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Das Teddybärkrankenhaus ist ein weltweites Projekt, welches bei Kindern die Angst vor dem Arzt reduzieren soll und einmal im Jahr durch Medizinstudenten in Greifswald durchgeführt wird. Da es deutschlandweit zuvor noch keine systematische Studien zu diesem Projekt gab, sollte mit dieser Arbeit herausgefunden werden, wie viel Angst die Kinder vor medizinischen Situationen zeigen und ob diese durch einen Besuch im Teddybärkrankenhaus reduziert werden kann. Außerdem wurde der Einfluss verschiedener Faktoren untersucht. Als Instrument wurde ein fünfteiliger Bilderfragebogen entwickelt, bei dem typische Situationen (Abhorchen, Zahnarzt, Kind mit Gipsbein, Spritze, Rettungswagen) dargestellt waren. Die Einschätzung durch die Kinder erfolgte auf einer dreistufigen Teddygesichtsskala. Einige Kinder wurden zusätzlich mit der etablierten „Hospital Fears Rating Scale“ (HFRS) befragt. Insgesamt 569 Kinder aus 18 Kindertagesstätten und einer Schule in Greifswald wurden zwei Wochen vor dem Besuch im Teddybärkrankenhaus interviewt. Unmittelbar nach der Intervention durch das Teddybärkrankenhaus wurden 481 der zuvor befragten Kinder erneut befragt. Die Probanden waren zwischen zwei und acht Jahren alt. „Viel Angst“ gaben die meisten Kinder (40%) beim Item „Spritze“ an. Die meisten Kinder gaben „keine Angst“ beim Item „Abhorchen“ an (82%). Die HFRS und der Bilderfragebogen korrelierten mäßig miteinander. Die Angstausprägung der Kinder wurde im Wesentlichen durch die innerstädtische Lage der Kindertagesstätte beeinflusst, sowie dem Geschlecht des Kindes und der Vorbereitung durch die Erzieher. Der Vergleich der beiden Testzeitpunkte ergab, dass die Angst bei 206 von 481 Kindern reduziert und nur bei 149 vergrößert wurde. Diese Tendenz ist für alle Items zu erkennen, für das Item „Abhorchen“ war die Reduktion der Angst nach dem Besuch im Teddybärkrankenhaus statistisch signifikant. Eine multivariate Regression wurde zur Untersuchung der simultanen Auswirkung aller Einflussfaktoren auf die Angstreduktion durchgeführt. Als wichtigster Einflussfaktor stellte sich die Stärke der angegebenen Angst bei der ersten Befragung heraus. Weitere Einflussfaktoren stellten sich dagegen im multivariaten Modell als nicht signifikant heraus. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass das Teddybärkrankenhaus die Angst der Kinder reduziert. Zudem bekommen die Kinder im Vorschulalter die Gelegenheit, sich mit den Themen Krankheit und Gesundheit auseinanderzusetzen. Die Ergebnisse sprechen insgesamt für eine Ausweitung des Projektes.
Background: Despite of the remarkable caries reduction in permanent dentition, caries levels of primary teeth has stagnated in Germany. Early Childhood Caries (ECC) or also known as baby bottle tooth decay is the most vulnerable form of caries in young children, but minimal data and information from different German states are available to determine the appropriate preventive programs. Aim: The purpose of the current study is to find the prevalence of ECC among young children in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern (North-East Germany) and to optimize an intervention on ECC prevention in a community setting. In addition to education, fluoride varnish is evaluated on young children with active ECC. Design: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 4283 children living in the state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern were examined. Four age groups - with an accuracy of one day - were formed as follows: less than one year (n=8), one year (n=293), two years (n=1618) and three years (n=1888). The examination was carried out by community dental service’s examiners whom are calibrated to ECC diagnostic criteria of Robke and Buitkamp (2002), and dmf-t values for caries diagnosis. These data are compared by those of children (n=5355) of same age group for the year 2011-2012. In addition, a structured questionnaire on the starting preventive programme on ECC was filled out by the community dentists and for the city of Greifswald, fluoride varnish (Duraphat®, 5% NaF = 2.26%F, Colgate-Palmolive, Germany) was applied for 32 children previously diagnosed with active ECC (ECC1: n=15, ECC2: n=17). Lesions are identified as active or non active according to texture and luminosity, and oral hygiene index (OHI-S) is measured and re-evaluated at three months follow up. Results: The percentage of children under three years old in 2012-2013 with ECC was comparatively low (4%) which possibly reflects the very young age of the children and a restriction for ECC on the upper incisors. The overall caries prevalence in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern varied from 9% to 15%. Most cavitated lesions are untreated. These results are comparable with the results from other German counties. The interventions of the ECC programme vary considerably among the different counties. There was no significant difference in the oral hygiene index (OHI-S) prior and post fluoride varnish application (p-value = 0.25). The use of fluoride varnish resulted in an 81%, statistically significant decrease of active ECC lesions in Greifswald (p < 0.001). Conclusion: The prevalence of caries among young children was considerable in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. A preventive intervention in nurseries and fluoride varnish applications for active ECC lesions seems to be a feasible approach in controlling caries in early childhood. However, further quality management and standardization of the program should be reinforced.
Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the major cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide and produces large productivity loss. The majority of CVD mortality could be prevented with changes in modifiable risk factors including tobacco use, physical inactivity, unhealthy diet and harmful use of alcohol. Successful behavioral prevention of CVD requires the identification of relevant target behaviors and reach of populations at risk. Presenteeism i.e. attending work while ill is discussed as a work-related risk factor for CVD. However, little is known about the interplay of presenteeism with established health risk behaviors. The first aim of this dissertation was to examine the association of presenteeism with health behaviors (study 1). The second aim was to examine factors that can enhance the public health impact of CVD prevention efforts. Therefore, the effect of recruitment strategy used on reach (study 2) and of communication channel used on intervention usage (study 3) was examined. Methods: Study 1 comprised data from 710 Australian employees aged 18 years and older who completed an online-survey. Linear regression analysis was used to examine the association of health behaviors (physical activity, work and non-work-related sitting time, sleep duration and sleep quality) with presenteeism. For study 2 individuals aged 40-65 years were invited to a two-stage cardio-preventive program including an on-site health screening and a cardiovascular examination program (CEP) using face-to-face recruitment in general practices (n = 671) and job centers (n = 1,049), and mail invitations from a health insurance company (n = 894). Recruitment strategies were compared regarding three aspects of reach: (1) participation rate, (2) participants’ characteristics i.e. socio-demographics, self-reported health and CVD risk factors, and (3) predictors of program participation. Study 3 compromised 16,948 users (aged 18 years and older) of the feely available physical activity promotion program 10,000 Steps. Users were grouped based on which platform (website, app) they logged their physical activity: Web-only, App-only, or Web-and-app. Groups were compared on socio-demographics, engagement parameters and logged physical activity. Non-usage attrition i.e. discontinued program usage over the first three months was examined using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. A Cox regression model was used to determine predictors of non-usage attrition. Results: Analyses from study 1 revealed that presenteeism was associated with poor sleep quality and suboptimal sleep duration after controlling for socio-demographics, work and health-related variables. Engaging in three health risk behaviors was associated with higher presenteeism compared with engaging in none or one. Study 2 showed screening participation rates of 56.0%, 32.8%, 23.5% for general practices, job centers and the health insurance company, respectively. Participation rate for the CEP among eligible individuals was 80.3%, 65.5%, and 96.1%, respectively. Job center clients showed the lowest socio-economic status and the most adverse CVD risk pattern. Whereas being female predicted screening participation across all strategies, higher age predicted screening participation only within individuals recruited via the health insurance company. Within general practices and job centers CEP participants were less likely to be smokers than non-participants. Study 3 revealed that engagement with the program was highest for Web-and-app users. Cox regression showed that user group predicted non-usage attrition: Web-and-app users (hazard ratio = 0.86; P < .001) and App-only users (hazard ratio = 0.63; P < .001) showed a reduced attrition risk compared to Web-only users. Further, older age, being male, being non-Australian, higher program engagement and higher number of steps logged were associated with reduced non-usage attrition risk. Conclusion: The results of this dissertation have three implications for designing CVD behavioral interventions with a high public health impact. First, employees suffering from presenteeism may require interventions addressing health risk behaviors including suboptimal sleep behaviors. Second, implementing prevention efforts in job centers may be especially useful to reduce health inequalities induced by social gradient. Third, the population impact of web-based interventions may be increased when using mobile delivery channels.