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Gefahrenlagen, wie schwere Unwetter, Terroranschläge oder die COVID-19-Pandemie, stellen aktuell und zukünftig eine Bedrohung unserer Gesellschaft dar. Im Fall dieser und weiterer Gefahren können Warnungen helfen, Schäden zu verhindern und Menschenleben zu retten, indem sie die Empfänger*innen informieren und Schutzmaßnahmen vermitteln. Das Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) (Lindell & Perry, 2012) bietet einen theoretischen Rahmen, der Verarbeitungsprozesse von Warnungen und die Entstehung von Schutzverhalten abbildet. Neben zahlreichen weiteren Elementen beinhaltet das PADM die Wahrnehmung von Risiko als zentralen Faktor. Im Sinne des Modells sowie bereits existierender Literatur wird Risikowahrnehmung jedoch häufig ausschließlich kognitiv abgebildet. Zudem untersuchen Studien vorwiegend einzelne Gefahrenlagentypen oder singuläre Ereignisse.
Die vorliegende Arbeit bildet mit drei Beobachtungsstudien sowie einer experimentellen Studie Verarbeitungsprozesse von Warnungen vor verschiedenen Gefahrenlagen ab. Untersucht wurde der Einfluss der Warnungen auf kognitive und affektive Facetten der Risikowahrnehmung und ihre Rolle bei der Suche nach Informationen sowie der Intention, Schutzverhalten auszuführen. Über Online-Befragungen erhielten die Teilnehmenden Warnungen zu verschiedenen Gefahrenlagen (schweres Unwetter, Großbrand, extreme Gewalttat, Ausfall der Notrufnummer, Fund einer Weltkriegsbombe, COVID-19-Pandemie, Gewitter), die Informationen zur Gefahr sowie Handlungsempfehlungen enthielten. Befragt wurden sie unter anderem hinsichtlich ihrer Risikowahrnehmung vor und nach Warnerhalt sowie ihrer Intention, die angegebenen Schutzmaßnahmen zu befolgen oder sich Informationen zu suchen. Zudem wurden Eigenschaften der Warnungsempfänger*innen erhoben.
Die Ergebnisse stärken die Rolle affektiver Risikowahrnehmung für die Verarbeitung
von Warnungen sowie die Entstehung von Schutzverhalten und Informationssuche. Dies gilt
jedoch nicht für alle Gefahrenlagen gleichermaßen, sodass der Einfluss von Eigenschaften der Gefahr, wie Häufigkeit oder Schweregrad, deutlich wird. Bezüglich der Eigenschaften der Empfänger*innen ergab sich ebenfalls kein einheitliches Bild. Basierend auf den Ergebnissen wird eine Erweiterung des PADM um ein Modellelement der affektiven Risikowahrnehmung vorgeschlagen.
Fortführende Forschung zu Warnungen sollte eine multifacettierte Sichtweise von Risikowahrnehmung anstreben. Darüber hinaus sollten Gefahrenlagen vergleichend untersucht und ihre Eigenschaften sowie Eigenschaften der Warnungen systematisch variiert werden.
Although disaster research has acknowledged the role of social media in crisis communication, the interplay of new (e.g., mobile apps) and traditional media (e.g., TV, radio) in public warnings has received less attention, particularly from the recipients’ perspective. Therefore, we examined sociodemographic and psychosocial correlates of different types of media use (i.e., traditional, new, mixed) for receiving public warning messages in a population survey (N = 613, 63% female; Mage = 31.56 years). More than two-thirds (68%) reported mixed media use, with 20% relying on new media and 12% on traditional media. Traditional media users were older and reported lower levels of education, while new media users were significantly younger and reported lower trust toward traditional media (i.e., TV). Migrants were more likely to use new but not mixed media. In sum, most participants utilized a mixture of traditional and new media for warning purposes, which has implications for crisis communication. Though, vulnerable populations (e.g., older and less educated participants) mainly rely on traditional media, stressing the need for continued support. Thus, it is paramount to increasingly use mixed methods designs and concurrently examine multiple channels to reflect real-world warning practices and generate ecologically valid results.
BackgroundIn crisis communication, warning messages are key to informing and galvanizing the public to prevent or mitigate damage. Therefore, this study examines how risk appraisal and individual characteristics influence the intention to comply with behavioral recommendations of a warning message regarding three hazard types: the COVID-19 pandemic, violent acts, and severe weather.
MethodsA cross-sectional survey examined 403 German participants from 18 to 89 years (M = 29.24; 72% female). Participants were allocated to one of three hazard types (COVID-19 pandemic, violent acts, severe weather) and presented with warning messages that were previously issued via an official warning app. Four components of risk appraisal—perceived severity (PS), anticipated negative emotions (AE), anticipatory worry (AW), and risk perception (RP)—were assessed before and after presenting the warning message. Path models were calculated to predict the intention to comply with the warning message, controlling for age, gender, and previous hazard experience.
ResultsFor the COVID-19 pandemic, higher age (β = 0.18) predicted warning compliance (R2 = 0.05). AE (β = 0.20) predicted compliance in the case of violent acts (R2 = 0.09). For severe weather, PS (β = 0.28), age (β = 0.29), and female gender (β = 0.34) lead to higher compliance (R2 = 0.27). Changes across risk appraisal components were not consistent, as some facets decreased after the receipt of a warning message.
DiscussionRisk appraisal has shown a marginal yet differential influence on warning message compliance in different types of hazards. Regarding the COVID-19 pandemic, the impact of sociodemographic factors on compliance should be studied more intensively. Moreover, integrating intermediary variables, such as self-efficacy, is necessary.
Introduction: Following behavioral recommendations is key to successful containment of the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, it is important to identify causes and patterns of non-compliance in the population to further optimize risk and health communication.
Methods: A total of 157 participants [80% female; mean age = 27.82 years (SD = 11.01)] were surveyed regarding their intention to comply with behavioral recommendations issued by the German government. Latent class analysis examined patterns of compliance, and subsequent multinomial logistic regression models tested sociodemographic (age, gender, country of origin, level of education, region, and number of persons per household) and psychosocial (knowledge about preventive behaviors, risk perception, stigmatizing attitudes) predictors.
Results: Three latent classes were identified: high compliance (25%) with all recommendations; public compliance (51%), with high compliance regarding public but not personal behaviors; and low compliance (24%) with most recommendations. Compared to high compliance, low compliance was associated with male gender [relative risk ratio (RRR) = 0.08 (0.01; 0.85)], younger age [RRR = 0.72 (0.57; 0.93)], and lower public stigma [RRR = 0.21 (0.05; 0.88)]. Low compliers were also younger than public compliers [RRR = 0.76 (0.59; 0.98)].
Discussion: With 25% of the sample reporting full compliance, and 51% differing in terms of public and personal compliance, these findings challenge the sustainability of strict regulatory measures. Moreover, young males were most likely to express low compliance, stressing the need for selective health promotion efforts. Finally, the positive association between public stigma and compliance points to potential othering effects of stigma during a pandemic, but further longitudinal research is required to examine its impact on health and social processes throughout the pandemic.
Abstract
In crisis communication, warning messages are key to prevent or mitigate damage by informing the public about impending risks and hazards. The present study explored the influence of hazard type, trait anxiety, and warning message on different components of risk perception. A survey examined 614 German participants (18–96 years, M = 31.64, 63.0% female) using a pre–post comparison. Participants were randomly allocated to one of five hazards (severe weather, act of violence, breakdown of emergency number, discovery of a World War II bomb, or major fire) for which they received a warning message. Four components of risk perception (perceived severity, anticipatory worry, anticipated emotions, and perceived likelihood) were measured before and after the receipt. Also, trait anxiety was assessed. Analyses of covariance of risk perception were calculated, examining the effect of warning message, trait anxiety, and hazard type while controlling for age, gender, and previous hazard experience. Results showed main effects of hazard type and trait anxiety on every component of risk perception, except for perceived likelihood. The receipt of a warning message led to a significant decrease in anticipated negative emotions. However, changes across components of risk perception, as well as hazards, were inconsistent, as perceived severity decreased while perceived likelihood and anticipatory worry increased. In addition, three interactional effects were found (perceived severity × hazard type, perceived severity × trait anxiety, and anticipated emotions × hazard type). The findings point toward differences in the processing of warning messages yet underline the importance of hazard type, as well as characteristics of the recipient.