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Background: Robotic-assisted laparoscopy (RAL) is being widely accepted in the field of urology as a replacement for conventional laparoscopy (CL). Nevertheless, the process of its integration in clinical routines has been rather spontaneous. Objective: To determine the prevalence of robotic systems (RS) in urological clinics in Germany, Austria and Switzerland, the acceptance of RAL among urologists as a replacement for CL and its current use for 25 different urological indications. Materials and Methods: To elucidate the practice patterns of RAL, a survey at hospitals in Germany, Austria and Switzerland was conducted. All surgically active urology departments in Germany (303), Austria (37) and Switzerland (84) received a questionnaire with questions related to the one-year period prior to the survey. Results: The response rate was 63%. Among the participants, 43% were universities, 45% were tertiary care centres, and 8% were secondary care hospitals. A total of 60 RS (Germany 35, Austria 8, Switzerland 17) were available, and the majority (68%) were operated under public ownership. The perception of RAL and the anticipated superiority of RAL significantly differed between robotic and non-robotic surgeons. For only two urologic indications were more than 50% of the procedures performed using RAL: pyeloplasty (58%) and transperitoneal radical prostatectomy (75%). On average, 35% of robotic surgeons and only 14% of non-robotic surgeons anticipated RAL superiority in some of the 25 indications. Conclusions: This survey provides a detailed insight into RAL implementation in Germany, Austria and Switzerland. RAL is currently limited to a few urological indications with a small number of high-volume robotic centres. These results might suggest that a saturation of clinics using RS has been achieved but that the existing robotic capacities are being utilized ineffectively. The possible reasons for this finding are discussed, and certain strategies to solve these problems are offered.
Background: Restorative treatment for children’s teeth is still an important aspect of dentistry. In the light of an only moderate caries decline in the primary dentition and a persistently low care index in Germany during the past years [DAJ 2010], there is still a demand for further work on recent patterns and outcomes of restorative treatments in primary teeth placed in everyday practices under the Germany National Health System. Objectives: The present study aimed firstly to describe the prevalence of caries and restorations in the primary teeth in Berlin and Germany from the representative Germany surveys [DAJ 2010], secondly, to describe the frequency and distribution of restorative treatment in primary teeth performed in everyday dental practice in Berlin including children age groups from 1- to 13-years of age, thirdly, to evaluate the outcomes of restorative treatment performed in everyday dental practices in these children and finally to compare results of the present study with data from the German National Health System [KZBV 2011] and randomized community data on the longevity of restorations in primary teeth in Denmark [Qvist et al. 2010a]. Material and Methodology: In the first part of present study data from representative German surveys [DAJ 2010] were interpreted to describe and compare the prevalence of caries and restorations in the primary teeth in Berlin and Germany. For the second and third parts data generated from German National Health System in Berlin (KZV-Berlin) on fillings done in everyday practices in primary teeth of 1- to 13-year-olds during 2010/2011 were collected. This data included: distribution of children with dental treatment regardless of the type of intervention provided, of children who received restorative treatments in primary teeth during dental care visits including total number of fillings per child, the number of filled tooth surfaces, retreatment with another filling, stainless steel crowns, pulp involvement and extractions after prior filling therapy. Information on the age of the original fillings at the time of retreatment was also included. The collected data then were entered into a data base for descriptive and analytical analysis. The results were compared with equivalent data from the German National Health System [KZBV 2011] and randomized community data from Denmark [Qvist et al. 2010a]. Results: Result showed a high similarity in patterns of caries and restorative treatment in primary teeth in Berlin and all of Germany as reported in the representative German surveys [DAJ 2010]. About of 84% of 1-13-year-olds insured in the German National Health System in Berlin received dental care during 2010/2011, with considerably lower rates in very young children. Fillings in primary teeth were performed in 31.17% of all children attending the dentist. Most restorations were placed in 5-8-year-olds. In 1-13-year-olds mostly just one filling was placed, more than five fillings were per child were recorded on average for very young age groups (1-4-year-olds). 55.60% of all fillings in primary teeth were two-surface restorations, whereas more than three-surface restorations comprised 6.17% of all fillings and they were performed most frequently in young children of 1-4-years of age. Retreatment to fillings in primary teeth was 7.66% of fillings placed in 1-13-year-olds. Most retreatments took place from 5 to 9 years of age with a peak in 6-year-olds. In 1-3-year-old children fillings showed shorter mean age at the time of retreatment compared to 7-year-olds and above. Retreatment of fillings in primary teeth by stainless steel crowns was very limited with only 5.16% of all retreatments and it was preferred in children from 3 to 7 years of age. The retreatment with pulp involvement was 11.27% of all retreatments. Extractions were almost as often as retreatment as another filling (ratio 4:5), but they were preferred in older children due to the course of exfoliation. Conclusions: Under the conditions of this retrospective study, the restorative treatment with fillings performed within the National Health System in primary teeth in Berlin was very successful with low rates of retreatment and the fillings shows comparable results to data on the longevity of restorations in primary teeth in Denmark. The study highlighted the need to a structured program for prevention in primary teeth, especially for very young children with high caries activity and possibly also different treatment structures with specialized dentists in this field who can perform oral rehabilitations with pulpotomies and stainless steel crowns.
Background: Referral to specialized pediatric treatment seems to rise in Germany, especially for children under 5 years of age and mostly due to behaviour management problems, rampant caries and the need for comprehensive dental treatments. There are indications that more dental treatments under general anesthesia were needed in last decade, but there are very few studies on this topic in Germany. Aim: The objectives of this research were to investigate the characteristics and dental features of referred children to Greifswald university dental clinic in 2008 and 2011 as well as to assess dental treatment and characteristics of the children who underwent general anesthesia in 2011 at Greifswald University Clinic in comparison with three specialized pediatric private practices in Germany. Materials and methods: This retrospective analytical comparative study examined the records of all children younger than 18 years of age, whose were referred to the university dental clinic in Greifswald between 2008 and 2011. In addition, all cases that underwent general anesthesia at the university dental clinic and three other private practices in 2011 were analyzed anonymously. All data including age, gender, dental status and caries levels (dmft/DMFT), as well as diagnosis, referral/GA reasons and the dental treatments were collected and then analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences program (SPSS, Ver. 16 for Windows). Descriptive analysis was performed, along with univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Chi square tests. Differences between groups were tested through Mann-Whitney U test and Student’s t-test as appropriate. Results: The final study sample for children and adolescents referred to the university consisted of 389 under 18 years old (205 males and 184 females) with a mean age of 8.75 years in 2008 and 7.38 years in 2011. In addition, 297 children (160 males and 137 females) with a mean age of 4.77 years had been treated under general anesthesia in the three specialized private practices (n= 219, age: 4.81±2.06 years) and in the university (n=78, age: 4.65±2.59 years). More patients of age group 1 (5 yrs or younger), as well as, patients residing within a distance of 31-40 km away from the clinic were referred in 2011 (47.2% and 35.9% resp.) in comparison with 2008 (37.1% and 22.7% resp.) Panoramic and intraoral dental x-rays (46.7%, 11.8% resp.) have been widely carried out in 2011 compared to 2008 (29.9%, 6.5% resp. P = 0.002). Statistical analyses have shown that, younger children with higher values of dental caries indices (dmft, DMFT) were referred in 2011 (5.4 and 2.15 resp.) than in 2008 (5.16 and 1.57 resp.) with increasing demand for comprehensive dental treatment under GA. Whereas, more patients were diagnosed to have rampant caries (42.1%) in 2011 followed by orthodontic/oral surgery problems (16.9%) in comparison with 2008 (29.3%, 10.1% resp. P < 0.001). Non-invasive treatment was much more delivered (63%) in first dental visit for referred patients in 2011 followed by dental consultation (23.6%) compared to 2008 (53.6% and 21.3% resp.). While, on the other hand, considerably more fillings were supplied in 2008 (11.5%) compared to 2011 (2.6%). Further dental treatment pattern revealed more treatment under GA (27%) and a slightly more extractions (16.1%) were done in 2011 compared to 2008 (20.9%, 15.5% resp.). On the contrary, less fillings and preventive procedures were performed in 2011 (26.3% and 4.4% resp.) in comparison with 2008. Sixty-one percent of children were referred back to their family dentists in 2011 which was more than it in 2008. Indeed, about a half of children aged 5 years or younger preferred to stay at the University Clinics in 2011, while, the vast majority of children older than 12 years continued their dental care outside the University Clinics. About eighty percent and seventy percent of children underwent GA at both the university clinics and private practices respectively were under five years old. In total 7.1% mental disabilities and 2.4% preterm birth were detected in children treated under GA, as well as, dental caries were mostly diagnosed (37%) among them followed by irreversible pulpitis (21.5%) and Early Childhood Caries (ECC) (18.5%), where only 4.38% of all examined children had no carious lesions. More panoramic radiographs (41%) and less dental films (26.9%) were conducted at the university clinics as in the private practices (15.1% and 52.1% respectively) with a significant reduction in using x-rays at the university (69.2%) compared to private practices (94.1%). Dental extractions were often performed at university clinic (40.2%, 3.14±2.4) followed by fillings (33.9%, 2.65±2.7), while, more restorations and less extractions were supplied at private practices (47.8%, 5.47±3.1 and 16.3%, 1.86±2 resp.). Both of long (106-120 Min) and short (0-15 Min) treatment’s durations were needed in the university clinics to carried out the adequate dental therapy under GA, while, most of the GAs at private practices have lasted between 45 and 90 minutes. Conclusion: There is a growing definite need for specialized pediatric dentistry in Germany, especially for children under 5 years of age being referred with rampant caries and behaviour management problems to specialized pediatric dentistry. This results in a high number of extensive treatment performed under GA. In contrast to other countries, this seems to be a singular event for most children in Germany indicating a solid treatment under GA and possibly also improvements in the caries activity of the affected children afterwards. The range of dental treatment and its outcome at Greifswald University and in the examined three specialized private practices is very similar reflecting in both the profile of the children a valid indication for GA and the subsequent treatment up to date approaches in pediatric dentistry. Thus, the very professional treatment and effective secondary preventive strategies achieve better oral health and reestablished quality of life for these children, but a primary preventive approach would be preferable decreasing the number of children in need of dental treatment under general anaesthesia.
Planning Modes for Major Transportation Infrastructure Projects (MTIPs): Comparing China and Germany
(2018)
Production-Integrated Compensation in Environmental Offsets—A Review of a German Offset Practice
(2018)
40-Year Longitudinal Caries Development in German Adolescents in the Light of New Caries Measures
(2019)
This study assessed the 40-year longitudinal caries development in German adolescents in the light of the sixth National Oral Health Survey in Children (NOHSC, 2016) employing initial DMFT (IDMFT), Significant Caries Index (SiC) and Specific Affected Caries Index (SaC). On the basis of the current NOHSC (randomized cluster selection using school list or regional community school surveys, 55,956 12-year-old sixth-graders examined by 482 calibrated community/study dentists) DMFT, SiC, a novel IDMFT including initial lesions (IT) and the recently introduced SaC were calculated and also recalculated for national and international surveys from the last 4 decades. In 2016, 78.8% of children were caries-free (DMFT = 0), 65.5% including IT lesions. The mean DMFT was 0.44 (single components: DT = 0.14, MT = 0.02, FT = 0.29, IT = 0.52) showing a clear association with the school type as marker for the socio-economic status. The mean number of affected teeth in children with DMFT >0 was 2.07 (SaC) in comparison to almost 9 teeth in the 1970s. The current care index on the tooth level was 66.3%, leaving only 7.7% of children with restorative treatment needs. Longitudinally, a continuous caries decline of more than 80%, including the risk groups (SiC/SaC), to an internationally extremely low level was observed. In conclusion, the National Oral Health Surveys reveal a continuous caries decline to a very low caries level in 12-year-old 6th-graders in Germany even if IT lesions are included (IDMFT). In spite of proportional reductions in the risk groups (SiC/SaC), the polarized caries distribution according to socio-economic parameters reveals the need for targeted preventive programmes.
Introduction: Multiparametric MRI (mpMRI) and MRI targeted biopsies (MRtb) are a new standard in prostate cancer (PCa) screening and diagnosis. Guidelines already include this approach for patients at risk. We aimed to gather information from German urologists about their knowledge, routine use, and attitude toward mpMRI and consecutive biopsy methods. Materials and Methods: An anonymous online questionnaire was sent via Survey Monkey to the members of the German Society of Urology (DGU). Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 25.0. Results: 496 members with a median age of 48.6 years (±11.7) participated in the survey. The majority rated mpMRI of the prostate as a very useful diagnostic tool (72.7%). MRtb of the prostate was considered as very advantageous (71.5%). MpMRI was used by 95.9%, and 83.2% also recommended MRtb predominantly in clinical institutions. For targeted biopsy, MRI-ultrasound fusion biopsy was clearly favored (75.8%). MpMRI was mostly used in patients with previously negative biopsy (90.9%) and in patients under active surveillance (60.9%). Arguments against the use of prostate mpMRI are costs (84.9%) and/or lack of sufficient radiological infrastructure (17.4%). Conclusion: Our data illustrate the meanwhile high acceptance and clinical use of the prostate mpMRI and MRtb in Germany.
Trade of cattle between farms forms a complex trade network. We investigate partitions of this network for cattle trade in Germany. These partitions are groups of farms with similar properties and they are inferred directly from the trade pattern between farms. We make use of a rather new method known as stochastic block modeling (SBM) in order to divide the network into smaller units. SBM turns out to outperform the more established community detection method in the context of disease control in terms of trade restriction. Moreover, SBM is also superior to geographical based trade restrictions and could be a promising approach for disease control.
Trade of cattle between farms forms a complex trade network. We investigate partitions of this network for cattle trade in Germany. These partitions are groups of farms with similar properties and they are inferred directly from the trade pattern between farms. We make use of a rather new method known as stochastic block modeling (SBM) in order to divide the network into smaller units. SBM turns out to outperform the more established community detection method in the context of disease control in terms of trade restriction. Moreover, SBM is also superior to geographical based trade restrictions and could be a promising approach for disease control.