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- CAP , Plasma , Melanom , Sphäroid , Krebs <Medizin> (1)
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Das maligne Melanom ist eine der häufigsten malignen Erkrankungen in Deutschland. Vor allem in fortgeschrittenen Stadien ist es mit einer hohen Letalität verbunden. Die aktuell vorhandenen Therapiemöglichkeiten bergen ein hohes Nebenwirkungspotenzial und weisen bei dem häufig mutierenden Karzinom eine begrenzte Wirksamkeit auf. Daher sind unterstützende oder neue Therapieansätze essenziell. Kaltes nicht-thermisches Plasma hat in der Krebsforschung in den letzten Jahren zunehmend Aufmerksamkeit erhalten, da sich gute Effekte auf Tumorzellen zeigen ließen. Durch den in dieser Arbeit gewählten 3D-Aufbau der Zellkultur konnten Zell-Zell-Interaktionen, unterschiedliche Zellzyklus-Stadien, Nährstoffgradienten innerhalb des Zellverbandes und daraus resultierende Effekte auf die Wirksamkeit des Therapieansatzes simuliert werden. In der präklinischen Forschung zur Plasmamedizin könnte die Verwendung von Sphäroiden ein nützliches Modell darstellen, um die Wirkweise des Plasmas besser zu verstehen und später die Anwendung am Patienten zu ermöglichen. Zudem kann die Sensibilität unterschiedlicher maligner Zellen mit diesem Modell eingeschätzt werden. Zum Einsatz kamen Zellen eines Primärmelanoms (SK_MEL-28) und einer Lymphknotenmetastase eines Melanoms (MNT-1). Es konnte eine signifikante Reduktion des Wachstums der Sphäroide beider gewählter Melanom-Zellreihen nach indirekter und direkter Plasmabehandlung mit dem kalten Atmosphärendruck-Plasmajet kINPenMed festgestellt werden. Zudem konnte auch eine reduzierte Vitalität der Sphäroide nach Plasmabehandlung gezeigt werden. Eine Veränderung im Nachweis von proliferierenden oder apoptotischen Zellen innerhalb des Sphäroids mit immunhistologischen Färbungen konnte nicht gezeigt werden. Auch nach Plasmabehandlung zeigte sich lediglich ein Proliferationsgradient von außen nach innen an den Sphäroiden aller Behandlungsgruppen. Nach Platzierung der plasmabehandelten Sphäroide in einem Kollagen 1-Gel konnte ein vermehrtes Auswachsen von Zellen bei den indirekt behandelten Sphäroiden beobachtet werden. Die Ergebnisse der immunhistologischen Färbungen und die Migration im Gel stehen im Gegensatz zu den in der Literatur beschriebenen Effekten der Plasmabehandlung und bedürfen einer weiteren Evaluation. In der Proteomanalyse zeigten sich ebenfalls Proteine vermehrt exprimiert, die an der Reaktion auf RONS, an Migration und Adhäsion sowie am Zellzyklus beteiligt sind. Dabei unterstützen die Daten aus der Proteomanalyse viele der zuvor genannten Ergebnisse.
Hair follicles constitute important drug delivery targets for skin antisepsis since they contain ≈25% of the skin microbiome. Nanoparticles are known to penetrate deeply into hair follicles. By massaging the skin, the follicular penetration process is enhanced based on a ratchet effect. Subsequently, an intrafollicular drug release can be initiated by various trigger mechanisms. Here, we present novel ultraviolet A (UVA)-responsive nanocapsules (NCs) with a size between 400 and 600 nm containing hydroxyethyl starch (HES) functionalized by an o-nitrobenzyl linker. A phase transfer into phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and ethanol was carried out, during which an aggregation of the particles was observed by means of dynamic light scattering (DLS). The highest stabilization for the target medium ethanol as well as UVA-dependent release of ethanol from the HES-NCs was achieved by adding 0.1% betaine monohydrate. Furthermore, sufficient cytocompatibility of the HES-NCs was demonstrated. On ex vivo porcine ear skin, a strong UVA-induced release of the model drug sulforhodamine 101 (SR101) could be demonstrated after application of the NCs in cyclohexane using laser scanning microscopy. In a final experiment, a microbial reduction comparable to that of an ethanol control was demonstrated on ex vivo porcine ear skin using a novel UVA-LED lamp for triggering the release of ethanol from HES-NCs. Our study provides first indications that an advanced skin antisepsis based on the eradication of intrafollicular microorganisms could be achieved by the topical application of UVA-responsive NCs.
Objectives
Oral mucositis caused by intensive cancer chemotherapy or radiotherapy frequently results in pronounced damage of the oral mucosa leading to painful oral hygiene. To support oral care, antimicrobial effective mouth rinses may be used. Thus, the efficacy of a hypochlorite-based mouth rinse (Granudacyn®), assumed to be highly biocompatible because of the compounds being part of the natural pathogen defense, as possible antiseptic agent in case of oral mucositis was compared to that of an octenidine based antiseptic mouth rinse (Octenidol® md).
Materials and methods
The study was conducted as monocentric, controlled, randomized, blind cross over comparative study on 20 volunteers. As a proof of principle, we performed the study on orally healthy subjects and not cancer patients. The efficacy was determined as reduction of colony forming units (cfu) on buccal mucosa as well as in saliva. After mouth rinsing for 30 s, samples were taken after 1 min, 15 min, 30 and 60 min. The lg-reduction was calculated as difference between lg-values of cfu pre- and post-treatment.
Results
Both antiseptic mouth rinses induced a significant reduction of cfu on buccal mucosa and in saliva 1 min after mouth rinsing. The effect persisted up to 60 min. The octenidine based rinse was significantly superior to the hypochlorite-based rinse up to the last sample 60 min after rinsing. However, the known cytotoxicity of octenidine argues against its application.
Conclusion
Within the limits of this study, due to its antiseptic efficacy, the hypochlorite-based rinse Granudacyn® can be regarded appropriate to support the oral hygiene in patients with a sensitive oral mucosa during an aggressive cancer chemotherapy and radiation treatment in case of oral mucositis.
Oral mucositis is the most common and severe non-hematological complication associated with cancer radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or their combination. Treatment of oral mucositis focuses on pain management and the use of natural anti-inflammatory, sometimes weakly antiseptic mouth rinses in combination with optimal oral cavity hygiene. To prevent negative effects of rinsing, accurate testing of oral care products is necessary. Due to their ability to mimic realistic in-vivo conditions, 3D models may be an appropriate option in compatibility testing of anti-inflammatory and antiseptically effective mouth rinses. We present a 3D model of oral mucosa based on the cell line TR-146 with a physical barrier, characterized by high transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and confirmed cell integrity. Histological characterization of the 3D mucosa model showed a stratified, non-keratinized multilayer of epithelial cells similar to that of human oral mucosa. By means of immuno-staining, tissue-specific expression of cytokeratin 13 and 14 was shown. Incubation of the 3D mucosa model with the rinses had no effects on cell viability, but TEER decreased 24h after incubation in all solutions except ProntOral®. Analogous to skin models, the established 3D model meets the quality control criteria of OECD guidelines and may therefore be suitable for comparing the cytocompatibility of oral rinses.