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The structure and content of the training phase following completion of medical school, referred to in most countries as postgraduate medical training, varies between countries. The purpose of this article is to give national and international readers an overview of the organisation and structure of postgraduate medical training in Germany.
The content and duration of postgraduate training in Germany are stipulated by state medical boards, officially termed associations (Landesärztekammer). In a periodically updated decree, the federal German medical association (Bundesärztekammer) provides a template for postgraduate medical training structure (Musterweiterbildungsordnung), which is adapted by the state medical associations. Admission to postgraduate medical training in Germany takes place by way of open, free-market selection. Based on the traditional assumption that junior doctors acquire all necessary clinical skills “on the job”, formal education in the form of seminars, lectures, or preorganised, detailed rotation plans through various specialties or wards is largely absent. Requirements for postgraduate medical training focus on the fulfilment of broad categories of rotations rather than specific content or gaining competencies. With few exceptions, no structured educational programs with curricular learning objectives exist. Limited funding impedes program development and expansion. Junior doctors bear the primary organisational responsibility in their training, which often results in extended training times and dissatisfaction. Structured training programs which prioritise skill-building and formal education are needed to support junior doctors and ensure their competence in primary and specialty care.
As much as scholars of Baltic Studies always claim independence for the languages and literature it involves, it is evident that the Baltic and Slavic languages and literature have been and still are in latent contact and exchange. The historical processes have led to interwoven but distinct cultural spheres ‘on the border.’ The interdisciplinary collection of essays follows several borderlines: Teresa Dalecka (University of Vilnius) discusses the Polish literature in Lithuania since 1990 and the environment that created it. • Stephan Kessler (University of Greifswald) sketches a framework of narration and applies it to a story written by Maks Fraj who lives in Lithuania but is from Odessa by origin. • Anna Stankeviča, Inna Dvorecka, and Jekaterina Gusakova (each from the University of Daugavpils) give an overview of Latvia’s Russophone book market and analyse Vadim Vernik’s formula fiction. • Sergei Kruk (Stradiņš University in Rīga) discusses the Latvian concept of linguistic integration that roots in the romantic notions of social homogeneity and language as being a shibboleth for successful integration. • Nicole Nau (University of Poznań) highlights four techniques for the integration of Slavic verbs and verbal derivational affixes into Latgalian, based on material from the 19th to the 21st century.
• Anastasija Kostiučenko (University of Greifswald) investigates how the concept of hybridity can be used to describe and better understand the language area and identity issues in Southeast Lithuania.