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GPR68 (OGR1) belongs to the proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptors that are involved
in cellular adaptations to pH changes during tumour development. Although expression of GPR68
has been described in many tumour cell lines, little is known about its presence in human tumour
entities. We characterised the novel rabbit monoclonal anti-human GPR68 antibody 16H23L16
using various cell lines and tissue specimens. The antibody was then applied to a large series of
formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded normal and neoplastic human tissue samples. Antibody specificity
was demonstrated in a Western blot analysis of GPR68-expressing cells using specific siRNAs.
Immunocytochemical experiments revealed pH-dependent changes in subcellular localisation of the
receptor and internalisation after stimulation with lorazepam. In normal tissue, GPR68 was present in
glucagon-producing islet cells, neuroendocrine cells of the intestinal tract, gastric glands, granulocytes,
macrophages, muscle layers of arteries and arterioles, and capillaries. GPR68 was also expressed
in neuroendocrine tumours, where it may be a positive prognostic factor, in pheochromocytomas,
cervical adenocarcinomas, and endometrial cancer, as well as in paragangliomas, medullary thyroid
carcinomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumours, and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Often, tumour
capillaries were also strongly GPR68-positive. The novel antibody 16H23L16 will be a valuable tool for
basic research and for identifying GPR68-expressing tumours during histopathological examinations.
FAM159B is a so-called adaptor protein. These proteins are essential components in numerous cell signalling pathways. However, little is known regarding FAM159B expression in normal and neoplastic human tissues. The commercially available rabbit polyclonal anti-human FAM159B antibody HPA011778 was initially characterised for its specificity using Western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry and then applied to a large series of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded normal and neoplastic human tissue samples. Confirmation of FAM159B’s predicted size and antibody specificity was achieved in BON-1 cells, a neuroendocrine tumour cell line endogenously expressing FAM159B, using targeted siRNA. Immunocytochemical experiments additionally revealed cytoplasmic expression of the adaptor protein. Immunohistochemical staining detected FAM159B expression in neuronal and neuroendocrine tissues such as the cortex, the trigeminal ganglia, dorsal root and intestinal ganglia, the pancreatic islets and the neuroendocrine cells of the bronchopulmonary and gastrointestinal tract, but also in the syncytiotrophoblasts of the placenta. FAM159B was also expressed in many of the 28 tumour entities investigated, with high levels in medullary and anaplastic thyroid carcinomas, parathyroid adenomas, lung and ovarian carcinomas, lymphomas and neuroendocrine tumours of different origins. The antibody HPA011778 can act as a useful tool for basic research and identifying FAM159B expression in tissue samples.
In addition to the classical oestrogen receptors, ERα and ERβ, a G protein-coupled oestrogen receptor (GPER) has been identified that primarily mediates the rapid, non-genomic signalling of oestrogens. Data on GPER expression at the protein level are contradictory; therefore, the present study was conducted to re-evaluate GPER expression by immunohistochemistry to obtain broad GPER expression profiles in human non-neoplastic and neoplastic tissues, especially those not investigated in this respect so far. We developed and thoroughly characterised a novel rabbit monoclonal anti-human GPER antibody, 20H15L21, using Western blot analyses and immunocytochemistry. The antibody was then applied to a large series of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded human tissue samples. In normal tissue, GPER was identified in distinct cell populations of the cortex and the anterior pituitary; islets and pancreatic ducts; fundic glands of the stomach; the epithelium of the duodenum and gallbladder; hepatocytes; proximal tubules of the kidney; the adrenal medulla; and syncytiotrophoblasts and decidua cells of the placenta. GPER was also expressed in hepatocellular, pancreatic, renal, and endometrial cancers, pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours, and pheochromocytomas. The novel antibody 20H15L21 will serve as a valuable tool for basic research and the identification of GPER-expressing tumours during histopathological examinations.
Große epidemiologische Studien haben gezeigt, dass Patienten mit einem Diabetes mellitus oder einem metabolischen Syndrom ein erhöhtes Risiko für die Entstehung eines Hepatozellulären Karzinoms (HCC) besitzen. In einem in der Arbeitsgruppe von F. Dombrowski entwickelten Tiermodell konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine dauerhaft erhöhte Insulin- und Glukosekonzentration nach niedrig-dosierter portal-embolischer Pankreasinseltransplantation in diabetischen Ratten einen karzinogenen Effekt auf die Hepatozyten ausübt. Da der Signalweg über die Proteinkinase AKT und seine Effektormoleküle wie mTOR (mammalian target of Rapamycin) einerseits in der humanen Hepatokarzinogenese aktiviert ist, andererseits aber auch einen typischen intrazellulären Mediatorweg des Insulinsignals darstellt, war das Ziel dieser Arbeit, die funktionelle Bedeutung einer AKT/mTOR-Aktivierung in diesem Tiermodell mittels Western Blot und Immunhistochemie zu charakterisieren. AKT und seine Effektormoleküle (mTOR, NFkB, Bcl-2) sind dabei bereits in den frühesten Präneoplasien verstärkt exprimiert, durch AKT in ihrer Funktion negativ-regulierte Effektormoleküle (FOXO1, 4EBP1 und BAD) werden hingegen inhibiert. Diese Effekte nehmen im Verlauf der Karzinogenese vom Stadium der Präneoplasien zu den HCC deutlich zu. Daher lässt sich schlussfolgern, dass in der Insulin-induzierten Hepatokarzinogenese nach Pankreasinseltransplantation in diabetischen Ratten der AKT/mTOR-Signalweg als intrazellulärer Mediator des Insulinsignals von Beginn an aktiviert ist und an der Entstehung der Präneoplasien und der nachfolgenden Transformation in hepatozelluläre Tumoren eine wesentliche Bedeutung haben dürfte. Die AKT/mTOR Aktivierung ist ferner für die Induktion des lipogenen Phänotyps und die Heraufregulation der lipogenen Enzyme FASN, ACAC, ACLY, ähnlich wie beim HCC des Menschen und im Mausmodell, verantwortlich. Zum einen bietet dieses Modell somit auf molekularer Ebene Erklärungsansätze für die epidemiologisch gesicherte aber bisher pathogenetisch nicht verstandene Entstehung des HCC beim Menschen mit hyperinsulinämischen Diabetes mellitus. Zum anderen bleibt darüber hinaus abzuwarten, inwieweit sich durch Hemmung dieses onkogenen Signalwegs Ansätze für die Therapie des HCC bei Patienten mit dereguliertem Insulinstoffwechsel ergeben könnten.