Refine
Document Type
- Doctoral Thesis (7)
Has Fulltext
- yes (7)
Is part of the Bibliography
- no (7)
Keywords
- Mitochondrium (7) (remove)
Institute
- Institut für Physiologie (2)
- Institut für Hygiene und Umweltmedizin (1)
- Institut für Immunologie u. Transfusionsmedizin - Abteilung Transfusionsmedizin (1)
- Institut für Med. Biochemie u. Molekularbiologie (1)
- Klinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin (1)
- Kliniken und Polikliniken für Innere Medizin (1)
Renin ist einer der Hauptbestandteile sowie das geschwindigkeitsbestimmende Enzym des Renin-Angiotensin-Systems (RAS). Der Wirkmechanismus Renins außerhalb des endokrinen RAS ist nach wie vor Gegenstand aktueller Forschung. Herzen von transgenen Ratten mit Überexpression nicht-sekretorischen Renins sind ex-vivo vor einer Ischämie-Reperfusions-induzierten Schädigung geschützt und protektive Effekte bei kardialen Zellen mit Überexpression nicht-sekretorischen Renins unter Ischämie-relevanten Bedingungen konnten in-vitro belegt werden.
Durch Transkription alternativer Renin-mRNAs (u.a. 1A-9Renin) verbleibt das translatierte Renin intrazellulär im Zytosol bzw. wird in Mitochondrien aufgenommen. Das nicht-sekretorische 1A-9Renin wird (patho-)physiologischer Weise z.B. nach Myokardinfarkten in kardialen Zellen hochreguliert. Aufgrund der intrazellulären Verteilung liegt eine Beeinflussung mitochondrial regulierter Prozesse, wie der intrinsischen Apoptose/Nekrose, der zellulären Atmung und des Metabolismus nahe.
Gegenstand der vorliegenden Arbeit war (1) eine Expressionsanalyse der verschiedenen Renintranskripte in H9c2-Kardiomyoblasten, die für 24 h einer kombinierten Sauerstoff- und Glukosedepletion (OGD) ausgesetzt waren, (2) die Bedeutung nicht-sekretorischen Renins für das Zellüberleben von H9c2-Zellen unter OGD zu untersuchen und (3) anhand der Analyse mitochondrialer Parameter, wie der mitochondrialen Aktivität/Integrität, der extra-mitochondrialen und mitochondrialen Sauerstoffverbrauchsraten sowie des Metabolismus, Informationen zum Wirkmechanismus des nicht-sekretorischen Renins abzuleiten.
Die Daten bestätigen eine endogene Regulation der Reninexpression durch Ischämie-relevante Bedingungen in H9c2-Zellen. Nach OGD kam es bei H9c2-Zellen zu einer erhöhten Expression der Renintranskripte. Zellen mit Überexpression des nicht-sekretorischen Renins (1A-9Renin-Zellen) waren vor einer OGD-vermittelten Schädigung geschützt. Dies ging u.a. einher mit einer Aufrechterhaltung des mitochondrialen Membranpotenzials und höherer mitochondrialer Reservekapazität.
Die bei 1A-9Renin-Zellen gezeigten Effekte unterstützen die Hypothese, dass nicht-sekretorisches Renin im Sinne einer Anpassung an wiederholte Ischämien wirksam ist. Die gewonnenen detaillierteren Einblicke in die Wirkung des nicht-sekretorischen Renins könnten bei der Entwicklung neuer Behandlungsstrategien hilfreich sein.
There has been a substantial evolution of anti-cancer therapies in the last decade, leading
to improved prognosis and disease-free survival of patients with melanoma. Due to the
number of patients that still develop resistance or to the high systemic toxicity and side
effects, new treatment options are still needed. Regardless of the type of therapeutic
interventions (except surgery), the reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a by-product or
contribute to the action mechanism of many successful therapies. In this context, medical
cold atmospheric plasma (CAP) arises as a promising tool, and studies are important to
prove the effectiveness of this new device.
Since combination therapies are the current standard way to treat melanoma, we explored
candidates to be combined with cold atmospheric plasma, with potential to become a
therapeutic option in the combination. Here, we tested the radiotherapy and clinically safe
mitochondrial inhibitor drugs. In the end of the study, both, ionizing radiation and four
mitochondrial-targeted-drugs showed to be promising candidates for the combination with
CAP. These combinations induced increased cytotoxicity and modulated the immune
system improving the anti-tumor immune response. Mitochondrial damage seems to be
the first stage to induce cellular deficiency and culminate in apoptotic cell death.
Furthermore the release of GM-CSF contribute to a pro inflammatory state and immune
system activation.
This dissertation showed that CAP serves as an excellent tool to boost melanoma cell
death and induce anti-tumor response. In addition, in our proposed therapeutic
combination, the intensity of plasma treatment could be decreased possibly resulting in
less systemic toxicity. Our results serves as model to be studied in other tumor entities.
In früheren Studien gelang der Nachweis der Expression eines alternativen Renin-Transkripts im kardialen Gewebe, dessen Konzentration nach Eintritt eines Herzinfarktes deutlich anstieg. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Untersuchung der Funktionalität dieses alternativen Renin-Transkripts, mit besonderem Augenmerk auf den Einfluss des Renins hinsichtlich Wachstum und Metabolismus von Herzzellen. In Abhängigkeit vom jeweiligen Promotor des kardialen Renin-Gens enstehen zum einen das sekretorische Exon(1-9)Renin und zum anderen das nicht sekretorische Exon(2-9)Renin, welches zytosolisch gebildet und in der mitochondrialen Fraktion gespeichert wird. Die funktionellen Bedeutungen des nicht-sekretorischen Renins sind bisher nicht gesichert. Aus früheren Beobachtungen ist jedoch bekannt, dass nach einer kardialen Ischämie die Konzentrationen der nicht-sekretorischen Renin-Transkripte erhöht sind und somit hypothetisch von einem Einfluss auf postischämische Prozesse ausgegangen werden kann. Zur Untersuchung dieser Hypothese etablierten wir mittels der H9c2-Zelllinie ein geeignetes Zellmodell, welches uns durch Überexpression der Exon(1A-9)Renin-, Exon(2-9)Renin-bzw. Exon(1-9)Renin-Transkripte die Möglichkeit gab, funktionelle Besonderheiten der Prorenine auf Rattenherzzellen zu untersuchen. Dabei konnte eindrucksvoll belegt werden, dass die unterschiedliche Lokalisation der Prorenine die Funktionalität der Kardiomyoblasten massgeblich beeinflusst. So führte die Exon(1-9)Renin-Überexpression zu Veränderungen der metabolischen Aktivität, Hypertrophie und Nekrose. Im Gegensatz dazu kam es bei der Exon(2-9)Renin-Überexpression eher zum Schutz vor Nekroseprozessen. Die beobachteten Effekte lassen sich dabei sowohl bei den Exon(2-9)Renin- als auch bei den Exon(1-9)Renin-transfizierten Zellen auf eine direkte, ANG II-unabhängige Wirkung zurückführen. Das sekretorische Prorenin kann zweifelsfrei pro-inflammatorisch, pro-apoptotisch, pronekrotisch und damit schädigend wirken. Die vorliegende Arbeit weist jedoch nach, dass vom selben Renin-Gen, welches für dieses sekretorische Prorenin kodiert, ein zweites Transkript abgelesen wird, dessen Exon(2-9)Renin intrazellulär verbleibt und antinekrotisch (und damit protektiv) wirkt.
Class I and class II glutaredoxins (Grxs) are glutathione (GSH)-dependent proteins, that function as oxidoreductases (class I) or mediate cellular iron trafficking (class II). Some members of class I Grxs like human Grx2 are able to complex a [2Fe-2S] cluster and form a dimeric holo complex, which renders them catalytically inactive and is the basis for their function as redox sensors. Class II Grxs like human Grx5 also complex [2Fe-2S] clusters, however these proteins transfer the clusters to other proteins. Both functionally distinct classes share a similar thioredoxin fold and conserved interaction sites for the non-covalently binding of GSH, which is required to complex the [2Fe-2S] cluster. Furthermore, the proteins from both classes contain a highly nucleophilic active site cysteine that would allow both classes to catalyze GSH-dependent oxidoreduction reactions. Despite of these similar features, only class I Grxs are able to form a mixed disulfide with GSH and to reversibly transfer it to protein thiols (de-/glutathionylation). Interestingly, neither class I Grxs nor class II Grxs can effectively compensate the loss of an essential member of the other class. Even though some structural differences were described earlier, the basis for their different functions remained unknown. In particular, the lack of catalytic activity of class II Grxs as oxidoreductases could not be explained. Here, we demonstrate that the different conformations of a conserved lysyl side chain are the molecular determinant of the oxidoreductase or Fe-S transfer activity of class I and II Grxs, respectively. A specific loop structure that is conserved in all class II Grxs determines one lysyl conformation that prevents the formation of a mixed disulfide of the active site cysteinyl thiol with GSH. Using engineered mutants of hGrx2 and hGrx5, we demonstrated that the exchange of the distinct loop between the classes results in a loss of oxidoreductase function of class I hGrx2 and the gain of oxidoreductase activity of class II hGrx5. The altered GSH binding mode also profoundly changes the [2Fe-2S] cluster binding of the engineered mutants and thereby also influences stability of the holo complexes, a pre-determinant for [Fe-S] cluster transfer activity. With the minor shift of 2 Å in a conserved lysyl side chain orientation we were not only able to modify the catalytic activity of two small human mitochondrial proteins, but on a much larger scale also provided evidence for the previously unknown structural basis that determines the function of all class I and class II Grxs.
The oxidoreductase activity of hGrx2 was also analyzed in vivo in a model of doxorubicin cell toxicity. Applying a mass spectrometrical approach, we identified various mitochondrial proteins as targets for redox regulation. Furthermore, our results gave reason to reconsider some common assumptions regarding doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and the protective function of mitochondrial Grx2.
The maintenance of protein homeostasis in muscle by degradation systems, e.g. the autophagy lysosomal pathway (ALP) and the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), is of great importance. It prevents the accumulation of nonfunctioning and not properly folded proteins, which can lead to protein aggregate myopathies (PAMs) and several other protein storage diseases. Degradation by the UPS depends on the transfer of ubiquitin to a target protein. This happens in a cascade of E1-E2-E3 proteins. This process is also involved in protein location and regulation of protein activity. E3 ligases are often tissue specific. Muscle RING-finger proteins (MuRFs) are a family of really interesting new gene (RING)-Finger E3 ubiquitin ligases, that are almost exclusively expressed in the striated muscle. They play a role in muscle wasting, but are also important for the maintenance of the structure of striated muscle. MuRF proteins are also involved in the regulation of the striated muscle energy metabolism. Previous work has demonstrated that MuRF1/MuRF3 DKO mice show a protein surplus myopathy characterized by an accumulation of myosin heavy chain proteins in striated muscles and a reduction in function of both heart and skeletal muscle. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the myopathic phenotype of MuRF1/MuRF3 DKO mice is mediated by a disturbed energy homeostasis in the heart and skeletal muscle, with focus on mitochondrial function. Because sex-specific differences have not been investigated in these mice so far, a further aim was to investigate any differences between male and female mice.
To test these hypotheses, we measured the weight of the heart and the hindlimb muscles tibialis anterior and soleus to detect a possible hypertrophy in the DKO mice. Hematoxylin and eosin staining of histological cross sections of the tibialis anterior were performed to investigate protein accumulations. Muscle function was quantitated via grip strength and specific force measurements. Possible changes in protein amounts were detected via mass spectrometry analyses and western blot analyses. Changes in gene expression were investigated by qRT-PCR. Coimmunoprecipitation was used to determine direct interactions between proteins. Protein stability and ubiquitination were investigated by cycloheximide (CHX) and ubiquitination assays, respectively.
DKO mice showed an increase in heart and skeletal muscle weights. Grip strength assays revealed limb weakness of DKO mice. H&E staining of histological cross sections of the tibialis anterior muscle (TA) showed protein aggregates within myofibers. Mass spectrometry analyses of proteins isolated from TA and heart muscle revealed an increase of muscle stress markers and structural proteins in DKO mice, while proteins involved in the energy metabolism were reduced. Especially interesting here were the proteins of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC), which play a major role in the energy production of the mitochondria by catalyzing the phosphorylation of ADP to ATP, the universal energy carrier in all living organisms. These changes were more pronounced in TA compared to heart. Western blot and qRT-PCR results of ETC subunits supported our proteome data. They also revealed a sex-specific difference, in which the reduction ETC subunits was more pronounced in females than males. In female
TA NDUFB8, SDHB, UQCRC2, MTCO1 and ATP5 were significantly reduced compared to controls, while only UQCRC2 and ATP5 were decreased in male TA compared to controls. A significant reduction in gene expression of Ndufb8, Sdhb, Mtco1 and Atp5 was detected in TA of female mice compared to controls, while only Ndufb8, Sdhb and Atp5 were decreased in male TA compared to controls. We observed the same pattern in Heart of male (protein: NDUFB8; mRNA: Mtco1) and female (protein: UQCRC2, MTCO1, ATP5; mRNA: Sdhb, Mtco1) DKO mice compared to their controls. The reduction in ETC subunits was paralleled by a reduction in complex I and complex III activity in the TA of DKO mice, but not in heart. However, this was only significant in the TA of female but not male mice. Mechanistical analyses using coimmunoprecipitation, cycloheximide chase and ubiquitination assays showed that MuRF1 physically interacted with the transcriptional repressor histone deacetylase 5 (HDAC5), mediated its ubiquitination as well as its UPS-dependent degradation. The absence of MuRF1 and MuRF3 in DKO mice let to an increase in the amounts of HDAC5 in TA. Because HDAC5 binds to PGC-1α, the master regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis (encoded by Ppargc1a), we investigated its gene expression in DKO muscle and found it to be reduced.
These data connect MuRF1 and MuRF3 directly to the striated muscle energy metabolism, by regulating mitochondrial function. The results provide insights into the development of PAMs and possibly other protein storage diseases, where a decrease of mitochondrial function has already been described.
To this day, the patient’s outcome after any form of cerebral ischemia is often mediocre
at best. The added damage that occurs at reperfusion after ischemia seems to be as
important as the ischemic injury itself. New therapeutic strategies targeted at this
critical issue are therefore crucial. P188, an amphiphilic triblock copolymer, has risen
to be one of the most promising pharmacological therapeutics, as its capability to insert
into injured cell membranes seems to perfectly fit the needed criteria to protect against
I/R injury. Lately, it has become apparent that mitochondrial function particularly profits
from P188 treatment after I/R injury. Therefore, the question arose, if P188 may
interact directly with mitochondria.
In the present study, rat isolated brain mitochondria were injured and then treated with
P188. The injury took place either in vivo by asphyxial cardiac arrest before isolation
of mitochondria or in vitro after isolation by addition of the ROS H2O2. After treatment
with P188, mitochondrial function was evaluated through the assessment of ATP
synthesis, O2 consumption and CRC.
10 or 15 min of asphyxia in vivo as well as 200 μM H2O2 for 10 min in vitro significantly
impaired mitochondrial function. Furthermore, a damaging effect of RT on isolated
mitochondria became apparent. Contrary to the underlying hypothesis, P188 did not
preserve mitochondrial function independently of the injury mechanism chosen.
In conclusion, in the context of studying P188, two new methods of I/R injury
simulation, namely asphyxial cardiac arrest in vivo and the injury with H2O2 in isolated
mitochondria in vitro, have been established. However, it is not yet conclusive, if P188
does or does not directly improve mitochondrial function after I/R injury. Further
research looking at different injuring methods as well as modulating the treatment
method is needed to ultimately clarify this question.
Zusätzlich zu ihrer Zielstellung humane Thrombozyten auf das Vorkommen von NAP1L1 zu untersuchen, liefert diese Arbeit Anhalt für die potenzielle Funktion diese „nukleären“ Proteins in diesem anukleären Zelltyp. Eine Enflussnahme von NAP1L1 auf den Transport und ggf. Import eines Schlüsselenzyms des mitochondrialen Stoffwechsels (DLAT) erscheint als ein möglicher Mechanismus für die Einflussnahme auf systemische entzündliche Prozesse durch NAP1L1.
Für humane Thrombozyten sind die beschriebenen Veränderungen von DLAT eine der ersten Hinweise auf eine aktive Regulation der intramitochondrialen Proteinausstattung in Reaktion auf die systemische Infektion mit bakteriellen und viralen Erregern. Bislang existierten in dieser Situation nur Daten, welche z.B. die direkte Beeinflussung von Plättchen durch Erreger, z.B. durch induzierte Degradation des anti-apoptotischen BcL-x208, beschreiben.
In der Zukunft wird es wichtig sein zu ergründen, welche funktionellen Konsequenzen aus einer Mehr- oder Minderexpression von NAP1L1 im Bezug auf die thrombozytäre Mitochondrienfunktion entstehen, im Weiteren welchen pathophysiologischen Stellenwert diese Änderungen besitzen und wie man diese dann therapeutisch beeinflussen kann.
Fest steht, dass die in der Einleitung aufgeworfene Frage, ob die im Rahmen einer akuten, systemischen Entzündungsreaktion beobachteten metabolischen Veränderungen eher Ausdruck einer aktiven Regulation als eines pathologischen Defektes sind, auch auf die humanen Thrombozyten übertragen werden muss.