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Up to now, indices like the mean dmft/DMFT and the SiC (Significant Caries Index) have been used to depict caries experience in populations with high prevalence. With the caries decline, particularly for populations with low caries levels, these indices reach their statistical limits. This paper aims to introduce a specific term, the Specific affected Caries Index (SaC) for the risk groups in populations with low caries prevalence and to illustrate its use based on the consecutive German National Oral Health Survey (GNOHS) in children. In groups with a caries prevalence less than one-third of the population, many caries-free children (DMFT = 0) are included in the SiC (risk group), which calls for a new way of illustration. Mean caries experience (DMFT), caries prevalence, the SiC and SaC were portrayed for 12-year-olds in the GNOHS from 1994/95 to 2016. The SaC describes the mean caries experience (DMFT) in the group presenting caries experience (DMFT > 0). In 12-year-old 6th graders in Germany, the mean caries experience decreased from 2.4 (1994/95) to 0.4 DMFT (2016), with a recent prevalence of 21.2% (DMFT > 0, 2016). In 2016, the mean number of affected teeth in children with DMFT > 0 (SaC) was 2.1, while the SiC including 12% DMFT-free children in the risk group was 1.3. The SiC fails to reflect the caries severity in children in a population with low caries prevalence. Therefore, the newly introduced term Specific affected Caries Index (SaC) may be used to describe accurately caries experience in caries risk children in populations presenting low caries prevalence.
Up to now, indices like the mean dmft/DMFT and the SiC (Significant Caries Index) have been used to depict caries experience in populations with high prevalence. With the caries decline, particularly for populations with low caries levels, these indices reach their statistical limits. This paper aims to introduce a specific term, the Specific affected Caries Index (SaC) for the risk groups in populations with low caries prevalence and to illustrate its use based on the consecutive German National Oral Health Survey (GNOHS) in children. In groups with a caries prevalence less than one-third of the population, many caries-free children (DMFT = 0) are included in the SiC (risk group), which calls for a new way of illustration. Mean caries experience (DMFT), caries prevalence, the SiC and SaC were portrayed for 12-year-olds in the GNOHS from 1994/95 to 2016. The SaC describes the mean caries experience (DMFT) in the group presenting caries experience (DMFT > 0). In 12-year-old 6th graders in Germany, the mean caries experience decreased from 2.4 (1994/95) to 0.4 DMFT (2016), with a recent prevalence of 21.2% (DMFT > 0, 2016). In 2016, the mean number of affected teeth in children with DMFT > 0 (SaC) was 2.1, while the SiC including 12% DMFT-free children in the risk group was 1.3. The SiC fails to reflect the caries severity in children in a population with low caries prevalence. Therefore, the newly introduced term Specific affected Caries Index (SaC) may be used to describe accurately caries experience in caries risk children in populations presenting low caries prevalence.
Less invasive caries management techniques for treating cavitated carious primary teeth, which involve the concept of caries control by managing the activity of the biofilm, are becoming common. This study aimed to compare the clinical efficacy (minor/major failures) and survival rates (successful cases without any failures) of 3 carious lesion treatment approaches, the Hall Technique (HT), non-restorative caries treatment (NRCT), and conventional restorations (CR), for the management of occlusoproximal caries lesions (ICDAS 3-5) in primary molars. Results at 2.5 years are presented. A total of 169 children (3- to 8-year-olds) were enrolled in this secondary care-based, 3-arm parallel-group, randomised controlled trial. Participants were allocated to: HT (n = 52; sealing caries with stainless-steel crowns without caries removal), NRCT (n = 52; opening up the cavity and applying fluoride varnish), CR (n = 65; control arm, complete caries removal and compomer restoration). Statistical analyses were: non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U test and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses. One hundred and forty-two participants (84%; HT = 40/52; NRCT = 44/52; CR = 58/65) had follow-up data of 1-33 months (mean = 26). Overall, 25 (HT = 2, NRCT = 9, CR = 14) of 142 participants (17.6%) presented with at least 1 minor failure (reversible pulpitis, caries progression, or secondary caries; p = 0.013, CI = 0.012-0.018; Mann-Whitney U test). Ten (HT = 1, NRCT = 4, CR = 5) of 142 participants (7.04%) experienced at least 1 major failure (irreversible pulpitis, abscess, unrestorable tooth; p = 0.043, CI = 0.034-0.045). Independent comparisons between 2 samples found that NRCT-CR had no statistically significant difference in failures (p > 0.05), but for CR-HT (p = 0.037, CI = 0.030-0.040) and for NRCT-HT (p = 0.011, CI = 0.010-0.016; Kruskal-Wallis test) significant differences were observed. Cumulative survival rates were HT = 92.5%, NRCT = 70.5%, and CR = 67.2% (p = 0.012). NRCT and CR outcomes were comparable. HT performed better than NRCT and CR for all outcomes. This study was funded by the Paediatric Dentistry Department, Greifswald University, Germany (Trial registration No. NCT01797458).
Zielstellung: Ziel dieser 3-Jahres Studie war die Untersuchung und Bewertung der mittelfristigen Effekte des Präventionsprogramms GeKoKidS bei Greifswalder SchülerInnen von der 5. bis zur 8. Klasse (9 bis 14 Jahre). Methode: Im Rahmen der jährlich stattfindenden, verpflichtenden Reihenuntersuchung wurden die Daten von 322 SchülerInnen mit einem Durchschnittsalter von 14,1 ±0,9 Jahren (47,5 % Mädchen) aus 5 Greifswalder Schulen erhoben. 145 SchülerInnen wurden in diesem Zusammenhang neu untersucht. 177 Probanden gehörten zur Follow-up Gruppe, wobei 70 der Interventionsgruppe und 107 der Kontrollgruppe angehörten. Deren Daten wurden mit den in Klasse 5 erhobenen Daten sowie mit der Drop-out und der Neu-Untersuchten Gruppe verglichen und Rückschlüsse über die Wirksamkeit des Programms gezogen. Zusätzlich wurden bei der Ausgangsuntersuchung die Fragen bezüglich der Gesundheitskompetenz, des Sozialstatus und des Ernährungsverhaltens sowohl von den Eltern als auch von den Kindern beantwortet und jetzt in die Auswertung einbezogen. Ergebnisse: Bei vergleichsweise niedrigen Karieswerten fand sich eine deutliche Kariespolarisation: Bei 59,9 % der Jugendlichen konnte ein naturgesundes Gebiss und bei 20,8 % sehr niedrige Karieswerte (DMFT = 1 bis 2) registriert werden. Das verbleibende knappe Fünftel (19,9 %) vereinte insgesamt 75 % des gesamten Kariesbefalls auf sich (SiC Index = 3,3 DMFT). Sowohl in der Interventions- als auch in der Kontrollgruppe waren die Werte der 107 bzw. 70 Jugendlichen, die zur Follow-up Gruppe gehörten, teilweise signifikant besser (Kontrollgruppe: pDMFT = 0,019) als bei den 248 bzw. 243 Probanden der Drop-out Gruppe. Außerdem war der in Klasse 8 gemessene mittlere DMFT der 177 GeKoKidS-TeilnehmerInnen (1,1 ±1,8) niedriger als bei den 145 SchülerInnen (1,3 ±1,9) der Gruppe der Neu-Untersuchten. Die Interventionsgruppe wies anfänglich eine sozial ungünstigere Zusammensetzung und damit auch höhere Karieswerte als die Kontrollgruppe auf, was über die Studienzeit so blieb. Trotz Adjustierung für den Sozialstatus konnte damit für die Interventionsgruppe kein niedrigerer Karieszuwachs erzielt werden als für die Kontrollgruppe (∆DMFT = 1,2 ±1,8 vs. ∆DMFT = 0,4 ±1,0; p = 0,019). Die Karieserfahrungen in Klasse 5 und 8 korrelierten signifikant (pDMFT_Kl5 = 0,032; pDMFT_Kl8 = 0,013) mit der Sozialschicht der SchülerInnen. So war der mittlere DMFT umso niedriger, je höher die soziale Schicht der Jugendlichen (Unterschicht: 1,4 ±1,7, Mittelschicht: 1,2 ±2,2, Oberschicht: 0,6 ±1,6). Sozialstatus und initialer Kariesbefall bestimmten damit am stärksten den Karieszuwachs zwischen der 5. und 8. Klasse, was durch das Interventionsprogramm nicht kompensiert werden konnte. Die Analyse hinsichtlich der Ernährung der Jugendlichen ergab einen signifikanten Zusammenhang zwischen dem Verzehr von Nussnougatcreme bzw. salzigem Gebäck und dem gemessenen DMFT (p = 0,035 bzw. p = 0,018). Auch das häufige Trinken von Limonade ging mit mehr Karies einher (p < 0,001). Weitere Untersuchungen ergaben, dass die Häufigkeit des abendlichen Zähneputzens sowie die Benutzung von elmex® gelée weniger Karies bedeutete (p < 0,001 bzw. p = 0,001). Darüber hinaus konnte ein wesentlicher Zusammenhang zwischen der Einstellung und dem Verhalten zur Zahngesundheit, sowohl in der Follow-up Gruppe als auch in der Drop-out Gruppe, festgestellt werden (p < 0,001). Schlussfolgerung: Das Wissen bezüglich oraler Prävention führt nicht zwangsläufig zu weniger Karies, sondern Einstellungen und das tatsächliche Verhalten beeinflussen die orale Gesundheit stärker. Präventionsprogramme sollten daher eher die Motivation bzw. das tatsächliche Präventionsverhalten verändern, im besten Fall durch regelmäßige, zugehende oralpräventiv wirksame Maßnahmen wie Fluorideinbürstungen. Der Sozialstatus und das damit einher gehende tatsächliche Verhalten sowie die Einstellung zur Mundhygiene spielen eine bedeutende Rolle und führen sehr früh zu deutlich erkennbaren Unterschieden im Kariesbefall von Kindern, die sich mit der Zeit eher verstärken und relativ schwer durch Präventionsprogramme nivelliert werden können.
We presented the prevalence of MIH in Dubai/UAE for the first time, which represents a developed Middle Eastern city and compared it to results obtained from Greifswald/Germany, which represents a developed European city. The results have shown that the prevalence of MIH in Dubai/UAE is higher than Greifswald/Germany. However, in comparison to the literature, the prevalence of MIH in Dubai is lower than other Middle Eastern cities. Furthermore, we have shown that there is a higher caries level associated with MIH in Dubai. This is also true in Greifswald, Germany and other international studies. In addition, we have reported the prevalence of caries and fluorosis in Dubai and compared them to Greifswald and the previous studies in Dubai. Nevertheless, caries values presented in this study and previous studies indicate that strong attention is required from health authority to this topic. This research provides a strong and comparable source of information on the prevalence of MIH in Dubai for other studies, since it followed strictly all methodological and clinical standards suggested for the assessment and diagnosis of MIH, which are the EAPD criteria. The findings presented in this study require particular attention from the local health authorities and general practitioners for such developmental defect to facilitate early and adequate diagnosis and treatment. This could be achieved by implementing continuing education courses on MIH detection, diagnosis, and treatment for general practitioners. Furthermore, this study has the potential to trigger new studies that would help in understanding the MIH etiology.
National oral health survey on refugees in Germany 2016/2017: caries and subsequent complications
(2020)
Objectives To assess oral health, caries prevalence, and subsequent complications among recently arrived refugees in Germany and to ompare these findings with the German resident population. Methods This multicenter cross-sectional study recruited 544 refugees aged 3–75+ years; they were examined at ten registration institutions in four federal states in Germany by two calibrated dentists. The refugees were screened for caries (dmft/DMFT) and its complications pufa/PUFA); this data was compared to the resident population via the presentative national oral health surveys). Results The deciduous dentition of the 3-year-old refugees had a mean dmft value of 2.62 ± 3.6 compared with 0.48 dmft in the German resident population, and caries increased to 5.22 ± 3.4 for 6–7-year-olds (Germany: 1.73 dmft). Few refugee children had naturally healthy teeth (7% in 6–7-year-olds, Germany: 56%). In the permanent dentition, the gap in caries prevalence between refugees and the German population decreased with age (35–44-year-olds: 10.55 ± 7.1 DMFT; Germany: 11.2), but refugees exhibited more caries defects (35–44-year-olds DT = 3.13 ± 3.0; Germany: 0.5). German residents had more restorations (35–44-year-olds FT = 4.21 ± 4.6). Regarding complications, the 6–7-year-olds exhibited the highest pufa index (0.86 ± 1.4) which decreased in adolescence (13–17-year-olds, 0.18 ± 0.6) and increased in adults (45–64-year-olds, 0.45 ± 0.8). Conclusion The refugees had high caries experience, often untreated caries teeth and more complications compared with the German resident population, especially in children. Closing this gap by extending preventive systems to the refugees would decrease future treatment needs. Clinical relevance European countries should be prepared for the higher dental treatment needs in recent refugees, especially in
children.