Childhood Caries (ECC) or also known as baby bottle tooth decay is the most vulnerable form of caries in young children, but minimal data and information from different German states are available to determine the appropriate preventive programs. Aim: The purpose of the current study is to find the prevalence of ECC among young children in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (North-East Germany) and to optimize an intervention on ECC prevention in a community setting. In addition to education, fluoride varnish is evaluated on young children with active ECC. Design: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 4283 children living in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern were examined. Four age groups - with an accuracy of one day - were formed as follows: less than one year (n=8), one year (n=293), two years (n=1618) and three years (n=1888). The examination was carried out by community dental service’s examiners whom are calibrated to ECC diagnostic criteria of Robke and Buitkamp (2002), and dmf-t values for caries diagnosis. These data are compared by those of children (n=5355) of same age group for the year 2011-2012. In addition, a structured questionnaire on the starting preventive programme on ECC was filled out by the community dentists and for the city of Greifswald, fluoride varnish (Duraphat®, 5% NaF = 2.26%F, Colgate-Palmolive, Germany) was applied for 32 children previously diagnosed with active ECC (ECC1: n=15, ECC2: n=17). Lesions are identified as active or non active according to texture and luminosity, and oral hygiene index (OHI-S) is measured and re-evaluated at three months follow up. Results: The percentage of children under three years old in 2012-2013 with ECC was comparatively low (4%) which possibly reflects the very young age of the children and a restriction for ECC on the upper incisors. The overall caries prevalence in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern varied from 9% to 15%. Most cavitated lesions are untreated. These results are comparable with the results from other German counties. The interventions of the ECC programme vary considerably among the different counties. There was no significant difference in the oral hygiene index (OHI-S) prior and post fluoride varnish application (p-value = 0.25). The use of fluoride varnish resulted in an 81%, statistically significant decrease of active ECC lesions in Greifswald (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of caries among young children was considerable in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. A preventive intervention in nurseries and fluoride varnish applications for active ECC lesions seems to be a feasible approach in controlling caries in early childhood. However, further quality management and standardization of the program should be reinforced.
Heart Failure is currently the most common cardiac disorder and a major public health concern worldwide. The adult mammalian heart harbors a subpopulation of cardiac progenitor cells (CPC) that are capable of improving cardiac function. The scope of this study was to delineate the molecular phenotype of a subpopulation of CPCs characterized by the expression of the stem cells antigen-1 surface marker (Sca-1+) and to further identify molecular alterations occurring under heart failure conditions. In order to understand the underlying cellular mechanisms an integrated approach of proteomics and transcriptomics-based techniques were employed. The first step towards achieving this goal was to unravel the native Sca-1+ cell characteristics of freshly isolated progenitor cells derived from healthy adult murine hearts. The proteome map of Sca-1 cells was established using a gel-based mass-spectrometry (gel LC-MS/MS) approach. For better interpretation, a comparison with the protein profiles of cardiomyocytes and Sca-1- cells obtained under similar experimental conditions was performed. All three cell-types were morphologically different in size and structure, which was also evident from their protein expression profiles. We observed that Sca-1+ cells lack endothelial-like and cardiac contractile phenotypes, unlike Sca-1- cells and cardiomyocytes, respectively. Functional assessment of both protein and gene expression profiles revealed a possible role of Sca-1+ cells in cell adhesion, migration, and proliferation. CPC remain in a dormant state under physiological condition unless challenged by myocardial injury. Previous studies revealed that resident Sca-1+ cells home to the injured myocardium but not to the healthy heart and further differentiate into functional cardiomyocytes. We investigated the molecular background of this behavior of adult Sca-1+ cells under heart failure condition which might provide a better insight into their cardiogenic potential in a pathological milieu. The double transgenic α-myosin heavy chain (MHC)-cyclin T1/Gαq overexpressing mouse was chosen as a model for heart failure. Using the comparative gene expression profiling we could detect the differential regulation of 197 genes with at least a 2-fold difference. Among these BDNF mRNA levels were 5-fold higher in the Sca-1+ cells derived from transgenic mice (Cyc+) in comparison to that of wild-type controls (Wt+). This difference was also observed at protein level. The substantially higher expression of BDNF during heart failure prompted us to investigate its regulatory effect on Sca1+ cells. In this current study we were able to show that small amounts of exogenous BDNF stimulated the migratory potential of Cyc+ cells. This effect was not seen in treated Wt+ cells. Furthermore, pulsed SILAC was employed to monitor BDNF mediated changes following treatment. After BDNF treatment, 58 proteins were differentially regulated of which proteins related to cell proliferation were reduced in level in Cyc+ cells while they displayed increased levels in Wt+ cells. Findings from bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) assays and immunoblotting indicated that BDNF might initiate a differentiation program by repressing cell proliferation in Cyc+ cells. Taken together, it could be shown that the BDNF effect on protein synthesis of Cyc+ and Wt+ cells varied considerably, suggesting an improvement of the cardiogenic potential of Sca-1+ cells under pathological conditions. Aldosterone levels are known to be elevated during heart failure. In this part of study it was hypothesized that endocrine factors associated with heart failure might influence the migration of CPC, thereby possibly restoring the cardiac function of diseased hearts. It could be shown that high concentrations of aldosterone, similar to those found in the plasma of heart failure patients, induced the migration of Sca-1+ cells by up to 60% when compared to control, while physiological levels had no significant influence. In addition, it could be demonstrated that the aldosterone stimulus led to the activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) expressed on Sca1+ cells, which in turn facilitated migration. This was supported by application of MR antagonist eplerenone, which significantly reduced the aldosterone-induced increase in cell migration while a glucocorticoid antagonist exhibited no inhibitory effect. Hence, the results support the potential role of aldosterone in the mobilization of CPC. It is currently believed that the beneficial effects of cell-based therapies on cardiac repair are imparted to a large degree via paracrine mechanisms. We therefore focused on understanding the influence of pathophysiological levels of aldosterone on the extracellular environment of Sca-1+ cells. MS-based secretome profiling of cells treated for 24h with aldosterone treatment revealed higher levels of proteins associated with extracellular matrix remodeling and IGF signaling. Additionally, galectin-1 and gelsolin were significantly increased in level under pathological conditions indicating a possible paracrine tissue repair of Sca-1+ cells. To conclude, the global proteome and transcriptome profiles generated here revealed the molecular phenotype of Sca-1+ cells which may be used for future reference. The comparative microarray study provided deeper insight into the endogenous changes in mRNA expression during heart failure and delineated the cardiogenic characteristics of Sca-1+ cells. Moreover, the data presented here shed new light on the potential role of BDNF in regulating the mobilization and proliferation of CPCs. Our study on the influence of aldosterone on the migration and the extracellular proteome of CPCs provided new insights on the beneficial effects of this mineralocorticoid on cardiac cells.
The aim of this retrospective observational study is to describe and discuss various complications that can arise after insertion of alloplastic materials in the field of urogynecology that require further surgical interventions in order to manage them or to at least improve the quality of life in those women. We were able to collect data on 77 patients who fulfilled the criteria. Medical history, data of clinical findings, and outcomes were collected and analyzed. The most common complication seen as an indication for resecting slings or meshes was de novo overactive bladder syndrome (40%). Other indications seen were lower urinary tract obstruction or obstructive voiding symptoms (21%), chronic pain (21%), and de novo dyspareunia (13%). 36% of the patients had recurrent symptoms (failure) after insertion of alloplastic materials in the form of urinary incontinence or prolapse, 32% presented with vaginal erosions, 2 women had severe signs of infection with abscess formation, another 3 women had urogenital fistulae. Other rare complications after mesh or sling insertion are perforations of the urinary bladder or urethra. Proper case selection is the key factor. The use of meshes and slings seems justified only in patients with known connective tissue weakness and recurrences after native tissue repair. Otherwise, patients will be exposed to unnecessary risk without any expectable improvement to their quality of life. Most of the complications are mainly caused by wrong and inadequate surgical techniques, wrong indications, or missed diagnosis of the underlying problem. In addition, lack of long-term follow-up is usually the cause behind the negligence towards many complications. Therefore, only experienced physicians should be allowed to perform such procedures, and long-term postoperative follow-up is strongly recommended. As slings and meshes are used for procedures of choice as means to improve quality of life, and not for life threatening situations, there is a need for intensive informed consent. All possible alternatives have to be discussed, as do the pros and cons of selected procedures, even the rare complications. Mesh or sling resection is considered to be an effective solution for the management of such complications. It has shown a high success rate in comparison to conservative treatment, and the majority of patients were satisfied and experienced a big improvement in their quality of life. The most common complication after resection is the recurrence of primary symptoms, either urinary incontinence or prolapse. Major or serious intra- or postoperative complications are very rare. All complications were classified and given a code according to the classification system of the international urogynecological association and the international continence society (IUGA/ICS) on 2011. The applicability and practicability of this code were evaluated, looking for ways to possibly improve it or to identify missing parameters. Many patients had more than one code, a problem that entirely torpedoed the idea of “simple” classification. Some complications are not covered individually in the classification, such as failure and recurrence or overactive bladder syndrome. These complications should be included. Many cases began with the same code, despite having different complications. Further sub-classifications should be considered to enable the reader to easily recognize the complication at hand. Patients who came with complications more than one year after mesh or sling insertion were categorized as (T4), regardless of whether the complication arose after 1 year of after 10. Therefore, sub-classifications in the (T4) category are recommended. The “site” category was not applicable in many cases. Furthermore, it is necessary that the severity of a complication is discernible, and should be mentioned in the code. We did not find any correlation between the code given and patient satisfaction. After re-modification and completion, the IUGA/ICS code could be more practical for clinical use, which would allow for the comparison of complications and make the assessment of adverse effects easier for research purposes.
Comprehensive study of the discharge mode transition in inductively coupled radio frequency plasmas
(2016)
In this contribution, the mode transition of an inductively coupled radio frequency plasma at low pressure is investigated. Therefore, a comprehensive set of plasma diagnostics were applied to determine plasma and processing parameters. Therewith, the plasma kinetics and especially the important elementary processes were studied. Hence, the reason for the mode transition was identified.
The thesis deals with ions stored in an electrostatic ion beam trap. In the first part of the thesis the so-called self-synchronization effect is discussed. It is demonstrated that the time a bunch of injected ions is conserved by the self-synchronization effect depends on the number of injected ions. In the second part of the thesis the cooling of small anionic cobalt and copper clusters is addressed. Measurements on anionic copper clusters consisting of four to seven atoms are presented and the decay of hot clusters is observed in order to draw conclusions on the internal temperature and the cooling process itself. Afterwards measurements on Co4- are discussed and a measurement scheme based on laser induced delayed electron emission is presented enabling to monitor the internal energy distribution of the clusters over storage time in a temperature-controlled environment. The cooling of initially hot clusters as well as the heating of initially cold clusters were observed.