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Objective: To develop an instrument for the observation of therapeutic communication interactions during rehabilitation sessions and test its inter-rater reliability.
Methods: The new instrument THER-I-ACT (THERapy–related Inter-ACTion) has been designed to assess both the frequency and timing of therapeutic interactions in the thematic fields information provision, feedback, other motivational interaction, and bonding. For this inter-rater reliability study, a sample of stroke survivors received arm rehabilitation as either arm ability training, arm basis training, or mirror therapy, or neglect training as individually indicated. Therapy sessions were video-recorded (one for each participant) and therapeutic interactions rated by two independent raters using THER-I-ACT.
Results: With regard to the instrument's comprehensiveness to document therapeutic interactions with pre-defined categories the data from 29 sessions suggested almost complete coverage. Inter-rater reliability was very high both for individual categories of therapeutic interaction (frequency and time used for interaction) (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC 0.91–1.00) and summary scores for the thematic fields of interaction (again for frequency and time used for interaction) (ICC 0.98–1.00).
The inter-rater reliability for rating engagement and being focussed for both the therapist and patient was substantial (ICC 0.71 and 0.86).
Conclusions: The observational study documented that by use of the newly designed THER-I-ACT various types of therapy-related communication interactions performed by therapists can be assessed with a very high inter-rater reliability. In addition, the thematic fields and categories of therapeutic interaction as defined by the instrument comprehensively covered the type of interaction that occurred in the therapeutic sessions observed.
This study investigates the validity and reliability of the German version of the School Burnout Inventory (SBI-G) in 1,570 secondary-school students (Mage = 14.11, SD = 0.78; 51.7 % girls). Results indicate that school burnout consists of two correlated but separate dimensions including (1) exhaustion at school, (2) cynicism toward the meaning of school and sense of inadequacy. The study revealed that school burnout can be measured as a two-factor model, which provided good reliability and validity indices. Further, we verified concurrent validity, finding that students suffering from general stress also reported overall school burnout as well as exhaustion, cynicism, and inadequacy. Students who exhibited cynicism and inadequacy also reported lower levels of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive school engagement, while exhausted students reported lower emotional school engagement but higher cognitive school engagement.
Introduction
Privacy concerns are an important barrier to adoption and continued use of digital technologies, particularly in the health sector. With the introduction of mobile health applications (mHealth apps), the construct of app information privacy concerns has received increased attention. However, few validated measures exist to capture said concerns in population samples, although they can help to improve public health efforts.
Methods
Using a cross-sectional survey of German adults (mean age = 35.62; 63.5% female), this study examined psychometric properties of the app information privacy concerns scale (AIPC). Analyses comprised confirmatory factor analysis, factorial validity (exploratory factor analysis), internal consistency, convergent validity (i.e., correlations with privacy victimhood, and app privacy concerns), and discriminant validity (i.e., daily app use, adoption intentions, and attitudes toward COVID-19 contact tracing app use).
Results
The analysis did not support the proposed three-factor structure of the AIPC (i.e., anxiety, personal attitude, and requirements). Instead, a four-factor model was preferable that differentiated requirements regarding disclosure policies, and personal control. In addition, factors mirroring anxiety and personal attitude were extracted, but shared a significant overlap. However, these factors showed good reliability, convergent and discriminant validity.
Discussion
The findings underline the role of app information privacy concerns as a significant barrier to mHealth app use. In this context, anxiety and personal attitudes seemed particularly relevant, which has implications for health communication. Moreover, the observed differentiation of external (disclosure) and internal (control) requirements aligns with health behavior change models and thus is a promising area for future research.