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Turbulenz ist allgegenwärtig in der Natur. Ein wichtiges Charakteristikum sind Fluktuationen auf einer Vielzahl von räumlichen und zeitlichen Skalen, die sowohl in neutralen Fluiden und gasförmigen Systemen, als auch in Plasmen beobachtet werden. Obwohl der elektromagnetische Charakter von Plasmen eine erhöhte Komplexität von Plasmaturbulenz bedingt, sind die grundlegenden Eigenschaften universell. In magnetisch eingeschlossenen Plasmen führen fluktuierende Plasmaparameter zu turbulentem Transport von Plasmateilchen und Energie, der die Einschlusszeit verringert und wichtige Aspekte zukünftiger Fusionskraftwerke beeinflusst. Der intermittente Charakter dieses konvektiven Teilchenflusses ist verbunden mit turbulenten Strukturen mit großen Amplituden, auch "blobs" genannt, die radial durch das Magnetfeld propagieren. Intermittente Fluktuationen im Randplasma von Experimenten mit linearer Magnetfeldgeometrie werden ebenfalls propagierenden turbulenten Strukturen zugeschrieben. Dabei ist der Mechanismus der radialen Propagation kaum verstanden. In dieser Arbeit wird die Bildung und Propagation von turbulenten Strukturen im linear magnetisierten Helikonexperiment Vineta untersucht. Durch Messungen der Fluktuationen in der azimuthalen Ebene mit multi-dimensionalen Sonden wird gezeigt, dass turbulente Strukturen in Driftwellenturbulenz im Gebiet des maximalen Dichtegradienten entstehen. Die turbulenten Strukturen propagieren hauptsächlich azimuthal in Richtung der Hintergrund ExB-Drift, aber sie besitzen auch eine starke radiale Geschwindigkeitskomponente. Die radiale Propagation wird durch das selbstkonsistente Potential der turbulenten Struktur verursacht, dass zu einem fluktuations-induzierten radialen Transport führt. Im Plasmarand werden die turbulenten Strukturen als intermittente Dichteeruptionen mit großen Amplituden beobachtet. Ein Vergleich der experimentellen Ergebnisse mit numerischen dreidimensionalen Fluid-Simulationen mit abgestimmten Geometrie- und Randbedingungen zeigt Übereinstimmung. Die Bildung der turbulenten Strukturen ist kausal mit einer quasi-kohärenten Driftmode verbunden und ihre radiale Propagation wird durch das selbstkonsistente elektrische Feld verursacht, dass aus der dreidimensionalen Dynamik resultiert. Zum Vergleich wird die Propagation von turbulenten Strukturen im Randplasma vom National Spherical Torus Experiment (NSTX) untersucht und mit theoretischen Propagationsmodellen verglichen.
Untersuchungen zur Bewertung der Geometrie des nasalen Diffusors mittels Akustischer Rhinometrie
(2007)
Ziel der Arbeit war die Geometrische Darstellung des Naseninnenraumes und die Festlegung der Kennzahl PHI. PHI beschreibt die Querschnittsflächenzunahme des Naseninnenraumes und deren Auswirkung auf die Strömungsverhältnisse in der Nase. Dabei ist das Turbulenzverhalten der nasalen Strömung entscheidend für die Funktionsfähigkeit des Organs. Die Untersuchungen wurden in dem Abschnitt der Nase vorgenommen, der die größte Querschnittserweiterung erfährt, dem Diffusor. Es wurden 448 Diffusoren an Probanden mittels Akustischer Rhinometrie und Rhinoresistometrie vermessen. Die Kennzahl PHI ergab in den anschließenden Berechnungen signifikante Korrelationen zur Turbulenzvariablen Lambda. Durch die Einteilung der Naseninnenräume nach ihren Querschnittsflächen-zunahmen in 3 Gruppen (PHI<7°, PHI 7°-9° und PHI >9°) ist es möglich, Aussagen über das Turbulenzverhalten in der Nase zu machen. Wir konnten belegen dass Nasen mit kleinen Diffusoren, beschrieben durch PHI<7°,ein geringeres Turbulenzverhalten (Lambda) aufweisen als Nasen mit größeren Diffusoren (PHI 7°-9° bzw. PHI >9°). Es wurden signifikante Unterschiede zwischen allen 3 Gruppen festgestellt. Die Erkenntnisse der Arbeit haben Bedeutung für die Praxis (Diagnostik) sowie für die vergleichende Forschung.
The present work is the first work dealing with turbulence in the WEGA stellarator. The main object of this work is to provide a detailed characterisation of electrostatic turbulence in WEGA and to identify the underlying instability mechanism driving turbulence. The spatio-temporal structure of turbulence is studied using multiple Langmuir probes providing a sufficiently high spatial and temporal resolution. Turbulence in WEGA is dominated by drift wave dynamics. Evidence for this finding is given by several individual indicators which are typical features of drift waves. The phase shift between density and potential fluctuations is close to zero, fluctuations are mainly driven by the density gradient, and the phase velocity of turbulent structures points in the direction of the electron diamagnetic drift. The structure of turbulence is studied mainly in the plasma edge region inside the last closed flux surface. WEGA can be operated in two regimes differing in the magnetic field strength by almost one order of magnitude (57mT and 500mT, respectively). The two regimes turned out to show a strong difference in the turbulence dynamics. At 57mT large structures with a poloidal extent comparable to the machine dimensions are observed, whereas at 500mT turbulent structures are much smaller. The poloidal structure size scales nearly linearly with the inverse magnetic field strength. This scaling may be argued to be related to the drift wave dispersion scale. However, the structure size remains unchanged when the ion mass is changed by using different discharge gases. Inside the last closed flux surface the poloidal ExB drift in WEGA is negligible. The observed phase velocity is in good agreement with the electron diamagnetic drift velocity. The energy in the wavenumber-frequency spectrum is distributed in the vicinity of the drift wave dispersion relation. The three-dimensional structure is studied in detail using probes which are toroidally separated but aligned along connecting magnetic field lines. As expected for drift waves a small but finite parallel wavenumber is found. The ratio between the average parallel and perpendicular wavenumber is in the order of 10^-2. The parallel phase velocity of turbulent structures is in-between the ion sound velocity and the Alfvènvelocity. In the parallel dynamics a fundamental difference between the two operational regimes at different magnetic field strength is found. At 500mT turbulent structures can be described as an interaction of wave contributions with parallel wavefronts. At 57mT the energy in the parallel wavenumber spectrum is distributed among wavenumber components pointing both parallel and antiparallel to the magnetic field vector. In both cases turbulent structures arise preferable on the low field side of the torus. Some results on a novel field in plasma turbulence are given, i.e. the study of turbulence as a function of resonant magnetic field perturbations leading to the formation of magnetic islands. Magnetic islands in WEGA can be manipulated by external perturbation coils. A significant influence of field perturbations on the turbulence dynamics is found. A distinct local increase of the fluctuation amplitude and the associated turbulent particle flux is found in the region of magnetic islands.
Turbulence is a state of a physical system characterized by a high degree of spatiotemporal disorder. Turbulent processes are driven by instabilities exhibiting complex nonlinear dynamics, which span over several spatial as well as temporal scales. Apart from fluids and gases, turbulence is observed in plasmas. While turbulent mixing of a system is sometimes a desired effect, often turbulence is an undesired state. In hot, magnetically confined plasmas, envisaged for energy generation by thermonuclear fusion, plasma turbulence is clearly a problem, since the magnetic confinement time is drastically deteriorated by turbulent transport. Hence, a control mechanism to influence and to suppress turbulence is of significance for future fusion power devices. An important area of plasma turbulence is drift wave turbulence. Drift waves are characterized by currents parallel to the ambient magnetic field, that are tightly coupled to a coherent mode structure rotating in the perpendicular plane. In the present work, the control of drift waves and drift wave turbulence is experimentally investigated in the linear magnetized helicon experiment VINETA. Two different open-loop control systems - electrostatic and electromagnetic - are used to drive dynamically parallel currents. It is observed that the dynamics of the drift waves can be significantly influenced by both control schemes. If the imposed mode number as well as the rotation direction match those of the drift waves, classical synchronization effects like, e.g., frequency locking, frequency pulling, and Arnold tongues are observed. These confirm the nonlinear interaction between the control signal and the drift wave dynamics. Finally, the broadband drift wave turbulence, and thereby turbulent transport, is considerably reduced if the applied control signal is sufficiently large in amplitude.
Particle and heat transport in fusion devices often exceed the neoclassical prediction. This anomalous transport is thought to be produced by turbulence caused by microinstabilities such as ion and electron-temperature-gradient (ITG/ETG) and trapped-electron-mode (TEM) instabilities, the latter ones known for being strongly influenced by collisions. Additionally, in stellarators, the neoclassical transport can be important in the core, and therefore investigation of the effects of collisions is an important field of study. Prior to this thesis, however, no gyrokinetic simulations retaining collisions had been performed in stellarator geometry. In this work, collisional effects were added to EUTERPE, a previously collisionless gyrokinetic code which utilizes the δ f method. To simulate the collisions, a pitch-angle scattering operator was employed, and its implementation was carried out following the methods proposed in [Takizuka & Abe 1977, Vernay Master's thesis 2008]. To test this implementation, the evolution of the distribution function in a homogeneous plasma was first simulated, where Legendre polynomials constitute eigenfunctions of the collision operator. Also, the solution of the Spitzer problem was reproduced for a cylinder and a tokamak. Both these tests showed that collisions were correctly implemented and that the code is suited for more complex simulations. As a next step, the code was used to calculate the neoclassical radial particle flux by neglecting any turbulent fluctuations in the distribution function and the electric field. Particle fluxes in the neoclassical analytical regimes were simulated for tokamak and stellarator (LHD) configurations. In addition to the comparison with analytical fluxes, a successful benchmark with the DKES code was presented for the tokamak case, which further validates the code for neoclassical simulations. In the final part of the work, the effects of collisions were investigated for slab and toroidal ITGs and TEMs in a tokamak configuration. The results show that collisions reduce the growth rate of slab ITGs in cylinder geometry, whereas they do not affect ITGs in a tokamak, which are mainly curvature-driven. However it is important to note that the pitch-angle scattering operator does not conserve momentum, which is most critical in the parallel direction. Therefore, the damping found in a cylinder could be the consequence of this missing feature and not a physical result [Dimits & Cohen 1994]. Nonetheless, the results are useful to determine whether the instability is mainly being driven by a slab or toroidal ITG mode. EUTERPE also has the feature of including kinetic electrons, which made simulations of TEMs with collisions possible. The combination of collisions and kinetic electrons made the numerical calculations extremely time-consuming, since the time step had to be small enough to resolve the fast electron motion. In contrast to the ITG results, it was observed that collisions are extremely important for TEMs in a tokamak, and in some special cases, depending on whether they were mainly driven by density or temperature gradients, collisions could even suppress the mode (in agreement with [Angioni et al. 2005, Connor et al. 2006]). In the case of stellarators it was found that ITGs are highly dependent on the device configuration. For LHD it was shown that collisions slightly reduce the growth rate of the instability, but for Wendelstein 7-X they do not affect it and the growth rate showed a similar trend with collisionality to that of the tokamak case. Collisions also tend to make the ballooning structure of the modes less pronounced.