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Serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) plays an important role in preventing pancreatitis by inhibiting activated trypsin in the pancreas. The N34S variant of SPINK1 was found to be associated with chronic pancreatitis. However, this mutation is also expressed in the healthy population, indicating that the mutation alone does not cause the disease.
In this study, we investigated at single molecular level the effect of pH on the binding characteristics of human cationic trypsin to SPINK1 by single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS).
We found that at pH 8.0, trypsin shows twice the binding force to wild type SPINK1 (90.9 pN ± 3.9 pN) compared to the N34S mutant (47.3 pN ± 3.9 pN). An acidic pH of 4.8 results in a lower binding forces for trypsin-wild type SPINK1 (41.9 pN ± 4.0 pN) to a similar level as the binding force of trypsin-N34S mutant (54.6 pN ± 4.6 pN) complexes. These results are complemented by dynamic force spectroscopy findings which show a higher stability of the wild type SPINK1-trypsin complexes at pH 8.0 in comparison to N34S mutant-trypsin complexes. In addition, the binding profiles for both wild type and N34S mutant SPINK1 to trypsin equalize at pH 4.8.
Our results indicate that the presence of the mutation in the healthy population would most probably not affect the interaction with trypsin at acidic pH such as physiological conditions in pancreatic acinar cells. However, an increase in pH, leads to a difference of binding strength between SPINK1 or N34S mutant towards human cationic trypsin. These findings may be relevant for understanding the role of SPINK1 and its mutation N34S in the pathogenesis of pancreatitis.
One of the most common mutations in the serine protease inhibitor Kazal type 1 (SPINK1) gene is the N34S variant which is strongly associated with chronic pancreatitis. Although it is assumed that N34S mutation constitutes a high-risk factor, the underlying pathologic mechanism is still unknown. In the present study, we investigated the impact of physiological stress factors on SPINK1 protein structure and trypsin inhibitor function using biophysical methods. Our circular dichroism spectroscopy data revealed differences in the secondary structure of SPINK1 and N34S mutant suggesting protein structural changes induced by the mutation as an impairment that could be disease-relevant. We further confirmed that both SPINK1 (KD of 0.15 ± 0.06 nM) and its N34S variant (KD of 0.08 ± 0.02 nM) have similar binding affinity and inhibitory effect towards trypsin as shown by surface plasmon resonance and trypsin inhibition assay studies, respectively. We found that stress conditions such as altered ion concentrations (i.e. potassium, calcium), temperature shifts, as well as environmental pH lead to insignificant differences in trypsin inhibition between SPINK1 and N34S mutant. However, we have shown that the environmental pH induces structural changes in both SPINK1 constructs in a different manner. Our findings suggest protein structural changes in the N34S variant as an impairment of SPINK1 and environmental pH shift as a trigger that could play a role in disease progression of pancreatitis.