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Metabolic engineering enables Bacillus licheniformis to grow on the marine polysaccharide ulvan
(2022)
Background
Marine algae are responsible for half of the global primary production, converting carbon dioxide into organic compounds like carbohydrates. Particularly in eutrophic waters, they can grow into massive algal blooms. This polysaccharide rich biomass represents a cheap and abundant renewable carbon source. In nature, the diverse group of polysaccharides is decomposed by highly specialized microbial catabolic systems. We elucidated the complete degradation pathway of the green algae-specific polysaccharide ulvan in previous studies using a toolbox of enzymes discovered in the marine flavobacterium Formosa agariphila and recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli.
Results
In this study we show that ulvan from algal biomass can be used as feedstock for a biotechnological production strain using recombinantly expressed carbohydrate-active enzymes. We demonstrate that Bacillus licheniformis is able to grow on ulvan-derived xylose-containing oligosaccharides. Comparative growth experiments with different ulvan hydrolysates and physiological proteogenomic analyses indicated that analogues of the F. agariphila ulvan lyase and an unsaturated β-glucuronylhydrolase are missing in B. licheniformis. We reveal that the heterologous expression of these two marine enzymes in B. licheniformis enables an efficient conversion of the algal polysaccharide ulvan as carbon and energy source.
Conclusion
Our data demonstrate the physiological capability of the industrially relevant bacterium B. licheniformis to grow on ulvan. We present a metabolic engineering strategy to enable ulvan-based biorefinery processes using this bacterial cell factory. With this study, we provide a stepping stone for the development of future bioprocesses with Bacillus using the abundant marine renewable carbon source ulvan.
Im Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde ein auf dem Promotor Pdes basierendes Kälte-induzierbares Expressionssystem für B. subtilis konstruiert und sukzessive optimiert. Dazu wurden verschiedene Kälte-regulatorische DNA-Sequenzen aus B. subtilis an das entsprechende Zielgen fusioniert, was neben der Kälte-Induzierbarkeit in einem positiven Einfluss auf die Expressionsstärke durch eine effizientere Translation bzw. Stabilisierung der mRNA resultierte. Vorausgehend wurde in vergleichenden Versuchen die Eignung unterschiedlicher Galaktosidasen zur Verwendung als Reporterenzyme für B. subtilis untersucht. Hierbei wurde erstmals die heterologe Expression einer Kälte-angepassten β-Galaktosidase aus P. haloplanktis TAE79 in B. subtilis durchgeführt und diese durch die Integration der DB-Sequenz sowie einer stem-loop-Struktur aus der 5‘-UTR des B. subtilis cspB-Gens gesteigert. Somit konnte nachgewiesen werden dass sowohl die additiven Sequenzen der cspB-DB und der cspB-sl-UTR als auch des bkdB-Terminators zu einer deutlich erhöhten Synthese der entsprechenden Zielproteine führt. Anhand der Überexpression einer Xylanase aus B. subtilis sowie einer α-Glucosidase aus S. cerevisiae wurde abschließend die Eignung des konstruierten Systems für die sekretorische und intrazelluläre Proteinsynthese in B. subtilis demonstriert. Diese Ergebnisse bestätigen die Eignung von B. subtilis als Wirtsorganismus auch für die Überproduktion kritischer, schwer zu faltender Proteine.
Target proteins in biotechnological applications are highly diverse. Therefore, versatile flexible expression systems for their functional overproduction are required. In order to find the right heterologous gene expression strategy, suitable host-vector systems, which combine different genetic circuits, are useful. In this study, we designed a novel Bacillus subtilis expression toolbox, which allows the overproduction and secretion of potentially toxic enzymes. This toolbox comprises a set of 60 expression vectors, which combine two promoter variants, four strong secretion signals, a translation-enhancing downstream box, and three plasmid backbones. This B. subtilis toolbox is based on a tailor-made, clean deletion mutant strain, which is protease and sporulation deficient and exhibits reduced autolysis and secondary metabolism. The appropriateness of this alternative expression platform was tested for the overproduction of two difficult-to-produce eukaryotic model proteins. These included the sulfhydryl oxidase Sox from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, which forms reactive hydrogen peroxide and undesired cross-linking of functional proteins, and the human interleukin-1β, a pro-inflammatory cytokine. For the best performing Sox and interleukin, overproducing and secreting variants of these new B. subtilis toolbox fermentation strategies were developed and tested. This study demonstrates the suitability of the prokaryotic B. subtilis host-vector system for the extracellular production of two eukaryotic proteins with biotechnological relevance.