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Bei ersten Betrachtungen zum Zelltransport nahm man an, dass Stoffe passiv über die Zellmembran diffundieren. Nach weiteren Forschungen musste dies revidiert werden. Heute weiß man, dass dies fast nur über spezielle Proteine möglich ist. Diese Proteine sind Kanäle und Transporter welche aufgrund ihrer Funktion eine Schlüsselposition in der zellulären Homöostaste darstellen. Sie sorgen für die Aufnahme und den Ausstrom fast aller wichtigen Substanzen.
Im Jahr 2007 wurde die Entdeckung eines neue Zelltransporters, TETRAN (Tetracycline transporter-like protein), veröffentlicht. In ersten Untersuchungen zeigte sich ein bevorzugter Transport von NSAIDs über die Zellmembran. NSAIDs haben bei unterschiedlichen Personen abweichende Wirkungen bzw. Nebenwirkungen deren Gund bis heute noch nicht endgültig geklärt ist.
In dieser Arbeit konnten polymorphe TETRAN überexprimierende Zellen erzeugt werden und der Nachweis unterschiedlich starker Expression des Proteins in verschiedenen Geweben nachgewiesen werden. Unter anderem zeigte sich eine gute Expression in Plazentagewebe. Welches auch wegen guter Verfügbarkeit zur Reihensequenzierung von 25 Proben genutzt wurde. Es zeigten sich 28 Synonyme und 85 Veränderungen im Gencode welche Einfluss auf die Primärsequenz des Proteins haben. Diese wurden alle in einer berechneten Grafik des Proteins zusammengefasst und dargestellt. In drei Situationen bildete sich anstatt des Wechsels einer Aminosäure ein Stopcodon. Dies trat jedoch nie homozygot auf. So das immer ein vollständiges Protein vorhanden war. In Anlehnung an vergleichbare Studien könnte dies mit ein Grund der differenten Wirkung von NSAIDs sein. Umfangreichere Beweise können in weiteren Studien noch folgen.
Salivary glands provide secretory functions, including secretion of xenobiotics and among
them drugs. However, there is no published information about protein abundance of drug transporters
measured using reliable protein quantification methods. Therefore, mRNA expression and absolute
protein content of clinically relevant ABC (n = 6) and SLC (n = 15) family member transporters in the
human parotid gland, using the qRT-PCR and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry
(LC−MS/MS) method, were studied. The abundance of nearly all measured proteins ranged between
0.04 and 0.45 pmol/mg (OCT3 > MRP1 > PEPT2 > MRP4 > MATE1 > BCRP). mRNAs of ABCB1,
ABCC2, ABCC3, SLC10A1, SLC10A2, SLC22A1, SLC22A5, SLC22A6, SLC22A7, SLC22A8, SLCO1A2,
SLCO1B1, SLCO1B3 and SLCO2B1 were not detected. The present study provides, for the first time,
information about the protein abundance of membrane transporters in the human parotid gland,
which could further be used to define salivary bidirectional transport (absorption and secretion)
mechanisms of endogenous compounds and xenobiotics.
The multifunctional sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a lipid signaling molecule and central
regulator in the development of several cancer types. In recent years, intriguing information has
become available regarding the role of S1P in the progression of Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM),
the most aggressive and common brain tumor in adults. S1P modulates numerous cellular processes
in GBM, such as oncogenesis, proliferation and survival, invasion, migration, metastasis and stem cell
behavior. These processes are regulated via a family of five G-protein-coupled S1P receptors (S1PR1-5)
and may involve mainly unknown intracellular targets. Distinct expression patterns and multiple
intracellular signaling pathways of each S1PR subtype enable S1P to exert its pleiotropic cellular
actions. Several studies have demonstrated alterations in S1P levels, the involvement of S1PRs
and S1P metabolizing enzymes in GBM pathophysiology. While the tumorigenic actions of S1P
involve the activation of several kinases and transcription factors, the specific G-protein (Gi, Gq,
and G12/13)-coupled signaling pathways and downstream mediated effects in GBM remain to be
elucidated in detail. This review summarizes the recent findings concerning the role of S1P and its
receptors in GBM. We further highlight the current insights into the signaling pathways considered
fundamental for regulating the cellular processes in GMB and ultimately patient prognosis.
Postoperative restenosis in patients with external ear canal (EEC) atresia or stenosis is a common complication following canaloplasty. Our aim in this study was to explore the feasibility of using a three dimensionally (3D)-printed, patient-individualized, drug ((dexamethasone (DEX)), and ciprofloxacin (cipro))-releasing external ear canal implant (EECI) as a postoperative stent after canaloplasty. We designed and pre-clinically tested this novel implant for drug release (by high-performance liquid chromatography), biocompatibility (by the MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay), bio-efficacy (by the TNF-α (tumor necrosis factor-alpha)-reduction test (DEX) and inhibition zone test (for cipro)), and microbial contamination (formation of turbidity or sediments in culture medium). The EECI was implanted for the first time to one patient with a history of congenital EEC atresia and state after three canaloplasties due to EEC restenosis. The preclinical tests revealed no cytotoxic effect of the used materials; an antibacterial effect was verified against the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the tested UV-irradiated EECI showed no microbiological contamination. Based on the test results, the combination of silicone with 1% DEX and 0.3% cipro was chosen to treat the patient. The EECI was implantable into the EEC; the postoperative follow-up visits revealed no otogenic symptoms or infections and the EECI was explanted three months postoperatively. Even at 12 months postoperatively, the EEC showed good epithelialization and patency. Here, we report the first ever clinical application of an individualized, drug-releasing, mechanically flexible implant and suggest that our novel EECI represents a safe and effective method for postoperatively stenting the reconstructed EEC.
The tricyclic antidepressant amitriptyline is frequently prescribed but its use is limited by its narrow therapeutic range and large variation in pharmacokinetics. Apart from interindividual differences in the activity of the metabolising enzymes cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and 2C19, genetic polymorphism of the hepatic influx transporter organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) could be contributing to interindividual variation in pharmacokinetics. Here, the impact of OCT1 genetic variation on the pharmacokinetics of amitriptyline and its active metabolite nortriptyline was studied in vitro as well as in healthy volunteers and in depressive disorder patients. Amitriptyline and nortriptyline were found to inhibit OCT1 in recombinant cells with IC50 values of 28.6 and 40.4 µM. Thirty other antidepressant and neuroleptic drugs were also found to be moderate to strong OCT1 inhibitors with IC50 values in the micromolar range. However, in 35 healthy volunteers, preselected for their OCT1 genotypes, who received a single dose of 25 mg amitriptyline, no significant effects on amitriptyline and nortriptyline pharmacokinetics could be attributed to OCT1 genetic polymorphism. In contrast, the strong impact of the CYP2D6 genotype on amitriptyline and nortriptyline pharmacokinetics and of the CYP2C19 genotype on nortriptyline was confirmed. In addition, acylcarnitine derivatives were measured as endogenous biomarkers for OCT1 activity. The mean plasma concentrations of isobutyrylcarnitine and 2-methylbutyrylcarnitine were higher in participants with two active OCT1 alleles compared to those with zero OCT1 activity, further supporting their role as endogenous in vivo biomarkers for OCT1 activity. A moderate reduction in plasma isobutyrylcarnitine concentrations occurred at the time points at which amitriptyline plasma concentrations were the highest. In a second, independent study sample of 50 patients who underwent amitriptyline therapy of 75 mg twice daily, a significant trend of increasing amitriptyline plasma concentrations with decreasing OCT1 activity was observed (p = 0.018), while nortriptyline plasma concentrations were unaffected by the OCT1 genotype. Altogether, this comprehensive study showed that OCT1 activity does not appear to be a major factor determining amitriptyline and nortriptyline pharmacokinetics and that hepatic uptake occurs mainly through other mechanisms.
Der akute Myokardinfarkt ist die häufigste Todesursache in den Industrieländern. Um die Spätfolge Herzinsuffizienz so gering wie möglich zu halten, ist eine schnelle Wiederherstellung des koronaren Blutflusses entscheidend. Dieser gewünschten Reperfusion wird jedoch eine zusätzliche Schädigung des Myokardgewebes zugeschrieben. Durch kurze Intervalle von Ischämie und Reperfusion nach Wiederöffnung des Koronargefäßes konnte die Infarktgröße drastisch gesenkt werden, so dass dieses als ischämische Postkonditionierung bezeichnete Verfahren, hohes Potential zur Reduktion der Myokardschädigung nach einem Infarkt bietet. Für den klinischen Einsatz erweist sich dieses Verfahrens jedoch als technisch aufwendig, so dass der Wunsch nach pharmakologischen Ansätzen zu Beginn der Reperfusion steigt. Die vorliegende Arbeit befasste sich daher mit der Untersuchung möglicher kardioprotektiver Substanzen und der Charakterisierung wichtiger Elemente der zugrunde liegenden Signalkaskade. Hierfür wurde in dem Modell der ex vivo perfundierten Rattenherzen die kardioprotektive Wirkung des endogenen Mediators Bradykinin während der Reperfusion und die mögliche Beteiligung des EGF-Rezeptors untersucht. In einem kardiomyozytenbasierten Zellmodell, bei dem HL-1-Zellen mit den Kalziumionophor Calcimycin gestresst wurden, sollte die Beteiligung wichtiger Signalelemente bestätigt werden. Zur Charakterisierung der Rolle der Adenosinrezeptoren während der Reperfusion wurde ein in vivo Maus Modell etabliert, welches die Untersuchung der Infarktgröße im Tier erlaubt. Hierfür wurden selektive Adenosinrezeptoragonisten und -antagonisten sowie CD73-/- Mäuse, die kein endogenes Adenosin durch die 5’-Ektonukleotidase (CD73) bilden können, verwendet. In dieser Arbeit konnte gezeigt werden, dass Bradykinin während der Reperfusion zu einer signifikanten Reduktion der Infarktgröße führt und dass dieser Schutzmechanismus von einer Transaktivierung des EGF-Rezeptors und der survival Kinase Akt abhängig ist. Des Weiteren konnte sowohl bei den Infarktgrößen als auch im zellbasierten Modell eine Beteiligung der MMP-8 bei der Transaktivierung des EGF-Rezeptors nachgewiesen werden. Anhand des in vivo Maus Modells konnte gezeigt werden, dass der durch die ischämische Postkonditionierung vermittelte Myokardschutz durch den selektiven A2bAR Antagonisten MRS1754 aufgehoben werden konnte und dass eine Aktivierung des A2bAR durch den selektiven A2bAR Agonisten BAY60-6583 während der Reperfusion zu einer Senkung der Infarktgröße führt. Des Weiteren konnte mit Hilfe der CD73-/- Mäuse und unter Verwendung von selektiven Adenosinrezeptoragonisten und -antagonisten gezeigt werden, dass bei fehlendem extrazellulärem Adenosin kein Schutz durch eine ischämische Postkonditionierung, dem selektiven A2bAR Agonisten BAY60-6583 oder dem A2aAR Agonisten CGS21680 erzielt werden kann, sondern dass nur die gleichzeitige Aktivierung von A2aAR und A2bAR zum Schutz des Herzens vor Reperfusionsschäden führt. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen mögliche Ansätze für pharmakologische Interventionen zur Behandlung des akuten Myokardinfarkts auf. Die Verwendung von Agonisten zur Aktivierung von G-Protein gekoppelten Rezeptoren rückt damit immer mehr in den Vordergrund für mögliche klinische Ansatzpunkte.
(1) Background: Sepsis is a leading cause of death and a global public health problem. Accordingly, deciphering the underlying molecular mechanisms of this disease and the determinants of its morbidity and mortality is pivotal. This study examined the effect of the rs951818 SNP of the negative costimulatory lymphocyte-activation gene 3 (LAG-3) on sepsis mortality and disease severity. (2) Methods: 707 consecutive patients with sepsis were prospectively enrolled into the present study from three surgical ICUs at University Medical Center Goettingen. Both 28- and 90-day mortality were analyzed as the primary outcome, while parameters of disease severity served as secondary endpoints. (3) Results: In the Kaplan–Meier analysis LAG-3 rs951818 AA-homozygote patients showed a significantly lower 28-day mortality (17.3%) compared to carriers of the C-allele (23.7%, p = 0.0476). In addition, these patients more often received invasive mechanical ventilation (96%) during the course of disease than C-allele carriers (92%, p = 0.0466). (4) Conclusions: Genetic profiling of LAG-3 genetic variants alone or in combination with other genetic biomarkers may represent a promising approach for risk stratification of patients with sepsis. Patient-individual therapeutic targeting of immune checkpoints, such as LAG-3, may be a future component of sepsis therapy. Further detailed investigations in clinically relevant sepsis models are necessary.
Previous studies have reported the fundamental role of immunoregulatory
proteins in the clinical phenotype and outcome of sepsis. This study investigated two functional single
nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of T cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-containing protein 3
(TIM-3), which has a negative stimulatory function in the T cell immune response. Methods: Patients
with sepsis (n = 712) were prospectively enrolled from three intensive care units (ICUs) at the University
Medical Center Goettingen since 2012. All patients were genotyped for the TIM-3 SNPs rs1036199 and
rs10515746. The primary outcome was 28-day mortality. Disease severity and microbiological findings
were secondary endpoints. Results: Kaplan–Meier survival analysis demonstrated a significantly
lower 28-day mortality for TIM-3 rs1036199 AA homozygous patients compared to C-allele carriers
(18% vs. 27%, p = 0.0099) and TIM-3 rs10515746 CC homozygous patients compared to A-allele
carriers (18% vs. 26%, p = 0.0202). The TIM-3 rs1036199 AA genotype and rs10515746 CC genotype
remained significant predictors for 28-day mortality in the multivariate Cox regression analysis after
adjustment for relevant confounders (adjusted hazard ratios: 0.67 and 0.70). Additionally, patients
carrying the rs1036199 AA genotype presented more Gram-positive and Staphylococcus epidermidis
infections, and rs10515746 CC homozygotes presented more Staphylococcus epidermidis infections.
Conclusion: The studied TIM-3 genetic variants are associated with altered 28-day mortality and
susceptibility to Gram-positive infections in sepsis.
Organic cation transporter OCT1 is strongly expressed in the sinusoidal membrane of hepatocytes. OCT1 mediates the uptake of weakly basic and cationic compounds from the blood into the liver and may thereby facilitate the first step in hepatic metabolism or excretion of many cationic drugs. OCT1 is a polyspecific transporter and has a very broad spectrum of structurally highly diverse ligands (substrates and inhibitors). The exact transport mechanism and the amino acids involved in polyspecific ligand binding of OCT1 are poorly understood.
The aim of this work was to utilize the polyspecificity to better understand the structure-function relationships of OCT1 and to gain first insights into potential mechanisms conferring the polyspecificity. We followed two strategies, analyzing the effects of variability in both ligand and transporter structure on OCT1 function. The effects of ligand structure were analyzed by comparing uptake and inhibitory potencies of structurally similar drugs of the group of opioids. The effects of transporter structure were analyzed by comparing the effects of variability caused by naturally occurring genetic variants or artificial mutations on OCT1 uptake and inhibition of several substrates. Most importantly, the effects of interspecies variability in transporter structure were analyzed by comparing uptake kinetics between human and mouse OCT1 orthologs. To this end, we used stably or transiently transfected HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT1 and different chimeric and mutant variants thereof.
Focusing on OCT1 ligands, we compared the uptake and inhibitory potencies of structurally similar opioids. Only minor changes of the ligand structure strongly affected the interaction with OCT1. The presence of the ether linkage between C4 and C5 of the morphinan ring was associated with reduced OCT1 inhibitory potencies, while passive membrane permeability was the major negative determinant of OCT1-mediated uptake among structurally highly similar morphinan opioids. Only minor structural changes strongly increased the inhibitory potency by 28-fold from the lowest IC50 of 2004 µM for oxycodone to 72 µM for morphine. Additional removal of the ether linkage between C4-C5 increased the inhibitory potency by a total of 313-fold to the lowest IC50 of 6 µM for dextrorphan. Consequently, our data demonstrates that despite its polyspecificity, OCT1-mediated uptake and inhibition of this uptake is still somewhat very specific.
Focusing on OCT1 protein structure, we first analyzed the effects of variability caused by naturally occurring genetic variants on OCT1 uptake and inhibition. OCT1 transport was strongly affected by OCT1 genetic variants and these effects were often substrate-specific. Correlation of these effects revealed several substrates that were similarly affected by the variants and may therefore be suggested to share similar or overlapping binding sites in OCT1. In addition, the effects of the genetic variants OCT1*2 and OCT1*3 on different substrates correlated well which may suggest that the structural variability caused by these two variants similarly affects substrate uptake. OCT1 genetic variants also affected the inhibition of OCT1, with both substrate and genotype-specific differences. Ranitidine inhibited the uptake of several substrates, among them the clinically relevant drugs metformin and morphine. Moreover, the inhibition was more potent (about 2-fold) on the uptake mediated by the common genetic variant OCT1*2 than on the uptake mediated by the reference OCT1*1.
Second, we analyzed the effects of artificial mutations of key amino acids. Tyr222 and Asp475 in rat OCT1 had strongly substrate-specific and also species-specific effects on both OCT1-mediated uptake and inhibition. Mutation of these amino acids strongly decreased OCT1-mediated uptake, which further underscored an important role especially of Asp475. Interestingly, despite a proposed essential role of this amino acid, we observed Asp475-independent transport. This transport was observed in mouse, but not in human OCT1 and was substrate-specific. TMH10 was identified to be involved in determining the Asp475-independent uptake of mouse OCT1.
Finally and most importantly, we analyzed the effects of sequence differences between human and mouse OCT1 on the transport kinetics of several OCT1 substrates. The transport kinetics differed strongly between human and mouse OCT1 orthologs. These differences were substrate-specific and affected both the affinity (KM) and capacity (vmax) of transport. Human OCT1 had an 8-fold higher capacity of trospium transport, while mouse OCT1 had an 8-fold higher capacity of fenoterol transport. Furthermore, mouse OCT1 had a 5-fold higher affinity for metformin transport compared to human OCT1. The difference between Phe32 in human and Leu32 in mouse OCT1 in TMH1 was identified to confer a higher capacity of transport by human compared to mouse OCT1, while the difference between Cys36 in human and Tyr36 in mouse OCT1 in TMH1 was identified to confer a higher capacity of transport by mouse compared to human OCT1. Furthermore, Leu155 in human OCT1, corresponding to Val156 in mouse OCT1 in TMH2, in concert with TMH3 were identified to confer the differences in affinity for metformin transport between the species.
It may be speculated that ligand binding in OCT1 involves a core binding region that includes Asp474/475 and that polyspecific ligand binding is enabled by providing further binding partners (different amino acids) in more peripheral regions that different ligands can selectively interact with. This mechanism may also be a first step in explaining the substrate-specific effects of genetic variants with clinical relevance. Based on our findings, these “polyspecificity regions” may include TMH1, TMH2, and TMH3. Further analyses are warranted to characterize and narrow down these regions to unravel the structure-function relationships and with that the polyspecificity of OCT1.
To summarize, variability in both ligand and transporter structure strongly affected OCT1 function and we were able to identify ligand structures that affect inhibitory potency and protein structures that confer species-specific differences in OCT1 transport. This work emphasizes again the complexity of OCT1 transport and structure-function relationships. We also showed that, in spite of the difficulties for experimental analysis and data interpretation that arise from the polyspecific nature of OCT1, polyspecificity can also be used as a tool to better understand the structure-function relationships of this transporter.
Organic cation transporter 1 (OCT1) is a membrane transporter that affects hepatic uptake of cationic and weakly basic drugs. OCT1 transports structurally highly diverse substrates. The mechanisms conferring this polyspecificity are unknown. Here, we analyzed differences in transport kinetics between human and mouse OCT1 orthologs to identify amino acids that contribute to the polyspecificity of OCT1. Following stable transfection of HEK293 cells, we observed more than twofold differences in the transport kinetics of 22 out of 28 tested substrates. We found that the β2-adrenergic drug fenoterol was transported with eightfold higher affinity but at ninefold lower capacity by human OCT1. In contrast, the anticholinergic drug trospium was transported with 11-fold higher affinity but at ninefold lower capacity by mouse Oct1. Using human–mouse chimeric constructs and site-directed mutagenesis, we identified nonconserved amino acids Cys36 and Phe32 as responsible for the species-specific differences in fenoterol and trospium uptake. Substitution of Cys36 (human) to Tyr36 (mouse) caused a reversal of the affinity and capacity of fenoterol but not trospium uptake. Substitution of Phe32 to Leu32 caused reversal of trospium but not fenoterol uptake kinetics. Comparison of the uptake of structurally similar β2-adrenergics and molecular docking analyses indicated the second phenol ring, 3.3 to 4.8 Å from the protonated amino group, as essential for the affinity for fenoterol conferred by Cys36. This is the first study to report single amino acids as determinants of OCT1 polyspecificity. Our findings suggest that structure–function data of OCT1 is not directly transferrable between substrates or species.
OCT1 and OCT2 are polyspecific membrane transporters that are involved in hepatic and renal drug clearance in humans and mice. In this study, we cloned dog OCT1 and OCT2 and compared their function to the human and mouse orthologs. We used liver and kidney RNA to clone dog OCT1 and OCT2. The cloned and the publicly available RNA-Seq sequences differed from the annotated exon-intron structure of OCT1 in the dog genome CanFam3.1. An additional exon between exons 2 and 3 was identified and confirmed by sequencing in six additional dog breeds. Next, dog OCT1 and OCT2 were stably overexpressed in HEK293 cells and the transport kinetics of five drugs were analyzed. We observed strong differences in the transport kinetics between dog and human orthologs. Dog OCT1 transported fenoterol with 12.9-fold higher capacity but 14.3-fold lower affinity (higher KM) than human OCT1. Human OCT1 transported ipratropium with 5.2-fold higher capacity but 8.4-fold lower affinity than dog OCT1. Compared to human OCT2, dog OCT2 showed 10-fold lower transport of fenoterol and butylscopolamine. In conclusion, the functional characterization of dog OCT1 and OCT2 reported here may have implications when using dogs as pre-clinical models as well as for drug therapy in dogs.
Die Variabilität von Arzneimitteln wird nicht nur durch die Spezifität der Substanzen für die Zielstrukturen bestimmt, sondern auch durch die interindividuelIe Variabilität von eliminierenden Prozessen. Im Hinblick auf die demographische Entwicklung mit zunehmendem Alter Schwangerer scheint auch die Notwendigkeit einer therapeutischen Intervention der Schwangerschaft wahrscheinlicher. Effekte von maternal gegebenen Arzneimitteln auf das sich entwickelnden Kind sind die Hauptrisiken einer schwangerschafts-assoziierten Therapie. Die Plazenta bildet die Schnittstelle zwischen Mutter und Kind und ist sowohl an der Versorgung, als auch an der Protektion des Kindes beteiligt. Es konnte bereits in vorhergehenden Studien gezeigt werden, dass Transportproteine welche auch die Mitglieder der ABC (ATP-binding cassette) Transporter Familie einschließen, an der Schutzfunktion beteiligt sind. Aus diesem Grund wurde die Expression Lokalisation und Funktion von Mitgliedern der ABC-Transporter in der Plazenta untersucht. Näher betrachtet wurden P-Glykoprotein (ABCB1), Breast Cancer Restance Protein (ABCG2), Multidrug Resistance Protein 2 (MRP2) und MRP5. Quantitative Real-Time Reaktion ergab tue Expression der Transport in allen untersuchten 60 Proben von Früh- und Termingeburten. Nachgewiesen werden konnte eine mit den Gestationsalter abnehmende Expression von MRP5, während die MRP2 und P-Glykoprotein mRNA mit dem Gestationsalter anstieg. Western Blot Analysen von Membranpräparation zeigte ähnliche Ergebnisse. Mittels Immunfluoreszenz Mikroskopie konnte MRP5 hauptsächlich in der basalen Membran des Synzytiotrophoblasten und in der Umgebung voll fetalen Gefäßen nachgewiesen werden, während die anderen 'Transporter hauptsächlich in der apikalen Syzytiotrophohlasten- Mernbran lokalisiert waren. Darüber hinaus wurde die Veränderung der Expression der Transporter in isolierten Zytotrophoblasten untersucht. Diese Vorläuferzellen des Synzytiotrophoblasten differenzieren in vitro und bilden ein multinukleäres Synzytium. Es zeigte sich, dass mit zunehmender Differenzierung die Expression der Transporter mit der hCG-Sekretion - einem biochemischem Marker der Differenzierung- ansteigt. Zusammenfassend lässt sich sagen, dass die Expression der hier untersuchten Transporter vorn Gestationsalter abhängig ist und sich mit der Differenzierung der Cytotrophoblasten verändert.
Trotz intensiver Forschungsarbeit stellt die kardiale Toxizität von Doxorubicin auch heute noch ein therapielimitierendes Problem in der chemotherapeutischen Behandlung dar und ist nur unzureichend verstanden. In früheren Studien konnte gezeigt werden, dass sowohl in vitro als auch in vivo lipidsenkende Medikamente, wie Statine oder Probucol, in Komedikation positive Auswirkungen auf diese Nebenwirkung besitzen. Der bereits 1985 erstmalig beschriebene Anstieg des Serumcholesterolsspiegels konnte darüberhinaus in eigenen Voruntersuchungen im akuten Doxorubicin-Mausmodell bestätigt werden. Gleichzeitig wurden erhöhte Spiegel oxigenierter Cholesterolderivate in Serum, Herz und Leber nachgewiesen. Vor diesem Hintergrund, wurde die Hypothese aufgestellt, dass Doxorubicin die Bildung von Oxysterolen begünstigt und somit Einfluss auf die Cholesterolhomöostase nimmt. Es ist bekannt, dass erhöhte Cholesterol- und Oxysterolspiegel die Elektrophysiologie, genauer die Kalziumhomöostase in Kardiomyozyten beeinträchtigen, was auf eine mögliche Bedeutung dieser Beobachtung für die Kardiotoxizität hinweist. In der vorliegenden Arbeit konnte diese Hypothese erhärtet werden, indem zunächst sowohl auf RNA- und Proteinebeneeine gesteigerte Expression der Cholesteroleffluxtransporter ABCA1 und ABCG1 in Kardiomyozyten aber auch eine erhöhte Aktivität gezeigt werden konnte. Ursächlich für diese Beobachtung konnte in der Folge eine verstärkte Aktivierung des nukleären Transkriptionsfaktors und Oxysterolliganden LXR unter Doxorubicinexposition identifiziert und durch die Koinkubation von Doxorubicin mit LXR-Agonisten und–Antagonist bestätigt werden. Bei der Charakterisierung verschiedener Oxysterole konnte zudem für 24(S) Hydroxy- und 7 Ketocholesterol ein dem Doxorubicin-vergleichbaren Effekt auf die Expression Karditoxizitäts-assoziierter Gene (wie Gata4, Edn1, Tgfb) festgestellt werden, insbesondere das 7-Ketocholesterol zeigte zudem auch eine ausgeprägte Toxizität im HL-1-Zellmodell. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde ein Tierversuch durchgeführt, bei dem der Einfluss einer Vorbehandlung mit einem LXR-Agonisten zur Verminderung der zellulären Cholesterolkonzentration durch Aufregulation der genannten Effluxtransporter einen Einfluss auf die akute Doxorobicin-induzierte Kardiotoxizität besitzt. Drei Tage nach der Doxorubicingabezeigte sich dabei für die Ejektionsfraktion in den mit dem LXR-Agonisten vorbehandelten Tieren ein signifikant verbesserter Wert. Dieser Effekt konnte allerdings in der Folge nicht aufrechterhalten werden. Ein Grund hierfür könnte in der zu geringen Halbwertszeit des LXR Agonisten, da dieser mit der Doxorubicingabe abgesetzt wurde, liegen. Trotzallem weisen die Daten auf eine Kardioprotektion hin, so dass weitere Untersuchung in diesem Bereich angestrebt werden sollten.
Purpose: Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the oral cavity with an alarmingly high prevalence within the adult population. The signaling lipid sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) plays a crucial role in inflammatory and immunomodulatory responses. In addition to cardiovascular disease, sepsis and tumor entities, S1P has been recently identified as both mediator and biomarker in osteoporosis. We hypothesized that S1P may play a role in periodontitis as an inflammation-prone bone destructive disorder. The goal of our study was to evaluate associations between periodontitis and S1P serum concentrations in the Study of Health in Pomerania (SHIP)-Trend cohort. In addition, we investigated the expression of S1P metabolizing enzymes in inflamed gingival tissue.
Patients and Methods: We analyzed data from 3371 participants (51.6% women) of the SHIP-Trend cohort. Periodontal parameters and baseline characteristics were assessed. Serum S1P was measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. The expression of S1P metabolizing enzymes was determined by immunofluorescence staining of human gingival tissue.
Results: S1P serum concentrations were significantly increased in subjects with both moderate and severe periodontitis, assessed as probing depth and clinical attachment loss. In contrast, no significant association of S1P was seen with caries variables (number and percentage of decayed or filled surfaces). S1P concentrations significantly increased with increasing high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) levels. Interestingly, inflamed compared to normal human gingival tissue exhibited elevated expression levels of the S1P-generating enzyme sphingosine kinase 1 (SphK1).
Conclusion: We report an intriguingly significant association of various periodontal parameters with serum levels of the inflammatory lipid mediator S1P. Our data point towards a key role of S1P during periodontitis pathology. Modulation of local S1P levels or its signaling properties may represent a potential future therapeutic strategy to prevent or to retard periodontitis progression and possibly reduce periodontitis-related tooth loss.