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Tumorbiologische Charakterisierung der Tumorprogressionsfaktoren miR-1 und HSP27 im CAM-Modell
(2021)
Der HET-CAM-Assay kombiniert die Vorteile von Zellkultursystemen und Tiermodellen, indem er leicht und rasch durchzuführende, vergleichsweise kostengünstige Untersuchungen in einem physiologischen Umfeld gestattet, ohne zu den Tierversuchen zu zählen. Das schwach ausgebildete Immunsystem des Hühnerembryos und die starke Vaskularisierung der CAM ermöglichen es, onkologische Prozesse wie das Tumorwachstum und die Angiogenese zu analysieren. In dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene Durchführungen des Assays getestet und schließlich eine Methode entwickelt, mit der sowohl maternale als auch gentechnisch veränderte Varianten der PC-Zelllinien LNCaP und PC-3 auf der CAM inokuliert und das Tumorwachstum induziert werden konnten. Nach der Etablierung dieses Modell-Systems wurden die tumorprogressiven Effekte der Mikro-RNA miR-1 und des Hitzeschockproteins HSP27 in ovo evaluiert. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass beide Faktoren Einfluss auf die Progression der PC-Tumoren auf der CAM hatten. Für miR-1 konnte erstmals die in der Literatur beschriebene tumorsuppressive Wirkung durch die Inhibition der Angiogenese in einem in vivo-Modell für das PC nachgewiesen werden. Zudem schien ihre Überexpression einen anti-proliferativen Effekt zu haben. Hinsichtlich der Funktionen von HSP27 deuteten sich Tendenzen an. Auch hier wurden erstmals angiogene Prozesse in einem in vivo Modell für das PC analysiert. Diese Untersuchungen bestätigten die postulierten tumorbiologischen Eigenschaften von HSP27 als Onkogen durch die Förderung der Angiogenese, aber auch der Proliferation.
Being the victim of traumatizing events has consequences that can lead to wellknown mental disorders, such as depression. However, newest studies show that these events do not only affect the victims’ behavior, but also the expression levels of specific genes in their blood and in their brain. Latest research discovered little pieces of RNA in the cells that were long thought to be genetic junk. Nevertheless, these so-called miRNAs can regulate the expression of multiple genes, thus modulating metabolism and cell functioning. The aim of this study was to see if childhood traumatization led to a set of differentially expressed miRNA profiles in the peripheral blood. For this, we used subjects from the SHIP trend cohort, who had previously answered various questionnaires, among them the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and the Patients Health Questionnaire-9 and analyzed the miRNAs in their blood to find out whether there was an association between the score and the dysregulation of certain miRNAs. Furthermore, we selected 5 different independent variables: PHQ-trend, CTQ score, as well as its subscales Abuse and Neglect, and Major Depressive Disorder lifetime prevalence. The analyses showed a set of up- or downregulated miRNAs in the blood. In a second step, we tried to replicate our results comparing them to results in the literature. Some of the significantly dysregulated miRNAs had previously been described as key players in the pathogenesis of MDD, a few even displaying similar results to ours. The next step was to see if the significant miRNAs had common target genes and if these had been described in the literature as having an influence on MDD, showing positive results. One last step was to see if there were also common biological pathways that were modulated by the differentially expressed miRNA. This analysis did not show promising results since there were almost no brain pathways among the results. For future studies, it will be necessary to validate our results using a clinical sample, such as GANI_MED, where the prevalence of childhood traumatization, as well as MDD, is much higher. By doing this, new possibilities of trauma treatment through modulation of epigenetic pathways could arise. If childhood traumatization leads to a set of dysregulated miRNAs that can end in a positive diagnosis of MDD in adulthood, what effects could have a targeted miRNA therapy on the pathogenesis of these psychiatric disorders?
Humanity is plagued by many diseases. Beside environmental influences, many --- if not all --- diseases are also subject to genetic predisposition and then display molecular alterations such as proteomic or metabolic aberrations. The elucidation of the molecular principles underlying human diseases is one of the prime goals of biomedical research. To this end, there has been an advent of large-scale omics profiling studies. While the field of molecular biology has experienced tremendous development, data analysis remains a bottleneck. In the context of this thesis, we developed a number of analysis strategies for different types of omics data resulting from different experimental settings. These include approaches for associations studies for plasma miRNAs and time-resolved plasma omics data. Furthermore, we devised analyses of different RNA-Seq transcriptome profiling studies coping with problems such as lack of replicates or multifactorial experimental design. We also designed machine learning frameworks for the identification of discriminatory biomolecular signatures analysing case-control or time-to-event data. All of the strategies mentioned above were developed and applied in the contexts of multi-disciplinary endeavours. They aided in the identification of plasma miRNAs associated with age, sex, and BMI as well as plasma miRNAs bearing potential as diagnostic biomarkers for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This thesis significantly contributed to a study demonstrating the utility of plasma miRNAs as prognostic biomarkers for major cardiovascular events such as ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Our approaches for analysing RNA-Seq data aided in the characterisation of murine models for Alzheimers disease and the transcriptional response of human gingiva fibroblasts to ionizing radiation exposure. Furthermore, the developed approaches were applied for studying a human model for thyrotoxicosis and for the successful identification of a multi-omics plasma biomarker signature of thyroid status. We are only beginning to understand the molecular principles underlying human diseases. The approaches and results presented in this thesis will contribute to improved understanding of biomolecular processes involved in common diseases such as Alzheimers disease, NAFLD, and cardiovascular diseases.
Das Ziel dieser Arbeit ist es, mittels RP (rapid pacing) in vitro bzw. RAP (rapid atrial pacing) in vivo die Bedeutung der miRNAs-1 und -328 für Remodeling-Vorgänge bei Vorhofflimmern zu untersuchen. Von Interesse ist dabei einerseits die Bestimmung des zeitabhängigen Expressionsniveaus der miRNAs unter RP, während andererseits die Auswirkungen ihres funktionellen „knock-down“ auf das Protein-Expressionsmuster von Kardiomyozyten untersucht werden. Für die geplanten Analysen (RT-qPCR, 2-D-Gelelektrophorese) solletn primäre Schweine- und Mauskardiomyozyten sowie die murine HL-1-Kardiomyozytenlinie als Modelle dienen. Im Zentrum der Untersuchungen stehen dabei akut eintretende Veränderungen, da diese für den pathophysiologischen Übergang in die persistierende Rhythmusstörung relevant sind, aber aufgrund der möglichen reversiblen Natur interessante therapeutische Optionen eröffnen könnten. Aufbauend auf die bereits gewonnenen Erkenntnisse in der Literatur soll diese Arbeit einen Beitrag für das Verständnis von atrialen Remodeling-Prozessen leisten, die das Vorhofflimmern zu einer chronischen Krankheit mit erheblichen Komplikationen machen.