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Introduction
Privacy concerns are an important barrier to adoption and continued use of digital technologies, particularly in the health sector. With the introduction of mobile health applications (mHealth apps), the construct of app information privacy concerns has received increased attention. However, few validated measures exist to capture said concerns in population samples, although they can help to improve public health efforts.
Methods
Using a cross-sectional survey of German adults (mean age = 35.62; 63.5% female), this study examined psychometric properties of the app information privacy concerns scale (AIPC). Analyses comprised confirmatory factor analysis, factorial validity (exploratory factor analysis), internal consistency, convergent validity (i.e., correlations with privacy victimhood, and app privacy concerns), and discriminant validity (i.e., daily app use, adoption intentions, and attitudes toward COVID-19 contact tracing app use).
Results
The analysis did not support the proposed three-factor structure of the AIPC (i.e., anxiety, personal attitude, and requirements). Instead, a four-factor model was preferable that differentiated requirements regarding disclosure policies, and personal control. In addition, factors mirroring anxiety and personal attitude were extracted, but shared a significant overlap. However, these factors showed good reliability, convergent and discriminant validity.
Discussion
The findings underline the role of app information privacy concerns as a significant barrier to mHealth app use. In this context, anxiety and personal attitudes seemed particularly relevant, which has implications for health communication. Moreover, the observed differentiation of external (disclosure) and internal (control) requirements aligns with health behavior change models and thus is a promising area for future research.
Diese zweistufige Studie kombiniert (i) eine systematische Suche zur Identifikation von Wiederbelebungs-Apps, eine Beurteilung auf Leitlinienadhärenz und Evaluation der Nutzerfreundlichkeit, mit (ii) einer Kohortenstudie zur Messung des Einflusses einer App auf Qualitätsparameter der Laienreanimation. Es wurde von der Hypothese ausgegangen, dass eine leitlinienadhärente, benutzerfreundliche App, die medizinische Laien in Echtzeit zu Wiederbelebungsmaßnahmen anleitet, die Reanimationsqualität verbessert.
In der ersten Stufe konnte die systematische App-Suche von 16 Stichworten zum Thema Wiederbelebung 3.890 Treffer erzielen und so die Nebenhypothese belegen, dass sich in den gängigen Stores eine Vielzahl von Apps zum Thema Reanimation befindet. Nach Anwendung definierter Ausschlusskriterien konnten 34 Apps identifiziert werden, von denen sich nur 5 als leitlinienadhärent herausstellten. Dies bestätigt die Vermutung, dass wenige, der auf dem Markt verfügbaren Apps zur Echtzeit-Anleitung einer Herzdruckmassage, konform mit den Europäischen Leitlinien zur Wiederbelebung sind. Es wurden 2 Apps wegen technischer Probleme ausgeschlossen. Weiterführend ergab die Testung auf Nutzerfreundlichkeit mittels der System Usability Scale, dass nur 1 von 3 Apps eine überdurchschnittliche Nutzerfreundlichkeit aufwies. Die geringe Rate an Benutzerfreundlichkeit wurde vorher vermutet. Die App mit der größten Benutzerfreundlichkeit wurde in der zweiten Stufe durch ein Reanimationsszenario mit 2-minütiger Kompressionszeit auf ihren Einfluss auf Qualitätsparameter in der Laienreanimation getestet. Dabei wurden 3 Studienarme gebildet: 1. Kontrollgruppe (n=74), 2. fakultative App-Nutzer (n=65) und 3. obligate App-Nutzer (n=61). Die Ergebnisse der Szenarien zeigen, dass sich entgegen der Erwartung die Hands-Off-Zeit durch das Nutzen der App signifikant verlängerte. Gleichzeitig war, wie vermutet, die Anzahl der Kompressionen mit korrekter Kompressionstiefe und korrekter Kompressionsfrequenz in der obligaten App-Gruppe signifikant höher. Die Hypothese, dass die App von den Nutzern als hilfreich empfunden wurde, konnte bestätigt werden.
Eine Priorisierung zwischen der Hands-Off-Zeit und wichtigen anderen Qualitätsparametern, wie Kompressionstiefe und Kompressionsrate ist nicht möglich, weshalb die primäre Hypothese nicht uneingeschränkt bestätigt werden kann. Aus dieser Studie ergibt sich der Bedarf zur Einführung einer systematischen Qualitätskontrolle von gesundheitsbezogenen Apps und weiterer Studien über den Einfluss solcher untersuchten Apps auf die Qualitätsparameter der Laienreanimation.
Telemedicine at the Emergency Site – Evaluated by emergency team members in simulated scenarios
(2015)
The hypothesis of this study states that emergency medicine can benefit from telemedicine, whenever paramedics at a remote emergency site request consultation or mentoring by a distant emergency doctor. The hypothesis was semi-qualitatively evaluated in accordance with the protocol of the EU project in the setting of a medical simulation centre. Paramedics encountered simulated standardized emergency case scenarios, connected for teleconsultation and telementoring with emergency doctors by video and audio link through a newly developed real-time HD-video system called LiveCity camera. Paramedics and emergency doctors regarded the simulated scenarios as realistic and relevant and took the simulation seriously. Thus,the following conclusions can be drawn: 1.) Emergency team members encounter situations at the emergency site, in which they would like to get help by a more experienced colleague, especially help with diagnostics and treatment. 2.) The telemedical contact to an emergency doctor makes paramedics feel confirmed in their work, more secure, even in legal aspects. Paramedics do not feel controlled by telemedicine or like a puppet on a string. Their relationship to the patient is not mainly deranged or interfered by the doctor and their course of action is not mainly disrupted. The tele-emergency doctors do not feel like puppet masters and continue feeling as doctors and do not perceive themselves as interferer within the emergency team. 3.) Emergency team members call for a telemedical system providing transmission of vital signs as well as audio- and video-connection. 4.) The LiveCity camera is an effective telemedical tool. The audio quality is good and the orientation on the screen is easy. Paramedics state, that filming the emergency site is easy, does not restrict the field of vision and paramedics can communicate the emergency doctors everything they want to show and tell. Thus the emergency doctors get additional information. While the LiveCity camera is mostly perceived as not too heavy, the LiveCity camera is not easy to operate, very failure-prone and can derange the communication among team members at the emergency site. Nevertheless, the LiveCity camera is not perceived as an additional burden. 5.) Telemedicine is predominantly and largely appreciated by the members of the emergency team. Connecting the tele-emergency doctor to the remote paramedics leads to a perceived faster start of the therapy and is considered as helpful, improving the situation and the quality of patient care. The adherence to medical guidelines and therefore the quality increased, when the paramedics were connected to an emergency doctor through the telemedicine connection. In general, the quality of diagnostics, the correctness of diagnosis and the quality of therapy were rated higher. The majority of paramedics would call a tele-emergency doctor in cases, they wouldn´t normally activate medical support. The emergency team members largely agree in perceiving the tele-emergency doctor system as useful, and they can imagine, working in a tele-emergency system. As a conclusion, the general hypothesis of this study is mainly and in many items supported: Emergency medicine benefits from telemedical support via video- and audio link as studied here with a newly developed real-time HD-video system called LiveCity camera, whenever paramedics at a remote emergency site request consultation or mentoring by a distant emergency doctor.