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Zur Pharmakokinetik des Blasenspasmolytikums Propiverin - Untersuchungen zur Dosisabhängigkeit
(2005)
PHARMAKOKINETISCHE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR DOSISPROPORTIONALITÄT VON PROPIVERINE Das Medikament Propiverin wird häufig in der Behandlung der Detrusorhyperaktivität eingesetzt. Die Absorption von Propiverin ist abhängig von einer circardialen prä-systemischen Eliminierung, welche gekennzeichnet ist durch Biotransformation und aktivem Transport. Die Konzentrations-Zeit-Kurven des Arzneimittels wurden ermittelt nach der Gabe von oralen Dosen von 10, 15 und 30 mg Propiverinhydrochlorid in Drageeform und 15 mg Trinkflüssigkeit im Vergleich zu 15 mg intravenöser Gabe in Rahmen einer randomisierten, offenen, 5fach change-over Studie an 10 gesunden Probanden ( 4 männliche, 6 weibliche, Alter19-29 Jahre, Körpergewicht: 50-94 kg), um eine Dosisproportionalität zu untersuchen. Weiterhin wurden die pharmakodynamischen Auswirkungen von Propiverin auf Salivation, Akkommodation und Pupillenreaktion untersucht. Der gemessene Anstieg von AUC und Cmax war proportional zum Anstieg der oralen Dosis. Eine Auswirkung des Arzneimittels auf Akkommodation und Pupillenreaktion waren nicht messbar. Die Salivation wurde nach 8 Stunden in jeder Dosis signifikant beeinflusst. Die Pharmakokinetik des oral applizierten Proiverins in Dosen zwischen 10 und 30 mg ist nicht dosisabhängig. Das Arzneimittel ist als sicher und gut verträglich einzustufen.
Factors causing the increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis (HD) patients are largely unknown. Oxylipins are a superclass of lipid mediators with potent bioactivities produced from oxygenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids. We previously assessed the impact of HD on oxylipins in arterial blood plasma and found that HD increases several oxylipins. To study the phenomenon further, we now evaluated the differences in arterial and venous blood oxylipins from patients undergoing HD. We collected arterial and venous blood samples in upper extremities from 12 end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients before and after HD and measured oxylipins in plasma by LC-MS/MS tandem mass spectrometry. Comparison between cytochrome P450 (CYP), lipoxygenase (LOX), and LOX/CYP ω/(ω-1)-hydroxylase metabolites levels from arterial and venous blood showed no arteriovenous differences before HD but revealed arteriovenous differences in several CYP metabolites immediately after HD. These changes were explained by metabolites in the venous blood stream of the upper limb. Decreased soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) activity contributed to the release and accumulation of the CYP metabolites. However, HD did not affect arteriovenous differences of the majority of LOX and LOX/CYP ω/(ω-1)-hydroxylase metabolites. The HD treatment itself causes changes in CYP epoxy metabolites that could have deleterious effects in the circulation.
Trametes spec. laccase (EC 1.10.3.2.) mediates the oxidative coupling of antibiotics with sulfonamide or sulfone structures with 2,5-dihydroxybenzene derivatives to form new heterodimers and heterotrimers. These heteromolecular hybrid products are formed by nuclear amination of the p-hydroquinones with the primary amino group of the sulfonamide or sulfone antibiotics, and they inhibited in vitro the growth of Staphylococcus species, including multidrug-resistant strains.
The increasing demand for new and effective antibiotics requires intelligent strategies to obtain a wide range of potential candidates. Laccase-catalyzed reactions have been successfully applied to synthesize new β-lactam antibiotics and other antibiotics. In this work, laccases from three different origins were used to produce new aminoglycoside antibiotics. Kanamycin, tobramycin and gentamicin were coupled with the laccase substrate 2,5-dihydroxy-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-benzamide. The products were isolated, structurally characterized and tested in vitro for antibacterial activity against various strains of Staphylococci, including multidrug-resistant strains. The cytotoxicity of these products was tested using FL cells. The coupling products showed comparable and, in some cases, better antibacterial activity than the parent antibiotics in the agar diffusion assay, and they were not cytotoxic. The products protected mice against infection with Staphylococcus aureus, which was lethal to the control animals. The results underline the great potential of laccases in obtaining new biologically active compounds, in this case new antibiotic candidates from the class of aminoglycosides.